Identification of the liquid mass fraction content in the wet steam

The experimental research, initiated at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery of the Silesian University of Technology at the end of the last century, created an opportunity to supplement knowledge about the phenomenon of steam flow with condensation, tested by numerical fluid mechanics by IMiUE employees. In parallel with the numerical work, significant progress has been made in experimental studies on thflow of wet steam. Recently, measuring techniques based on recording the phenomenon of extinction of light have been elaborated or improved. The basic value determined in the final stage in the experimental way was the contentof the liquid phase defined as the wetness fraction. The methodology of tests and experimental investigations was presented, as well as the applied and developed measurement systems. Next, some developed designs of X probe and their modifications are described. Article present also some examples of applications of the developed measurement techniques in application to experimental research conducted on wet steam in the IMiUE. Examples of comparison between experimental and numerical tests are also provided.

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External Ballistics Simplified Model of the “RT – 400” Rocket Aerial Target

Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0011.7175 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 9-22

Author(s):

Algimantas FEDARAVIČIUS ◽

Saulius RAČKAUSKAS ◽

Arvydas SURVILA ◽

Aistis ŠAMELIS

Keyword(s):

Experimental Research ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Test Site ◽

Research Process ◽

Target System ◽

Internal Ballistics ◽

University Of Technology ◽

Launch Site ◽

Chamber Temperature ◽

Experimental Approaches

“RT-400” rocket aerial target system is described in the paper; research method of its simplified external ballistics characteristics is presented and the obtained results are discussed. This system was designed, tested, and produced by a research team of the Institute of Defence Technologies at Kaunas University of Technology and successfully implemented in practice. One of main aims of this paper was to develop external ballistics’ model of a rocket propelled aerial target which would enable obtaining various ballistic parameters of the investigated vehicle such as its acceleration, velocity, flight angle, flight range and trajectory using as input the internal ballistics data obtained at earlier experimental research of the “RV-12K” rocket motor in a static horizontal test stand for thrust measurements and determination of other internal ballistics’ characteristics such as combustion chamber temperature and pressure. During the experimental research process of the vehicle, under test site conditions, the main aim was to compare accuracy of the obtained external ballistics simulation data with the data obtained during experimental approaches using additional measurement techniques such as radar tracking and crash site and launch site GPS coordinates marking.

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Discussion of the Available Methods for Blade Vibration Measurement

Piping and Component Analysis and Diagnosis ◽

10.1115/pvp2002-1516 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. O. Al-Bedoor

Keyword(s):

Torsional Vibration ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Pressure Fluctuations ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Vibration Measurement ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Main Rotor ◽

Blade Vibration ◽

Indirect Approach

Blade vibration has been recognized as one major and costly cause of failure in turbo-machinery. Its vibration measurement has attracted many investigators where until now there is no single reliable approach can be identified. Blade vibration measurement techniques can be classified into two broad categories, namely; (1) the direct approach that includes using strain gages, optical/laser methods, etc., to monitor directly the blade motion at one or more points on the blade span, (2) the indirect approach by extracting some vibration information form the lateral main rotor vibration and the casing/bearing cap vibration, pressure fluctuations, performance monitoring and thermal changes. Recently, a new indirect method has received attention of investigators which is monitoring the torsional vibration of the main rotor. This technique has been investigated by theoretical and experimental studies. The direct and indirect techniques are described in this survey paper and advantages and draw backs are discussed. From the results of this survey it seems that the indirect approach using the torsional vibration measurement is the most promising among all indirect techniques and further theoretical and experimental investigations are recommended.

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Comparative Accuracy Analysis of Truck Weight Measurement Techniques

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020745 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 745

Author(s):

Sylwia Stawska ◽

Jacek Chmielewski ◽

Magdalena Bacharz ◽

Kamil Bacharz ◽

Andrzej Nowak

Keyword(s):

Measurement Techniques ◽

Highway Traffic ◽

Highway Infrastructure ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Motion System ◽

Weigh In Motion ◽

Comparative Accuracy ◽

Bridge Weigh In Motion ◽

Rational Management ◽

Truck Weight

Roads and bridges are designed to meet the transportation demands for traffic volume and loading. Knowledge of the actual traffic is needed for a rational management of highway infrastructure. There are various procedures and equipment for measuring truck weight, including static and in weigh-in-motion techniques. This paper aims to compare four systems: portable scale, stationary truck weigh station, pavement weigh-in-motion system (WIM), and bridge weigh-in-motion system (B-WIM). The first two are reliable, but they have limitations as they can measure only a small fraction of the highway traffic. Weigh-in-motion (WIM) measurements allow for a continuous recording of vehicles. The presented study database was obtained at a location that allowed for recording the same traffic using all four measurement systems. For individual vehicles captured on a portable scale, the results were directly compared with the three other systems’ measurements. The conclusion is that all four systems produce the results that are within the required and expected accuracy. The recommendation for an application depends on other constraints such as continuous measurement, installation and operation costs, and traffic obstruction.

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Experimental Evaluation of Airlift Performance for Vertical Pumping of Water in Underground Mines

Mine Water and the Environment ◽

10.1007/s10230-021-00807-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Parviz Enany ◽

Oleksandr Shevchenko ◽

Carsten Drebenstedt

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Injection System ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Flow Mode ◽

New Device ◽

Riser Pipe ◽

Airlift Pump

AbstractThis paper presents experimental studies on the optimization of air–water flow in an airlift pump. Airlift pumps use compressed gas to verticall transport liquids and slurries. Due to the lack of theoretical equations for designing and predicting flow regimes, experimental investigations must be carried out to find the best condition to operate an airlift pump at high efficiency. We used a new air injection system and different submergence ratios to evaluate the output of a simple pump for vertical displacement of water in an underground mine. The tests were carried out in a new device with 5.64 m height and 10.2 cm circular riser pipe. Three air-jacket pipes, at different gas flows in the range of 0.002–0.09 m3/s were investigated with eight submergence ratios. It was found that with the same air flow rate, the most efficient flow of water was achieved when an air jacket with 3 mm diameter holes was used with a submergence ratio between 0.6 and 0.75. In addition, a comparison of practical results with two theoretical models proposed by other investigators showed that neither was able to accurately predict airlift performance in air–water flow mode.

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Paper 23: The Collision of Drops with Dry and Wet Surfaces in an Air Atmosphere

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Proceedings ◽

10.1243/pime_conf_1969_184_203_02 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 184 (7) ◽

pp. 57-63

Author(s):

G. J. Parker ◽

E. Bruen

Keyword(s):

Steam Turbine ◽

High Speed ◽

Size Range ◽

Drop Surface ◽

Wet Steam ◽

Air Atmosphere ◽

Made In

This paper describes an investigation into the behaviour of drops which impinge upon dry and wet surfaces. This is of particular interest in the context of the wet steam turbine. Two approaches have been made in the studies; these are: (1) Drops were made to impinge normally on to various types of dry, stationary surfaces. The drops were in the size range 300–1500 μm diameter with velocities of 2–9 m/s. (2) Drops were made to impinge on to surfaces moving with considerable velocity at right angles to the motion of the drop. Surface velocities ranged up to 45 m/s. The latter study is of direct interest for the splashing of drops on turbine casings at small glancing angles, as occurs near drainage belts. Analysis of the mechanisms involved is made from the records of high-speed ciné photography.

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Experimental Investigations on Aluminium Ultrasonic Welding Parameters

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.306 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 657 ◽

pp. 306-310

Author(s):

Lăcrămioara Apetrei ◽

Vasile Rață ◽

Ruxandra Rață ◽

Elena Raluca Bulai

Keyword(s):

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Base Material ◽

Welding Process ◽

Ultrasonic Welding ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Welding Parameters ◽

Material Structure ◽

Welding Temperature ◽

Wide Range ◽

Made In

Research evolution timely tendencies, in the nonconventional technologies field, are: manufacture conditions optimization and complex equipments design. The increasing of ultrasonic machining use, in various technologies is due to the expanding need of a wide range materials and high quality manufacture standards in many activity fields. This paper present a experimental study made in order to analyze the welded zone material structure and welding quality. The effects of aluminium ultrasonic welding parameters such as relative energy, machining time, amplitude and working force were compared through traction tests values and microstructural analysis. Microhardness tests were, also, made in five different points, two in the base material and three in the welded zone, on each welded aluminium sample. The aluminum welding experiments were made at the National Research and Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing (ISIM) Timişoara. The ultrasonic welding temperature is lower than the aluminium melting temperature, that's so our experiments reveal that the aluminium ultrasonic welding process doesn't determine the appearance of moulding structure. In the joint we have only crystalline grains deformation, phase transformation and aluminium diffusion.

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FURTHER STUDIES ON NATURAL SELECTION AMONG HYBRIDS OF CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES AND CARDUUS NUTANS

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b64-160 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 1605-1613 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. J. Moore ◽

G. A. Mulligan

Keyword(s):

Natural Selection ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Parental Species ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Great Decrease ◽

Carduus Acanthoides ◽

Carduus Nutans ◽

Experimental Plots ◽

Better Than ◽

Made In

A third 5-year survey made in 1962 of Carduus acanthoides, C. nutans, and their hybrids in Grey Co., Ontario, revealed that a great decrease in these populations had occurred. C. acanthoides and hybrids similar to this species had survived better than C. nutans but very little spread of either species seemed to have occurred in 1957–1962. In experimental plots the hybrid has been made and backcrossed to the parental species. The species differ in chromosome number (C. acanthoides, 2n = 22; C. nutans, 2n = 16) and hybrids have intermediate numbers. Evidence was found from field and experimental studies that the progeny of the F1 hybrid included a greater proportion of seedlings with the higher chromosome numbers than with the lower and intermediate numbers. It is suggested that this selection may operate through the rejection of the longer chromosomes received from C. nutans, which, in certain zygotic combinations may constitute an excess of chromatin lethal to the zygote.

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Leakage Flow Investigations on a Through-Wall Crack Related to Thermal Fatigue of Nuclear Power Plant Piping

Volume 6: Thermal-Hydraulics ◽

10.1115/icone25-67188 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stefan Schmid ◽

Rudi Kulenovic ◽

Eckart Laurien

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Leakage Flow ◽

Test Rig ◽

Reduced Pressure ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Set Up

For the validation of empirical models to calculate leakage flow rates in through-wall cracks of piping, reliable experimental data are essential. In this context, the Leakage Flow (LF) test rig was built up at the IKE for measurements of leakage flow rates with reduced pressure (maximum 1 MPA) and temperature (maximum 170 °C) compared to real plant conditions. The design of the test rig enables experimental investigations of through-wall cracks with different geometries and orientations by means of circular blank sheets with integrated cracks which are installed in the tubular test section of the test rig. In the paper, the experimental LF set-up and used measurement techniques are explained in detail. Furthermore, first leakage flow measurement results for one through-wall crack geometry and different imposed fluid pressures at ambient temperature conditions are presented and discussed. As an additional aspect the experimental data are used for the determination of the flow resistance of the investigated leak channel. Finally, the experimental results are compared with numerical results of WinLeck calculations to prove specifically in WinLeck implemented numerical models.

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Results of an experimental study of hydrogel drainage containing ranibizumab in antiglaucoma operations

POINT OF VIEW EAST – WEST ◽

10.25276/2410-1257-2021-2-63-67 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63-67

Author(s):

I.I. Khusnitdinov ◽

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Key Words ◽

Experimental Research ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Glaucoma Surgery ◽

Control Group ◽

Morphological Studies

Purpose. Еxperimental substantiation of the effectiveness of biocompatible biodegradable hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and chitosan succinate as a carrier of ranibizumab in antiglaucoma operations. Material and methods. Hydrogel drainage (HD) was obtained immediately before surgery. A solution of ranibizumab (0.23 ml) was mixed with a solution of hyaluronic acid dialdehyde (0.5 ml), then a solution of chitosan succinate (0.5 ml) was added. Experimental studies were performed in 12 (12 eyes) healthy rabbits. The first group consisted of 6 eyes – 0.187 ml of ranibizumab per 1 ml of gel. In the control group, HD was used intraoperatively without the addition of ranibizumab (6 eyes). Morphological studies were performed on 7th, 21st, and 42nd days. Results. In experimental studies in vitro and in vivo, it was proved that ranibizumab, administered as a part of 0.1 ml of hydrogel drainage in the antiglaucoma surgery area is released within 3 weeks and suppresses vascularization, scarring of the operating area, and preserves the intrascleral cavity. The optimal concentration of ranibizumab was selected-0.02 ml in 0.1 ml of gel. Conclusion. The safety and effectiveness of the use of hydrogel drainage with ranibizumab based on hyaluronic acid dialdehyde and chitosan succinate in anti-glaucoma operations has been proven. Key words: experimental research, hydrogel drainage, ranibizumab, glaucoma surgery.

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UAS measurements for the investigation of emissions of air pollutants at the Duesseldorf airport and industrial sites in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Germany

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16561 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Konradin Weber ◽

Christian Fischer ◽

Martin Lange ◽

Tobias Pohl ◽

Tim Kramer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Transmission ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

High Reliability ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Transmission System ◽

Online Data ◽

Ruhr Area ◽

Measurement Systems ◽

Industrial Sites ◽

Data Transmission System

Instrumented UAS (unmanned aerial systems, drones) can substantially enhance the capabilities for the investigation of air pollutants, when equipped with the appropriate and customized air pollution measurement systems. Important advantages can be found in the exploration of vertical and horizontal pollutant profiles as well as in the determination of fugitive emissions. The HSD Laboratory for Environmental Measurement Techniques (UMT) has developed a series of different multicopter UAS for various measurement tasks and payloads. Additionally, different commercial UAS are used by UMT. The multicopter UAS are equipped, depending on the measurement task, with different specifically adopted lightweight measurement systems for aerosols (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, UFP, PNC, number size distributions) or gases like O3, SO2, NOX, CO2 and VOCs. All measurement systems were intercompared with certified standard measurement equipment before use to assure the quality of the measurement results. Moreover, physical samples of aerosols can be taken during the flight, which enables a chemical or REM analysis after the flight.Additionally, UMT developed an on-line data transmission system, which allows the transmission of measurement data during the flights from the UAS to the ground for continuous monitoring. In this way concentration plumes can be tracked and hotspots can be pinpointed during the flight. This online data transmission system is independent of commercial platforms, can work on different radio frequencies in a push mode (presently on 2.4 GHz) and communicates with RS232 and I2C interfaces. Within several intercomparison studies this online data transmission proved a high reliability and correctness of transmitted data.In addition to technical details of the UAS and instrumentation we present in this contribution the results of different measurement campaigns based on our UAS measurements:<ul><li>Investigations of emissions from the Duesseldorf airport combining upwind and downwind UAS measurements. These investigations became of special interest, as due to the reduced air traffic caused by the Corona pandemia now single aircraft starts and landings could be monitored with their emissions at elevated altitudes.</li> <li>Investigations of vertical concentration profiles above the city of Duesseldorf, which could be influenced by industrial sites in the north of Duesseldorf as well as by the Duesseldorf airport.</li> <li>Investigations of vertical and horizontal pollution distributions near, at and around industrial sites in the Rhine Ruhr area, especially of metal industry plants and chemical plants.</li> </ul>These examples highlight the capabilities of UAS measurements, which will be further enhanced by planned simultaneous use of several UAS in parallel and joint tasks.

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