scholarly journals Fruiting of macromycetes in artificial plantations of Pinus sylvestris L. on the waste dump of the Kedrovsky open-cast coal mine

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 00015
Author(s):  
Olga Legoshchina
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Average Quantity

The quantitative registration of macromycete fruiting bodies was performed during two field seasons in the pine plantations of recultivated waste dump (experimental area) and in the pine forests on zonal soils (control area). The average quantity of carpophore macromycetes on the experimental area during two years of research exceeded ones on the control area by 41%. The field season of 2020 was characterized by significantly increased productivity of fungi in the studied areas; two peaks of mass fruiting of macromycetes were registrate. The maximum frequency of fruiting bodies of higher fungi was discovered in the autumn peak of mass fruiting mediated mainly by fair appearance of symbiotrophic fungi. Both studied areas in the different years of research were characterized by oppositely processes providing the distribution of carpophore macromycetes in pine plantations with different crown density (sparse, medium and dense). Taking into account the crown projection zones, the maximum frequency of macromycete fruiting bodies was located in the near-crown and outer zones of Pinus sylvestris L. trees.

scholarly journals Community-based Oral Health Education Program in a Rural Population of Haryana: A 25 years Experience

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Amrit Tewari ◽  
Utkal Mohanty ◽  
Ashima Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Health Education Program ◽  
Oral Health Promotion ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Oral Health Education ◽  
Experimental Area

ABSTRACT Background An Indian Council of medical Research (ICMR) task force project was started in 1985 covering a population of 120,000 of Raipur Rani block of Haryana to study the feasibility of implementation of oral health promotion and prevention in the community and in the schools by utilizing existing manpower at different sectors. Objectives (i) To evaluate the long-term role of healthcare workers in imparting primary preventive strategies of oral health to adult community (ii) To study the knowledge, attitude and practice of the community regarding oral health. Methodology A total of 600 households (300 in experimental block and 300 in control block) were included by stratified random sampling method depending on the distance from Community Health centre of Raipur Rani to assess KAP and Caries activity among the population. Results The use of toothbrush as an oral hygiene method is being practiced by 96.6% of population in the experimental area compared to 84% in the control population where no oral health promotion activity was carried out. A great variation was seen in the frequency of its usage; 56% of the population in experimental area brushes twice per day compared to 7% of control area. According to the present data, 80% of the population in the experimental area is aware about the etiology, progress and consequences of gum diseases due to continuous oral health education delivered by the trained health staff during their routine beat program. In the control area where no oral health program was implemented, this knowledge was seen in 22 to 35% of the population. Conclusion In a developing country like India there is a pressing need of community-based oral health programs to reduce the burden of oral diseases, improve quality of life and reduce out of pocket expenditure incurring toward treatment of these diseases. How to cite this article Goyal A, Gauba K, Mohanty U, Tewari A. Community-based Oral Health Education Program in a Rural Population of Haryana: A 25 years Experience. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(3):101-104.

Surplus yearlings and the regulation of breeding density in blue grouse

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 896-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred C. Zwickel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Removal Experiment ◽  
Breeding Density ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus

An experiment in which yearlings of both sexes of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus) were removed from breeding range showed that about two times, or more, yearlings of each sex were identified here as compared with a nearby control area, though numbers of "surplus" yearlings varied among years. The removal of large numbers of yearlings from the experimental area did not reduce breeding density, except ephemerally in 1 year. Nor did the removal of these birds affect populations in the surrounding area. These data confirm results from earlier studies with blue grouse, that surplus yearlings of both sexes are present on the breeding range. Replacement yearlings of both sexes (those taking the place of birds removed) were able to breed, but those removed sequentially (1974 to 1976) were lighter in body weight than those captured on control areas or those that settled synchronously after a near-total removal experiment in the same area. I infer from these results that some form of behaviour keeps surplus yearlings from settling on the breeding range and that this behaviour is a key mechanism involved in the regulation of breeding density. The important behaviour may involve either yearling–yearling or adult–yearling interactions.

Demography, behavior, and genetics of a colonizing population of blue grouse

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1948-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred C. Zwickel ◽  
James A. Redfield ◽  
John Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Dendragapus Obscurus ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Starch Gels ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Subsequent Replacement

The demography, behavior, and genetics of a population of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) that colonized an area from which most grouse were removed were compared with those of grouse on a nearby control area. Population density increased on the removal area from 1971 to 1974 but remained essentially stable on the control area. Although there were some differences in survival and reproductive rates among years and between areas, none appeared related to the experimental removal and subsequent replacement by new founders.No consistent differences in potentially aggressive behavior were observed between birds in the two populations. Behavioral differences that occurred were likely related to differences in age structures of the two populations or to the synchronous settling of a cohort of mostly young birds on the experimental area.There was no excess of Ng (Birdsall, α., J. A. Redfield, and D. G. Cameron. White bands on starch gels stained for esterase activity; a new polymorphism. Biochem. Genet. 4: 655–658 (1970)) homozygotes among recruits to the experimental area, in contrast with Redfield's (Demography and genetics in colonizing populations of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). Evolution, 27(4): 576–592 (1974)) report of such an excess among birds colonizing new habitat.The increase in the population on the experimental area compared with the control area must have resulted from an increased recruitment of yearlings. No clear evidence was found that this increase was related to qualitative differences between stocks on the two areas.

The financial benefits of improved street lighting, based on crime reduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A Painter ◽  
David P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
One Year

Two research projects were carried out to investigate the effects of improved street lighting on crime in Dudley and Stoke-on-Trent. In Dudley, crimes decreased by 41% in the experimental area, compared with a 15% decrease in a control area. In Stoke, crimes decreased by 43% in the experimental area and by 45% in two adjacent areas, compared with a decrease of only 2% in two control areas. In the two projects, the financial savings (from reduced crimes) exceeded the financial costs by between 2.4 and 10 times after one year. It is concluded that improved street lighting can be extremely cost-effective.

An experimental evaluation of the short-term effects of trawling on infaunal assemblages of the coast off southern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lívio Prantoni ◽  
Paulo da Cunha Lana ◽  
Leonardo Sandrini-Neto ◽  
Orlei Antônio Negrello Filho ◽  
Verônica Maria de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Benthic Assemblages ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Bottom Trawling ◽  
Experimental Area

Bottom trawling is a large-scale fishing activity along the Brazilian coast, but its effects on benthic infauna are still poorly known. This is the first experimental evaluation of benthic responses to bottom trawling along the Brazilian coast. We tested the effects of trawling on macroinfaunal assemblages on the inner continental shelf off Paraná (southern Brazil) by using a sampling design with adjacent trawl and control areas. We hypothesized that if trawl fishing has a negative effect then we should expect lower numbers of species and lower benthic densities after an experimental trawling. Sampling was conducted at adjacent sites within each area to minimize confounding due to spatial variation. Five sites were sampled at a control, and five at an experimental area for infaunal and sedimentological variables. Sampling was carried out just before and one hour after experimental trawling. Multidimensional scaling followed by a PERMANOVA did not show any clear variation tendencies in the structure of the benthic assemblages in the impacted area before and after trawling. However, variance analysis showed a significant and unexpected increase in infaunal total density, in the density of the numerically dominant species (except for the polychaetes Capitella sp. and Loandalia tricuspis) and in species richness in the experimental area. Conversely, no significant variations were recorded in the control area. We suggest that the overall increase in benthic density after a disturbance is correlated with the reworking of the sediment matrix and benefits the suspension-feeders after sediment resuspension.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration of Above-Ground Biomass of Pinus Sylvestris L. in the Green Belt of the City of Astana

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Assel R. Tumenbayeva ◽  
Dani N. Sarsekova ◽  
Stanisław Małek
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
The City

Abstract The article presents the results of research in the pine plantations located in the green belt of the city of Astana, the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, and in the research, the data on biomass and carbon content in various fractions of Scots pine were obtained. Assessment of morphometric parameters of the pine stands was carried out by measuring tree height and trunk diameter at breast height (DBH); to determine the carbon content, laboratory analytical methods were used. Samples were taken from each element of biomass (branches, trunk, leaves, and bark) of Scots pine, in triplicate. After that, the green mass was weighed on the analytical scales to within 0.001 g. The samples were then dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 65°C. In laboratory samples without mineralization, the content of carbon was determined using element analyser. Regression equations were used to calculate the biomass of stocks. To measure the taxation indicators and sampling of plantations, trial plots were laid in triplicate for trial plots, the height of plantations varied on average from 5.8 m to 8.4 m on the plotted trial plots, and the diameter of the trunk varied from 7.7 cm to 8.8 cm. The correlation between plant height and stem diameter was 0.745. As the studies of chemical composition in needles, bark, trunk and branches of pine trees showed, the amount of carbon was from 50.03 to 51.33%. Thus, the study of the chemical composition of the pine plantations showed that the greatest content of chemical elements, such as carbon, was in tree needles. The accumulation plantations of Pinus sylvestris L. in the green belt of the city of Astana were sequestrated 973.3 tons of carbon in the above-ground biomass varied from 2.9 to 4.8 t/ha.

scholarly journals Accumulation of chemical elements in tree waste of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in various ecological zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 00013
Author(s):  
Elena Kolmogorova
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Open Cast Mine ◽  
Open Cast

We investigated the pattern of phosphorus, nitrogen and ashes accumulation in tree waste of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in various ecological zones. The studied areas were located in the Kemerovo Region: on flood-land of the Tom River (the Kuzbass Botanical Garden) and on the waste dump of the Kedrovsky open-cast mine. It was shown that the chemical composition of tree waste of Pinus sylvestris L. is correlated with ecological conditions of its vegetation. So, the tree waste of Pinus sylvestris L. growing on the waste dump is characterized by three-fold increased level of nitrogen compared to ones from the Kuzbass Botanical Garden. The concentration of phosphorus and ashes showed no differences between groups. We suggested that the diversity in destruction of tree waste proceeding in different conditions and microbial cenosis leads to differentiated accumulation of chemical elements in the tree waste.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a redesigned iron supplementation delivery system for pregnant women in Negros Occidental, Philippines

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 932-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grace D Risonar ◽  
Pura Rayco-Solon ◽  
Lorena W Tengco ◽  
Jesus N Sarol ◽  
Lourdes S Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Health Related Behaviour

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of a redesigned Fe supplementation delivery system (ISDS) in improving Hb concentrations and compliance among pregnant women.DesignA controlled before and after study design was used. Interviews and Hb measurements of randomly selected pregnant women in both treatment areas were conducted at baseline and after 6 months. The redesigned ISDS, reached by consensus based on the surveys and focus group discussions, involved the health workers in spot mapping and clustering; Fe tablets’ distribution, monitoring and promotion; and counselling of pregnant women.SettingNegros Occidental and Negros Oriental, Philippines.SubjectsIn total, 1180 pregnant women given Fe/folic acid tablets daily through the redesigned ISDS in the experimental areas and the existing ISDS in the control areas.ResultsThere were significantly more anaemic pregnant women in the experimental than in the control area at baseline (50·7 v. 37·3 %; P = 0·001). However, at endline, the anaemia prevalence rate in the experimental area was comparable to that of the control (35·6 v. 33·1 %; P = 0·530). Also, the mean Hb concentration increased significantly in the experimental area by 0·5 g/dl (P = 0·002). An increase in the actual number of prenatal visits/trimester in the experimental area was observed (from 0·99 to 1·66; P < 0·0001). Pregnant women in the experimental area were four times more likely to take Fe tablets (OR = 3·79; P < 0·001) and sixteen times more likely to being monitored for Fe intake (OR = 16·86; P < 0·001) compared to the control.ConclusionsThe redesigned ISDS was effective in improving the Hb concentration and health-related behaviour of pregnant women.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF HEARTROT CAUSED PHELLINUS PINI AND RELATED YIELD LOSS IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS STANDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Made In

Tree wounds are the starting points that may lead to heartwood discoloration and decay caused by invading micro-organisms such as heartrot caused Phellinus pini. Phellinus pini most frequently occurs on douglas–fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce trees (Picea abies). According to investigations made in this area, infection by Phellinus pini entries through felling scars or broken tops when Phellinus pini fruiting bodies (conks) on other trees are realising airbone spores. When spores land on a freshly wounded stem, the infection process starts. Internal decay is often difficult to detect because only Phellinus pini conks indicate its presence. In most cases the number of conks doesn’t exceed one-two pieces on the surface of inficied Pinus sylvestris stems. When wood poles for power lines are harvested in length from 10 to 16m in wood felling areas where the average height of Pinus sylvestris trees is more than 27m, the local distribution of heartrot doesn’t exceed for more than 1.5m above and below each conk, the conk is located in the middle part of the pole length, the speeed of pruning exceeds 4m/sek, the hight level of risk exists that the damaged with heart rot wood pole will be accepted as appropriate to quality requirements toward heartrot because after pruning the presence of conk would be vanished but the top and butt surfaces of pole’s won’t indicate heartrot. The evidence of heartrot will be checked only in the technological process of debarking before impregnation when Phellinus pini conk place indicates. The purpose of this study is to predict the influence of Phellinus pini on Pinus sylvestris stems and to provide operational and safety recommendations concerning the risky assessment and management of infected felling areas in harvest planning processes.

scholarly journals Five-year follow-up of a food-based vitamin A intervention in Tanzania

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Kidala ◽  
Ted Greiner ◽  
Mehari Gebre-Medhin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Quasi Experimental

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term effects of a horticultural and nutrition education intervention in rural Tanzania.DesignA quasi-experimental post-test design was used.SettingThe research was carried out in 10 villages in Singida region, Tanzania.SubjectsMothers and their children aged 6–71 months (n = 236) from an experimental (Ilongero) and control (Ihanja) area were interviewed regarding knowledge and practices related to vitamin A nutrition. Intake of vitamin A-rich foods by the children during the 7 days prior to the interview was recorded. Stools were examined for helminths and serum samples were analysed for retinol and C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 146) for the children aged 12–71 months.ResultsKnowledge and practices were more favourable to vitamin A intake in the experimental area than in the control area, and an increased frequency of intake of green leaves was associated with higher serum retinol values. The experimental area had lower mean serum retinol levels (13.7 μg dl−1, n = 75) than the control area (19.3 μg dl−1, n = 71). One likely confounder was the higher helminth infestation in the experimental area (n = 75, 79%) than in the control area (n = 71, 49%) (P > 0.001). Children with helminths (n = 94) had a lower mean serum retinol level than those without (n = 52) (12.3 ± 5 vs. 24 ± 10 μg dl−1; P = 0.001).ConclusionsFood-based vitamin A programmes can make sustainable improvements in knowledge and dietary practices but these may not necessarily be reflected in increases in serum retinol. Programme implementation and evaluation should take confounders into consideration as, in this case, helminth infestation.

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