scholarly journals Hydrometeorological changes in the North-East of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Nataliia Nesterova ◽  
Olga Makarieva ◽  
Anastasiia Zemlyanskova

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of hydrometeorological changes at the river basins of the North-East of Russia for the period 1966-2015. Data from 61 meteorological stations showed an increase in the air temperature by an average of 2.3 °C and multidirectional changes in annual precipitation. Most stations are characterized by a significant negative trend of precipitation in winter and a positive annual trend of mixed and liquid precipitation with an increase in their share in autumn months. The presence of statistically significant positive streamflow trends in the autumn-winter period was established for 51 hydrological gauges. We hypothesize that the increase in the low flow is mainly due to the transition of precipitation type from solid to liquid and corresponding increase of runoff in September, continuing in the following months.

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najib Yusuf ◽  
Daniel Okoh ◽  
Ibrahim Musa ◽  
Samson Adedoja ◽  
Rabia Said

Background: Simultaneous measurements of air temperature were carried out using automatic weather stations at 14 tropical locations in Nigeria. Diurnal variations were derived from the 5-minute update cycle initial data for the years ranging between 2007 and 2013. The temperature trends in Nigeria revealed a continuous variability that is seasonally dependent within any particular year considered. Method: The analysis was carried out using available data from the network and the results are presented with a focus to characterize the temperature variations at different locations in the country using the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures from the north which is arid in nature to the south, which is a tropical monsoon climate type and a coastal region. Result: In overall, temperature variations in Nigeria were observed to have higher values in the far north, attributed to the influence of Sahara Desert, which has less cloud cover and therefore is more transparent to solar irradiance and lowers values in the south, where there are more cloud cover and abundant vegetation. Conclusion: Measured maximum and minimum temperatures in Nigeria are respectively 43.1°C at Yola (north-east part of Nigeria) and 10.2°C for Jos (north-central part of Nigeria). The least temperature variations were recorded for stations in the southern part of the country, while the largest variations were recorded in the north-central region of the country.


Author(s):  
K.S. Surai ◽  
O.G Obodovskyi ◽  
O.O. Pochaevets

This article gives an estimation of minimum river water flow of the Prut River and the Siret River basins. There are two special periods of low flow between floods. The first one runs from August to November (summer-autumn period) and the second one runs from December to February (winter period). These periods were separated because of different genetics of runoff formation. It was found that 7 days is an optimal period with a stable minimum water flow. Physical and geographical features of the river basin, comparative flow and precipitation graph, scientific works of American scientists became the confirmation for giving preference to 7-days period. All series of observations are homogeneous according to the calculations in the program StokStat. In general, all samples are homogeneous for at least one criterion with 1% level of significance and can be used for further research. The samples of the average 7-day minimum water runoff from the beginning of observations until 2018 became the basis for the construction of maps of the distribution of the minimum water runoff across the study area. The result of this work represents two current maps of the distribution of runoff modules (l*s / km2) of the summer-autumn and winter low water periods. There was conducted the research of the connection between the actual values and the values taken from the maps. The connection between calculated and cartographed minimum modules of water flow showed a close correlation, the approximation coefficients are R2 = 0.9731 and 0.986 for two maps. In this case, the connection line is at an angle close to 45°. We can see a decrease of minimum water flow modules in the direction from west to northeast and a parallel decrease in the density of the distribution of isolines. The altitude has a similar distribution in this area, so there was evaluated a correlation between these two parameters. It is close, the approximation coefficients are R2= 0.5618 and 0.6661 for winter and summer-autumn periods. Consequently, the constructed maps are reliable and can be used in the future to determine the value of minimum flow modules from other parts of the basins for practical and scientific purposes. In particular, this concerns the estimation of the minimum runoff of the river basins, for solving various water management tasks: planning water supply and water intake works, designing and constructing hydrotechnical structures, performing reclamation works, drought assessment.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 811-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Tronin ◽  
N. K. Tokarevich ◽  
B. R. Gnativ

The sharp rising incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Komi Republic at the North-east of European Russia was recorded last decades. Tick-bite incidence also was grown. Rapid rise of TBE incidence growth and Ixodidae ticks depends on a number of factors, and the impact of climate change being one of them. Ixodes persulcatus ticks is considered as a main vector of TBE in Komi. Our objective is to estimate the influence of air temperature change on the tickbite incidence and Ixodes persulcatus population in Komi. Komi Republic is located near the Polar circle where the northern frontier of Ixodes persulcatus ticks situated and we expected the growth of tick’s population. The number of Komi inhabitants seeking medical care after tick bites in 1992–2014 was considered. Gridded monthly air temperature data with grid size 0.5 degree were recalculated to temperature referred to Komi administrative units. The time series of annual number of tick victims from 1992 till 2014 and model air temperature from 1948 till 2016 for all Komi administrative units were compiled. We analyzed the data on tick-bite incidence in Komi administrative units in relation to changes in local annual average air temperature within the study area. The linear dependence of the tick-bite incidence on air temperature was established when of the tick-bite incidence is represented in logarithm form. The tick population depends not only on temperature but humidity, landcover and hosts. Described areas of Komi belong to humid climate, where precipitations exceed evaporation. Most of the Komi territory is covered by taiga with underwood, grass and bush. Hosts of the first and the major levels are represented by birds and rodents. The dependence of tick-bite incidence and temperature looks like “Malthus’s law”, but the development of population depends on temperature not on time. The exponential growth in the nearest future will ceased and the population will proceed to stable phase. Ticks population in Komi Republic is moving to the North and the air temperature determines the dynamics of population.


2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
Vladimir Alexeev ◽  
Olga Makarieva ◽  
Andrey Shikhov ◽  
Nataliia Nesterova ◽  
Andrey Ostashov ◽  
...  

This study presents the results of development of the Catalogue and Atlas of giant aufeis-taryns in the North-East of Russia. The characteristics of aufeis in the North-East of Russia for the last 70 years have been generalized and systematized into the Catalogue database using data from the Cadastre of aufeis (1958) and Landsat images for the period 2013-2017 for the Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma River basins and Chukotka area. In total the territory more than 1.9 million km2 is covered by the study. The Catalogue contains the information about the location and characteristics of more than 4600 aufeis fields. The release of the Atlas of aufeis-taryns in the North-East of Russia has been announced. It reveals the history of study, origin, distribution, and specific features of aufeis and is supplemented with medium- and large-scale maps of aufeis with their seasonal and long-term dynamics.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5665
Author(s):  
Czesław Koźmiński ◽  
Agnieszka Mąkosza ◽  
Bożena Michalska ◽  
Jadwiga Nidzgorska-Lencewicz

The ongoing global warming promotes an expansion of the areas of land already used for viticulture, as well as the establishment of new vineyards in areas that were previously considered unsuitable. In this study, a temporal and spatial assessment of the thermal conditions for viticulture in Poland was conducted using a series (1971–2019) of daily data on air temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) obtained from 52 stations of the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute. On the basis of the values of air temperature for the year (January–December), the vegetative period (April–September), and July, as well as the duration of the period of active growth of the plant (air temperature >10 °C) and the sum of active temperatures (SAT) in this period, five potential areas for viticulture in Poland were identified with respect to thermal conditions. It was found that approx. 60% of the country’s area shows conducive and moderately conducive conditions for intense viticulture. In the analysed multiannual period, there is a dynamic increase in air temperature in Poland, an increase in the sums of active temperatures (SAT) as well as an increase in the duration of the period of active growth of the plant. The ongoing global warming causes a shift of the current boundary of intense viticulture to the north of Poland (from 100 to 150 km). The greatest increases in air temperature and SAT values were found in the south-west and west of Poland, with a marked decrease shown towards the north-east and east.


Author(s):  
Olga M. Makarieva ◽  
◽  
Nataliia V. Nesterova ◽  
Andrey A. Ostashov ◽  
Anastasia A. Zemlyanskova ◽  
...  

Climate warming and anthropogenic impact causes transformation of geocryological conditions in the river basins of the North-East of Russia. Changes in the thickness of the active layer, configuration of taliks, types of landscapes and other factors lead to transformation of water exchange processes between surface and groundwater runoff. This is manifested in the seasonal redistribution of the components of the water balance, accelerated melting of aufeis, change in the ratio of waters of different genesis in the structure of river runoff. As a result, natural and anthropogenic risks that affect the safe and efficient development of infrastructure and socio-economic processes are increasing. At the same time the system of observations developed in the Soviet period has been practically destroyed in the region. This paper offers a vision of organizing complex multidisciplinary research to assess and project the changes in the conditions of underground and surface water interaction in natural and disturbed river basins of the cryolithozone of the North-East of Russia, including for solving applied problems, based on permafrost, hydrology, hydrogeology, landscape science and geophysics with applications of remote sensing and field research integrated through mathematical modeling methods. To achieve the goal, the identification of natural and disturbed landscapes using remote sensing data, and key areas for detailed research will be selected. Geophysical and drilling works will be carried out within the sites to establish permafrost-hydrogeological conditions, monitoring stations will be equipped to determine hydrogeological, hydrometeorological and geocryological characteristics, including sampling for isotopic and hydrogeochemical studies. As the main key sites, it is proposed to use the area of ​​the Kolyma water-balance station and the site on Anmangynda aufeis, for which there are long-term observation series in the 20th century. Field data will become the basis for improving the mathematical model of runoff formation, considering the relationship between groundwater and river runoff in the conditions of permafrost. Mathematical modeling will make it possible to quantitatively analyze the water balance of rivers considering various factors and project water availability both for specific industrial facilities and for the region as a whole.


The purpose of this article is to highlight the possibilities of successful grape growing based on the use of agro-climatic resources of the Eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine, in particular, the relevant areas of Kharkiv region. Main material. Attention is drawn to the needs to intensify research and practical activities on the cultivation of grapes in the region. In the agricultural sector of Ukraine interest in cultivating grapes is growing in more in northern areas, than in its traditional distribution area. An urgent task is a more thorough study of agro-climatic conditions, clarifi cation of agro-clima tic zoning of this culture and the development of practical recommendations. This is especially true of the Eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine and its individual areas, including the northern part of Kharkiv region. This industry, judging by the success of farms and individual economies, can be highly profi table throughout the region but with some reservations. Currently, one of the problems of viticulture is to obtain suffi cient yield to supply the population. For this purpose, the author identifi es the features of the natural conditions of the region. Clarifi cation of agro-climatic features of the territory can be considered as a multi-stage task of agro-climatic zoning at diff erent levels. The Eastern forest-steppe region should be considered as part of a large agroecosystem, occupying a signifi cant place in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. Of particular interest are the climatic indicators, the assessment of which allows to justify the grape culture management. These indicators are grouped together. The most important of them are temperature, humidity, light conditions and features of the winter period. Distribution of rainfall (fl ow of water) in the phases of grapes development during the active growing season is also important. It is also necessary to pay a???? ention to the use of other indicators. Most of them are closely related to the hydrothermal coeffi cient (HTC) - the simplest and most informative indicator. It should be added that using special agricultural techniques cultivation of certain grape varieties can be possible in the north-east of Ukraine. Conclusions. The study of suitable forest-steppe agrometeorological regions in Kharkiv region for growing grapes in natural conditions continues to be relevant. This difficult task requires a lot of effort and involvement of specialists.


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Alexeevsky ◽  
Dmitry V. Magritsky ◽  
Klaus Peter Koltermann ◽  
Inna Krylenko ◽  
Pavel Toropov

Abstract. The inundation situations on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory for the period from 1945 until 2013 were analysed and the main types of inundations at the coast are described. Synoptic factors of the formation of extreme precipitation and rainfall floods, features and regularities of the downstream flood wave transformation in the rivers are also studied. Therefore, assessments of seasonal and maximum flow of the Black Sea coast rivers for the period of hydrometric measurements were done. Regularities of change of the occurrence of inundations and their characteristics on the coastal terrain were analysed, for a year and on a perennial timescale. Most catastrophic and exceptional inundations arise in the summer and in early autumn. Small inundations during the remaining year reflect the seasonal distribution of river flow and floods in the Black Sea rivers. Extensive and sometimes extreme precipitation dominates the river flow regimes. The seasonal distribution of small and moderately dangerous inundations reflects, on average, a water regime of two groups of rivers of the coast – to the north and to the south of the Tuapse River. To the north of the Tuapse River, floods prevail from November until March (up to 70 % of observed floods took place in this period) as a result of precipitation and winter snowmelt during frequent thaw periods. In winter, high waters often overlap to form a multi-peak high water of 2–3 weeks' duration. In the summer and in early autumn we observe a steady low flow. The total amount of runoff increases both in a southeast direction, and with the altitude of the river basins. Interannual variability of mean annual runoff, as well as maximum runoff, on the contrary decreases in the southern direction and with an increasing area of the river basins. The coastal high waters of the rivers of the Sochi part of the coast are typical at any time of the year, but more often floods in the cold season result from incessant rain, and thawing snow. Annually up to 25 floods have been observed. The principal reason of such distribution is the increase of extreme rainfall in the warm season. Orographic features of the coast and detailed features of rainfall only cover a small number of local river basins and a limited area. The geographical correlation of individual rainfall and subsequent floods ceases to be statistically significant for distances over 40–60 km. The annual flow cycle is mainly determined by two seasons, winter/spring and summer, with strong and weak flows, respectively; almost 71 % of all catastrophic and exceptional inundations took place in July–August (71 %) and in October–November (29 %). The characteristic features of dangerous floods are their rapid formation and propagation, a significant increase of water level (up to 5–7 m and more) and the multiple increase of water discharges in comparison with low flow period. Analysis of the interannual changes of the number of inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory has shown some increase of the number of inundations in the period from the early 1970s until the early years of the twenty-first century. Quantitative assessments of risk, hazard and damage for the population and economic activities from accidental inundations in the valleys of the Black Sea coast rivers show that economic and social losses from inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory are some of the highest in the Russian Federation. The basic conclusion from recent inundations is the need to consider not only the lower reaches and mouths of the Black Sea coast rivers where the main part of the social and economic development of the coast is concentrated, but also whole river basins and catchments. Further, an analysis of the efficiency of the measures applied at the coast to mitigate inundations and their after-effects is provided.


Author(s):  
И.В. Швец ◽  
Е.В. Колесниченко

Вид Darmera peltata (Torr. еx Benth.) Voss характеризуется широким ареалом интродукции и культивирования во многих странах Западной и Северной Европы как красивоцветущее и декоративно-лиственное растение. Вид D. peltata имеет высокие показатели декоративности, в частности раннее и продолжительное цветение, многочисленные соцветия со светло-розовыми цветами, большие по форме и размерам листья, сохраняющие свою декоративность до заморозков. Усиленный интерес к этому виду связан с его экологической пластичностью: растения могут одновременно расти на затененных, влажных и переувлажненных участках. Введение в культуру растений D. peltata в г. Киеве сдерживают недостаточные сведения о биологической устойчивости растений к неблагоприятным факторам в течение осеннего, зимнего и весеннего периодов. Исследовалась зимостойкость растений D. peltata в условиях интродукции г. Киева. Изучались особенности культивирования растений в условиях открытого грунта. Объектами исследования служили растения D. peltata коллекционного участка Ботанического сада Национального университета биоресурсов и природопользования Украины. Морозостойкость растений D. peltata определяли методом прямого лабораторного промораживания по уровню повреждения корневища. Исследования проведены в лаборатории отдела физиологии растений Института садоводства НААН Украины согласно методике М.А. Соловьевой. Промораживание корней растений проводили при температуре -5, -8, -12 и -16 °С. Определено, что зимостойкость растений D. peltata обусловлена не только генетическими особенностями, но и состоянием подготовленности растений к зимнему периоду (время окончания роста осенью, условия питания растений в течение вегетационного сезона, поражение болезнями и вредителями). Погодные условия осеннего периода г. Киева характерны постепенным сокращением фотопериода и умеренным снижением температуры воздуха, что благоприятно для успешного перехода растений в состояние покоя и накопления ими питательных веществ. В течение зимнего периода не обнаружено таких явлений, как выпревание, вымокание и выпирание растений D. peltata из почвы. Сильные морозы и перепады температур воздуха не причинили существенных повреждений их корневищам, так как температура почвы в этот период оставалась относительно стабильной, обусловленной наличием снежного покрова. Результаты проведения лабораторного промораживания растений D. peltata свидетельствуют об их высокой, фактически потенциальной морозостойкости. Сделан вывод, что условия г. Киева вполне благоприятны для зимования растения D. peltata в открытом грунте. Species of Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss is characterized by a wide areal of introduction and cultivation in many countries of Western and Northern Europe as a beautiful-flowering and decorative foliage plant. Species of D. peltata has high decorative performance, in particular, early and continuous flowering, numerous florets with light pink flowers, large in shape and size leaves that retain their decorative effect until frost. Enhanced interest by this species associated with its ecological plasticity: the plants can grow in the shade, wet and waterlogged areas at the same time. Introduction in culture plants of D. peltata in Kiev is limited by insufficient information about biological resistance of plants to adverse factors during autumn, winter and spring period. The purpose of work was researching the winter reistance plants of D. peltata in introduction conditions of Kyiv and the provisioning of information according to the features of cultivation of plants in open ground conditions. Winter resistance of D. peltata was studied in Kiev, located in the north of Ukraine. The objects of study were plants of D. peltata of the collection area of Botanical Garden of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Frost resistance plants of D. peltata was determined by direct laboratory freezing the level of damage to the roots. Researches was made in the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Institute of Horticulture NAAS of Ukraine according to the method of M.A. Solovieva. Freezing plant roots was carried out at the temperature of -5, -8, -12 and -16 °C. It was determined that the winter resistance plants of D. peltata depends not only on genetic characteristics but also the state of preparing plant to the winter period (the end time of growth in autumn, the conditions of plant food during the growing season, a defeat diseases and pests). The weather conditions of autumn period in Kiev characterized by a gradual reduction of photoperiod and moderate decreasing of air temperature that is favorable to their successful transition to the resting state, and the accumulation of nutrients. Researching the plants of D. peltata during the winter period is not found out such phenomena as the damping-off, waterlogging and bulging the plants from the soil. Heavy frosts and air temperature changes did not cause significant damage to rhizomes of plant D. peltata, as the soil temperature during this period remained relatively stable due to the presence of snow. The results of the laboratory freezing plants of D. peltata show about the high actual and potential frost resistance. That is why, the conditions of Kiev is quite favorable for wintering plants of D. peltata in the open ground.


1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Behrendt

A comparison of the estimated emissions (input) with the measured loads at monitoring stations (output) is presented for the large Rivers Rhine, Elbe and its main tributaries and for the River Warnow, a smaller river in the north-east part of Germany. The comparison shows that the discrepancies between the estimated emissions and the measured load is small for the Rhine and its main tributaries, Mosel, Neckar and Main. Large discrepancies were found for the Elbe and its main tributaries. For all investigated river systems a strong relationship exists between the quotient of measured nutrient load versus the estimated sum of point and diffuse emissions of nutrients and the areal specific runoff. A function is derived for the dependency of the sum of retention and/or losses in a river system on the specific runoff and the nutrient concentration in the river. The high accuracy of the estimated retention and/or losses within the different river basins offer the possibility to use these equations for a prediction of the emitted nutrients from measured nutrient load in similar rivers.


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