scholarly journals How Gender Stereotypes May Limit Female Faculty Advancement in Communication Sciences and Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1598-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rogus-Pulia ◽  
Ianessa Humbert ◽  
Christine Kolehmainen ◽  
Molly Carnes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Doctoral Degrees ◽  
Female Faculty ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tenure Status ◽  
The Future ◽  
Faculty Advancement

Purpose The field of communication sciences and disorders (CSD) faces a critical shortage of the faculty essential to train the future workforce of speech-language pathologists and audiologists. Despite a predominance of women in the field, men receive doctoral degrees, tenure status, academic leadership positions, and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association awards at disproportionately higher rates than women. The purpose of this review is to explore how implicit gender bias may contribute to female faculty advancement, including current and projected faculty workforce shortages, and to propose tangible solutions. Method The authors present proportions of men and women who receive doctoral degrees, advance to each faculty rank, receive tenure status, hold department chairs in CSD, and receive American Speech-Language-Hearing Association honors and awards. They review ways in which cultural stereotypes give rise to implicit gender bias and discuss myriad ways that implicit gender bias may influence the decisions of students considering an academic career in CSD and their career trajectories. Conclusions Cultural stereotypes about men and women lead to implicit gender bias that may have real consequences for female faculty advancement in CSD. Such implicit bias can influence career selection and outcomes within the field in multiple ways. To ensure that CSD continues to attract top talent and maintain a robust pipeline of future faculty in doctoral training programs, the field must recognize the existence of implicit gender bias and implement evidence-based strategies to minimize its potentially damaging effects on the future of the profession.

scholarly journals Analysis of gender representation in basic level English textbooks in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
F. N.K. Nunoo ◽  
D. P. Mensah ◽  
E. Adu Boahen ◽  
I. E. N. Nunoo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
English Textbooks ◽  
Stereotypical Roles ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Basic Level

Textbooks are known to influence the behaviours and worldview of children. Apart from imparting critical knowledge to pupils, textbooks also encourage pupils to form certain perceptions and stereotypes, including the ‘appropriate’ gender-specific roles in society. This paper examined gender stereotypes in the content and design of the Pupil’s English textbook at the Basic Level in Ghana using content analysis. The study revealed that, as teaching materials, the English Pupil’s Books 1, 2 and 3 displayed gross gender bias that reinforces the stereotypical roles of males and females in Ghanaian society. This does not reflect the development of society towards equality between men and women since there was no equality in how both genders are represented in the textbooks.Keywords: Gender; stereotype; gender stereotype; textbooks 

The Effect of Gender Stereotypes on Explicit and Implicit Career Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuma Gadassi ◽  
Itamar Gati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Career Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Internet Site ◽  
Short List ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Career Preferences

The present study compared gender differences in directly reported and indirectly derived career preferences and tested the hypothesis that individuals' implicit preferences would show less gender-biased occupational choices than their directly elicited ones. Two hundred sixty-six visitors to a career-related Internet site were asked to (a) list 5 to 10 suitable occupations (the directly reported list) and (b) report their preferences in terms of 31 career-related aspects. The latter were used to produce a short list of promising occupational alternatives (the indirectly derived list), using the occupational database of an Internet-based career planning system. Each occupation in the database rated for sex dominance. The findings indicated that the sex dominance ratings of the occupations on the directly reported list accorded with the participants' gender for both men and women: Men's lists included mostly “masculine” occupations, whereas women's lists included mostly “feminine” occupations. This gender bias was significantly lower for the implicit lists. The difference between the directly reported and the indirectly derived lists was larger for women than for men, suggesting that the impact of stereotypes is more pronounced in women's than in men's directly reported career preferences.

scholarly journals “Brave men” and “emotional women”: A literature review on gendered norms towards patients with pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Samulowitz ◽  
I Gremyr ◽  
E Eriksson ◽  
G Hensing
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Societal Norms

Abstract Background More women than men report chronic pain but despite the large body of research on sex differences there is a lack of knowledge on the influence of social and cultural gender. As gender norms can lead to gender bias in health care it is important to raise awareness about them. The purpose of this study was to illustrate gendered norms about men and women with chronic pain in scientific journals, and to analyze how societal norms are reproduced in health care. Methods A literature search of the databases PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed was conducted, January 2000 to April 2015, with the search term chronic pain combined with femininity, masculinity, gender bias, gender stereotypes and gender roles. A total of 77 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively. The integrative approach enabled a review of articles from both social and medical sciences, and to include qualitative and quantitative research. The material was sorted into theoretical categories and further coded into substantive categories. Results The included articles showed a variety of gendered norms about men’s and women’s experience and expression of pain, their identity, lifestyle and coping style. Women were described as emotional and hysterical, constantly dealing with mistrust from health care. Men were pictured as brave, stoic and struggling with their sense of masculinity. Prevailing societal norms are consolidated in health care, positioning the masculine man as the ideal patient. Conclusions Gender stereotypes are reproduced in healthcare, which can lead to gender bias in the treatment of patients with pain. The findings were used to develop a tool, “the pain cube”, aimed to improve health care providers’ consciousness about gendered norms. Key messages Men and women with chronic pain are depicted in a stereotypical way in scientific articles. Increased awareness about gendered norms can support health care professionals in providing equitable care.

Knowledge of Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes towards Women: A Preliminary Report

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_part_1) ◽  
pp. 1005-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Innes ◽  
S. Dormer ◽  
J. Lukins
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Scale Scores

37 men and 77 women completed the British version of Spence and Helmreich's 1972 Attitudes Towards Women Scale and also generated what they believed were cultural stereotypes of women. The number of stereotypes produced by individuals was positively correlated with scale scores (.43 and .15) for men and women. The most frequently generated stereotypes were also those produced earlier in the respondents’ protocols, indicating that the most generally available stereotypes in the culture are most accessible to respondents.

scholarly journals The Persistence Of Traditional Gender Stereotypes: Evidence From The Distribution Of Academic Honors At A Female-Majority University

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
A. Lynn Phillips ◽  
G. Michael Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
State University ◽  
National Data ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
University Campuses ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
To Receive

A shift from male-majority to female-majority university campuses has opened up new areas for research on gender bias, stereotypes, and discrimination. At one large state university on the west coast, there were more female than male graduates in Spring, 2008 in 7 out of 8 colleges, including the traditionally male-majority areas of business and science.  Relative probabilities for men and women of receiving honors in each major field of study at this school, compared to national data of gender breakdowns by field in 1980, showed that men and women were still relatively more likely to receive honors in fields that were traditionally male and female, respectively. Findings also cast doubt upon Kanter’s tokenism hypothesis. Curiously, it was traditionally female, not male, fields that had the highest levels of gender inequity, though gender inequity overall may be on a decline. More research is needed to identify why this difference between gender and honors still exists. Universities should also be aware of the continuing potential for subtle gender discrimination, even in fields where equal numbers of men and women participate.

scholarly journals Intersecting race and gender stereotypes: Implications for group-level attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis E. Phills ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
Jennifer M. Wolff ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Rachel Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
South Asians ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Minority Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.

Time and the Testator, 1370–1540

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Judith Middleton-Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
At Will

There were many ways in which the late medieval testator could acknowledge time. Behind each testator lay a lifetime of memories and experiences on which he or she drew, recalling the names of those ‘they had fared the better for’, those they wished to remember and by whom they wished to be remembered. Their present time was of limited duration, for at will making they had to assemble their thoughts and their intentions, make decisions and appoint stewards, as they prepared for their time ahead; but as they spent present time arranging the past, so they spent present time laying plans for the future. Some testators had more to bequeath, more time to spare: others had less to leave, less time to plan. Were they aware of time? How did they control the future? In an intriguing essay, A. G. Rigg asserts that ‘one of the greatest revolutions in man’s perception of the world around him was caused by the invention, sometime in the late thirteenth century, of the mechanical weight-driven clock.’ It is the intention of this paper to see how men’s (and women’s) perception of time in the late Middle Ages was reflected in their wills, the most personal papers left by ordinary men and women of the period.

Gender bias in reference letters for residency and academic medicine: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2021-140045
Author(s):  
Shawn Khan ◽  
Abirami Kirubarajan ◽  
Tahmina Shamsheri ◽  
Adam Clayton ◽  
Geeta Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Academic Medicine ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Gendered Language ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Faculty Hiring ◽  
Match Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses

Reference letters play an important role for both postgraduate residency applications and medical faculty hiring processes. This study seeks to characterise the ways in which gender bias may manifest in the language of reference letters in academic medicine. In particular, we conducted a systematic review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from database inception to July 2020 for original studies that assessed gendered language in medical reference letters for residency applications and medical faculty hiring. A total of 16 studies, involving 12 738 letters of recommendation written for 7074 applicants, were included. A total of 32% of applicants were women. There were significant differences in how women were described in reference letters. A total of 64% (7/11) studies found a significant difference in gendered adjectives between men and women. Among the 7 studies, a total of 86% (6/7) noted that women applicants were more likely to be described using communal adjectives, such as “delightful” or “compassionate”, while men applicants were more likely to be described using agentic adjectives, such as “leader” or “exceptional”. Several studies noted that reference letters for women applicants had more frequent use of doubt raisers and mentions of applicant personal life and/or physical appearance. Only one study assessed the outcome of gendered language on application success, noting a higher residency match rate for men applicants. Reference letters within medicine and medical education exhibit language discrepancies between men and women applicants, which may contribute to gender bias against women in medicine.

scholarly journals Change of perceptions of the image of the future among youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Natalia Petrovna Shilova ◽  
Pavel Petrovich Brudanov
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Emotional Relationships ◽  
The Future

This article describes the results of research carried out among youth for determining the perceptions of the image of the future. The image of the future is a dynamic psychological state that sets a vector of life and self-organization of individuals, and serves as the basis for projecting the development of personality and resources, essential for realization of its life path. Leaning on the analysis of existing perceptions of the image of the future suitable for youth, it was established that it relates to the perception of life as a dependent on the subject of activity, which correlates with independence, self-control, acceptance of social roles and emotional self-esteem. The author assumes that there are three key strategies in description of the image of the future for young men and women: planning, description of emotional relationships, and self-determination. The research involved total of 1,538 respondents (610 male and 928 female, aged 14-28. The classical methodology developed by I. S. Kon “Me in 5 Years” served as the main method for this study. Images of the future for young men and women contain both, different and similar strategies. Young women receiving vocational education see their future through planning, and the ones studying in high school and universities – through self-determination. Young men who study in high school and universities see their future through emotional relationships, and students of vocational education – through self-determination. This implies that namely the level of educational institution (school, university, vocational education) allows forming certain gender differences in the image of the future.

scholarly journals KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Nurdeni Dahri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

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