Assessing the effects of operating parameters on flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris using bioflocculants extracted from miscellaneous waste biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Zhi Min Ng ◽  
Uganeeswary Suparmaniam ◽  
Man Kee Lam ◽  
Jun Wei Lim ◽  
Siew Hoong Shuit ◽  
...  

Harvesting of microalgae is one of the main challenges in the production of biodiesel due to the small cell size of microalgae cells. Chemical flocculants have been generally used in the harvesting of microalgae, but they are harmful to the environment and relatively costly. Therefore, the utilization of waste biomass in producing bioflocculants is the current research niche to introduce environmental-friendly harvesting method and to minimize the cost of biodiesel production. Thus, in the current work, flocculation Chlorella vulgaris using mild acid-extracted bioflocculants from miscellaneous waste biomass (cockle shell, peanut shell and banana peel) were conducted by varying the pH values, the dosage of bioflocculants and temperatures. Cockle shell bioflocculant demonstrated the best flocculation performance, with highest flocculation efficiency of 85.2% compared to the peanut shell bioflocculant with flocculation efficiency of 37% and banana peel bioflocculant with flocculation efficiency of 16.3%. The optimum flocculation conditions for cockle shell bioflocculant were determined as follow: pH 9, bioflocculant dosage of 140mg/L and temperature of 30oC. The findings herein presented practical applicability of bioflocculants extracted from cockle shell for safe, rapid and inexpensive microalgae harvesting.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2885
Author(s):  
Jinyu Li ◽  
Baozhen Li ◽  
Jinshui Yang

The bio-flocculation ability of UTEX 2341 was studied for the purpose of improving microalgae harvesting efficiency to cut the high cost of biofuel production. The algae cells of UTEX 2341 cultured under heterotrophic and municipal wastewater conditions were found to have better self-flocculation ability, with flocculation rates of 92% and 85% at 2 h, respectively. Moreover, the flocculation rates of 16 freeze-dried microalgae powder samples cultured under different stress conditions were 0~72% with an algae powder dosage of 35 mg L−1. The flocculation efficiency of DIM, DCd1, DT28, and L6S was stable under different pH of 3~9 and temperatures of 15~50 °C. For samples of IM, LCd0.6, LMn2, and LZn2, the flocculation efficiency decreased or increased respectively with increased pH or temperatures. Though the flocculation properties of the eight samples showed wide differences, their flocculant compositions were almost the same with unknown components occupying large proportions. More studies needed to be further carried out to reveal the flocculation mechanisms and analyze the flocculation abilities in practical application, which would be conducive to future large-scale application of the bio-flocculation method and also cost reduction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5599
Author(s):  
Eko Supriyanto ◽  
Jayan Sentanuhady ◽  
Ariyana Dwiputra ◽  
Ari Permana ◽  
Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.


2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHIAS A. CHIA ◽  
ANA T. LOMBARDI ◽  
MARIA DA GRACA G. MELAO

The need for clean and low-cost algae production demands for investigations on algal physiological response under different growth conditions. In this research, we investigated the growth, biomass production and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris using semi-continuous cultures employing three growth media (LC Oligo, Chu 10 and WC media). The highest cell density was obtained in LC Oligo, while the lowest in Chu medium. Chlorophyll a, carbohydrate and protein concentrations and yield were highest in Chu and LC Oligo media. Lipid class analysis showed that hydrocarbons (HC), sterol esthers (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), aliphatic alcohols (ALC), acetone mobile polar lipids (AMPL) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations and yields were highest in the Chu medium. Triglyceride (TAG) and sterol (ST) concentrations were highest in the LC Oligo medium. The results suggested that for cost effective cultivation, LC Oligo medium is the best choice among those studied, as it saved the cost of buying vitamins and EDTA associated with the other growth media, while at the same time resulted in the best growth performance and biomass production.


2021 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Ngee Sing Chong ◽  
Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽  
Saidi Abdulramoni ◽  
Shruthi Perna ◽  
Beng Guat Ooi

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.


2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhra Zuhra ◽  
Husni Husin ◽  
Fikri Hasfita ◽  
Wahyu Rinaldi

Biodiesel, as a potential substituted energy, has attracted a great attention in recent years, which can be produced from o3 renewable sources and provides complete combustion with less gaseous pollutant emission. Biodiesel is produced conventionally via transesterification of vegetable oils using homogeneous catalysts, e.g. KOH, NaOH, and HaSO4. The homogeneous catalytic process, however, provides some disadvantages, such as, a huge production of wastewater from washing process of catalyst residues and non-reusability of the catalysts. In order to circumvent most of the economical and environmental drawbacks of homogeneous process, heterogeneous catalysts, this can be easily separated from reaction mixture by filtration. These catalysts are less corrosive and more environment-friendly. The objective of this work was to develop the effectivity of using waste of cockle (Clinocardium nuttalli) shell as a heterogeneous base catalyst for the biodiesel production. The catalysts were prepared by simple calcination methods, at temperaturesof 600, 700, 900 oC, and without calcination. Calcined catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique. Transesterification process of Calophyllum inophyllum L.oil and o methanol were carried out under bath reactor over the cockle shellcatalysts to produce biodiesel. The XRD patterns depicted that CaCO3 was successfully converted into CaO. SEM recorded demonstrates that the particle catalyst become smaller after heating. The highest activity was found at calcined catalyst of 900 oC, with the yield of biodiesel reaching 87.4% during 3 hours. The solid catalyst from waste cockle shell was proven to be durable for the transesterification of edible oil.Keywords: Cockle shell, biodiesel, heterogeneouscatalyst, Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil, transesterification ABSTRAKBiodiesel, sebagai sumber energi potensial telah menarik perhatian dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, karena dapat diproduksi dari sumber terbaharukan dan menghasilkan polutan yang rendah. Secara konvensional, biodiesel diproduksi melalui transesterifikasi minyak nabati menggunakan katalis homogen, yaitu: KOH, NaOH, dan H2SO4. Proses katalitik homogen memiliki beberapa kekurangan, seperti: banyak mengeluarkan air buangan dari pencucian residu katalis dan tidak dapat digunakan kembali. Untuk mengatasi kekurangan penggunaan katalis homogen baik secara ekonomi maupun lingkungan ditempuh dengan mengembangkan katalis heterogen atau katalis padat, yang dapat dengan mudah dipisahkan dari campuran reaksi secara filtrasi. Katalis ini juga rendah korosi dan lebih ramah lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan abu kulit kerang yang mengandung CaO (kalsium oksida) sebagai katalis heterogen terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Bahan baku untuk pembuatan biodiesel adalah minyak nyamplung. Katalis disiapkan dengan metode kalsinasi sederhana pada temperatur: 600, 700, 900 oC, dan tanpa kalsinasi. Setelah kalsinasi, katalis dikarakterisasi denganmetode X-ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nyamplung dengan metanol dilangsungkan di dalam reaktor berpengadukmenggunakan katalis padat dari kulit kerang. Dari pola XRD mengindikasikan bahwa CaCO3 terkonversi dari kulit kerang sempurna menjadi CaO ketika kulit kerang dikalsinasi pada suhu 900 oC. Hasil rekaman SEM diperoleh ukuran partikel katalis setelah dipijar menjadi kecil. Aktivitas katalis tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan abu kulit kerang yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 900 oC. Rendemenmetil ester tertinggi mencapai 87,4% setelah 3 jam reaksi. Katalis abu kulit kerang telah terbukti dapat digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nabati menjadi biodiesel.Kata kunci: Kulit kerang, biodiesel, katalis heterogen, kalsium oksida, minyak nyamplung, transesterikasi


Author(s):  
Vinoth E

Biodiesel is receiving increased attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable diesel fuel and contributes a minimum amount of net greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Exploring new energy resources, such as biofuel is of growing importance in recent years. The possibility of obtaining oil from plant resources has created a great importance in several countries. Vegetable oil after esterification being used as bio diesel, Considering the cost and demand of the edible oil is bearable, so it may be preferred for the preparation of bio diesel in India.  The transesterification of waste cooking oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amides, and guanidine and triamino (imino) phosphoranes) are described. Transesterification is carried in a reaction cavity, once the reaction is complete, glycerine and biodiesel are gravity separated.   


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