Increasing the reliability of engineering buildings and strengths of use of new small-based equipment for concrete works

The article considers the possibility to increase the reliability of engineering buildings and facilities due to the use of new small-based equipment both in the operating conditions of technological complexes and in the conditions of technological sets. An example of the use of a technological complex with a universal hose concrete pump for strengthening the supporting columns of a medical centre being built by the wet concrete spraying method is given. The structural scheme of energy consumption by technological sets of small-based equipment is given. The variants of using the technological set of small-sized equipment for concrete work in various ways. One of the universal technological kits of effective small-based equipment is shown. As part of the proposed kit, the base machine can successfully be used universal non-piston hose concrete pump. Dependencies for determining the productivity of a hose concrete pump and the cost of its power for transporting a concrete mixture are proposed.

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Mathematical model for optimizing the fleet of vehicles for performing land reclamation works

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127411004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 274 ◽

pp. 11004

Author(s):

Talgat Gabdullin ◽

Marat Makhmutov

Keyword(s):

Land Reclamation ◽

Physical Nature ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Special Equipment ◽

Technological Complex ◽

Reliability Characteristics ◽

Fundamental Possibility ◽

Group Form ◽

The Cost

When choosing technical means for performing various technological processes and, in particular, for carrying out reclamation and cultural-technical works, two aspects should be taken into account: the fundamental possibility of using machines and the level of their reliability. But if the choice of technical means according to the fundamental possibility of use for performing a specific operation is sufficiently developed («Systems of machines», catalogs of special equipment have been developed), then the choice of means of repair and technical impact, depending on quantitative data and qualitative characteristics of reliability, is currently not fully studied. This is due to the lack of a sufficient database on malfunctions of the specified technical means and, as a consequence, the lack of reliable indicators of their reliability. Analysis of the data on the operation of technical means in land reclamation and construction organizations shows that due to the low reliability of machines, up to 40% of the cost of their work is the cost of maintenance and repair, while the share of time resources for downtime for technical reasons in the total fund of the working time reaches 40-50%. It should be noted that this is only part of the damage caused by the lack of reliability of the machines. Improving the methods of using machines led to the creation of mechanized complexes - a group form of machine work. Therefore, due to the widespread use of complex mechanization in land reclamation construction, the stop of one machine of a technological complex leads to a stop of the entire technological process. Thus, the determination of the reliability characteristics of the units of technological complexes, namely, the establishment of the physical nature, failures, the identification of the causes of their occurrence, as well as the determination of the need for repair and technical actions, will provide the necessary operational and economic performance indicators of the entire technological complex in specific operating conditions. In this regard, the issue of determining the optimal provision of repair and technical impacts on the units of technological complexes, taking into account their components, is an urgent task that requires separate research.

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Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation treatment of rice gain based biodigester effluent: mechanism, performance, and cost analysis

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2021-0089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Savita Dubey ◽

Amita Joshi ◽

Rashmi Trivedi ◽

Parmesh Kumar Chaudhari ◽

Dharm Pal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Iron Electrode ◽

Optimum Operating ◽

Aluminum Electrode ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

The Cost

Abstract In the current scenario treatment of industrial waste water is big challenge especially waste water that contain high organic load. Hydrogen peroxide assisted electrocoagulation (EC) process provides better result to treat highly polluted wastewater as compared to EC alone. However, hydrogen peroxide is well known as a strong oxidant, which cast a potential threat to human health. To overcome this problem hydrogen peroxide has been used here for treatment of wastewater in small quantity, and that consume during the process. Therefore the harmful effect of hydrogen peroxide in human and aquatic life could be minimized. This work is an attempt to treat biodigester effluent (BDE) using H2O2 assisted EC processes with respect to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color reductions. To perform this experiment both iron and aluminum electrodes are used as an electrode material in the presence of H2O2. In case of iron electrode the maximum COD and color reduction efficiency of 98.3 and 83.6% was achieved at the cost of 1.5 Wh/dm3 energy consumption while maximum COD and color removal efficiency of 96.8 and 77.1% with 1.7 Wh/dm3 of energy consumption was observed in the aluminum electrode based EC process. A part from this conventional biological process (i.e., activated sludge treatment, ponds, and lagoon etc.) and physiochemical treatment process (i.e., coagulation, adsorption) provided treatment efficiency of 40–80% hence hydrogen peroxide assisted EC process should a better choice to treat distillery effluent. Furthermore, hybrid EC process was also performed with iron used as anode and aluminum as cathode in the presence of H2O2. Iron electrode based peroxi-EC process provided better result at optimum operating conditions; current density of 114 A/m2, initial COD concentration of 12,000 mg/dm3, initial pH of 7.3, H2O2 concentration of 120 mg/dm3, stirring speed of 120 rpm and electrolysis time of 90 min. The cost estimated for operation is 1.56 US $/m3. Finally, sludge analysis and cost optimization are also incorporated in this article.

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Effect of Temperature on Diluate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8120229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 229

Author(s):

Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia ◽

Alejandra Ayala-Espinoza ◽

Luis Alberto Lares-Rangel ◽

María Isela Encinas-Guzmán ◽

Reyna Guadalupe Sánchez-Duarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Significant Degree ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Limiting Current ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Input Concentration ◽

Limiting Current Density ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

The Cost

A high percentage of the agricultural wells in the state of Sonora are overexploited, thus generating a significant degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the final concentration of diluted water was evaluated with variations in voltage and input concentration in a batch electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process in order to find the optimal operating conditions, with an emphasis on reducing the energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen samples of 2000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) and eighteen samples of 5000 mg/L TDS; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain these concentrations. Three different temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C) and two different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample after evaluating the limiting current density. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V sets, with 18.34% higher removal for the 2000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for the 5000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). The temperature positively affected the EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V, where increasing by 10 °C increased the efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS, respectively. The energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for the 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between the 10 and 20 V tests), thus decreasing the cost per m3 of water.

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Temperature Effect on Permeate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal

10.20944/preprints202105.0256.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Germán Eduardo Dévora-Isiordia ◽

Alejandra Ayala-Espinoza ◽

Luis Alberto Lares-Rangel

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Temperature Effect ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Optimal Operating ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Agricultural Use ◽

Reduction Of Energy Consumption ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

The Cost ◽

High Degree

Currently, a large part of the wells for agricultural use located in the state of Sonora are overexploited, which generates a high degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper the temperature effect on the final concentration of permeate water was evaluated through voltage and intel concentration variations in a batch electrodialysis reversal process (EDR), in order to identify optimal operating conditions with emphasis on the reduction of energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen 2,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) samples and eighteen 5,000 mg/L TDS samples; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain those concentrations. 3 different temperatures (25, 30, 35 °C) and 2 different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V arrays, with 18.34% higher removal for 2,000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for 5,000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). Temperature positively affected EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V voltage, where increasing 10 °C increased its efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2,000 and 5,000 mg/L TDS, respectively. Energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for 2,000 and 5,000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between 10 and 20 V tests), decreasing the cost per m3 of water.

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CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.09.18-23 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 18-23

Keyword(s):

Protective Coating ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Computational Tool ◽

Protection Method ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

The Cost ◽

Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

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Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices for Voltage Stability Improvement with Economic Consideration Using Firefly Algorithm

Current Signal Transduction Therapy ◽

10.2174/1573411014666180320112127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

S. Rajasekaran ◽

S. Muralidharan

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Voltage Stability ◽

Firefly Algorithm ◽

Transmission System ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Optimal Placement ◽

Voltage Collapse ◽

Facts Devices ◽

The Cost ◽

Bus System

Background: Increasing power demand forces the power systems to operate at their maximum operating conditions. This leads the power system into voltage instability and causes voltage collapse. To avoid this problem, FACTS devices have been used in power systems to increase system stability with much reduced economical ratings. To achieve this, the FACTS devices must be placed in exact location. This paper presents Firefly Algorithm (FA) based optimization method to locate these devices of exact rating and least cost in the transmission system. Methods: Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator (SVC) are the FACTS devices used in the proposed methodology to enhance the voltage stability of power systems. Considering two objectives of enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission system and minimizing the cost of the FACTS devices, the optimal ratings and cost were identified for the devices under consideration using Firefly algorithm as an optimization tool. Also, a model study had been done with four different cases such as normal case, line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) for IEEE 14,30,57 and 118 bus systems. Results: The optimal locations to install SVC and TCSC in IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus systems were evaluated with minimal L-indices and cost using the proposed Firefly algorithm. From the results, it could be inferred that the cost of installing TCSC in IEEE bus system is slightly higher than SVC.For showing the superiority of Firefly algorithm, the results were compared with the already published research finding where this problem was solved using Genetic algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. It was revealed that the proposed firefly algorithm gives better optimum solution in minimizing the L-index values for IEEE 30 Bus system. Conclusion: The optimal placement, rating and cost of installation of TCSC and SVC in standard IEEE bus systems which enhanced the voltage stability were evaluated in this work. The need of the FACTS devices was also tested during the abnormal cases such as line outage case, generator outage case and overloading case (140%) with the proposed Firefly algorithm. Outputs reveal that the recognized placement of SVC and TCSC reduces the probability of voltage collapse and cost of the devices in the transmission lines. The capability of Firefly algorithm was also ensured by comparing its results with the results of other algorithms.

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Energetic and exergetic analysis of a convective drier: A case study of potato drying process

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2020-0058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 563-572

Author(s):

Iman Golpour ◽

Mohammad Kaveh ◽

Reza Amiri Chayjan ◽

Raquel P. F. Guiné

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Research Work ◽

Specific Energy Consumption ◽

Exergy Efficiency ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Convective Drying ◽

Drying Time ◽

Energy And Exergy ◽

Exergy Losses

AbstractThis research work focused on the evaluation of energy and exergy in the convective drying of potato slices. Experiments were conducted at four air temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70°C) and three air velocities (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) in a convective dryer, with circulating heated air. Freshly harvested potatoes with initial moisture content (MC) of 79.9% wet basis were used in this research. The influence of temperature and air velocity was investigated in terms of energy and exergy (energy utilization [EU], energy utilization ratio [EUR], exergy losses and exergy efficiency). The calculations for energy and exergy were based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Results indicated that EU, EUR and exergy losses decreased along drying time, while exergy efficiency increased. The specific energy consumption (SEC) varied from 1.94 × 105 to 3.14 × 105 kJ/kg. The exergy loss varied in the range of 0.006 to 0.036 kJ/s and the maximum exergy efficiency obtained was 85.85% at 70°C and 0.5 m/s, while minimum exergy efficiency was 57.07% at 40°C and 1.5 m/s. Moreover, the values of exergetic improvement potential (IP) rate changed between 0.0016 and 0.0046 kJ/s and the highest value occurred for drying at 70°C and 1.5 m/s, whereas the lowest value was for 70°C and 0.5 m/s. As a result, this knowledge will allow the optimization of convective dryers, when operating for the drying of this food product or others, as well as choosing the most appropriate operating conditions that cause the reduction of energy consumption, irreversibilities and losses in the industrial convective drying processes.

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Analysis of the Total Unit Energy Consumption of a Car with a Hybrid Drive System in Real Operating Conditions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133966 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3966

Author(s):

Jarosław Mamala ◽

Michał Śmieja ◽

Krzysztof Prażnowski

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Drive ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Hybrid Drive ◽

Total Unit ◽

Unit Energy ◽

Unit Energy Consumption

The market demand for vehicles with reduced energy consumption, as well as increasingly stringent standards limiting CO2 emissions, are the focus of a large number of research works undertaken in the analysis of the energy consumption of cars in real operating conditions. Taking into account the growing share of hybrid drive units on the automotive market, the aim of the article is to analyse the total unit energy consumption of a car operating in real road conditions, equipped with an advanced hybrid drive system of the PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) type. In this paper, special attention has been paid to the total unit energy consumption of a car resulting from the cooperation of the two independent power units, internal combustion and electric. The results obtained for the individual drive units were presented in the form of a new unit index of the car, which allows us to compare the consumption of energy obtained from fuel with the use of electricity supported from the car’s batteries, during journeys in real road conditions. The presented research results indicate a several-fold increase in the total unit energy consumption of a car powered by an internal combustion engine compared to an electric car. The values of the total unit energy consumption of the car in real road conditions for the internal combustion drive are within the range 1.25–2.95 (J/(kg · m)) in relation to the electric drive 0.27–1.1 (J/(kg · m)) in terms of instantaneous values. In terms of average values, the appropriate values for only the combustion engine are 1.54 (J/(kg · m)) and for the electric drive only are 0.45 (J/(kg · m)) which results in the internal combustion engine values being 3.4 times higher than the electric values. It is the combustion of fuel that causes the greatest increase in energy supplied from the drive unit to the car’s propulsion system in the TTW (tank to wheels) system. At the same time this component is responsible for energy losses and CO2 emissions to the environment. The results were analysed to identify the differences between the actual life cycle energy consumption of the hybrid powertrain and the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure) homologation cycle.

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Effects of the Geometric Parameters of Mixer on the Mixing Process of Foam Concrete Mixture and Its Energy Efficiency

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10228055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 8055

Author(s):

Sergey A. Stel’makh ◽

Evgenii M. Shcherban’ ◽

Anatolii I. Shuiskii ◽

Al’bert Yu. Prokopov ◽

Sergey M. Madatyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Lower Energy ◽

Geometric Parameters ◽

Concrete Mixture ◽

Mixing Process ◽

Conical Part ◽

Foam Concrete ◽

Optimal Range ◽

Optimal Values

The paper studies the influence of the geometric parameters of the mixer on the mixing process, the construction of the mixing body, its location in the mixer bulk, and the mixer shape and geometry. The technique of calculating the power spent on mixing the foam concrete mixture is described. The effects of the ratio of the mixture height to the mixer diameter, the number and width of reflective partitions, and the shape of the conical part of the mixer on the homogeneity of the foam concrete mixture and the power consumption are considered. The optimal ratios of the foam concrete mixture height to the mixer diameter have been determined. Moreover, the optimal range of the ratios of the partition width to the mixer diameter has been established, in order to obtain a homogeneous foam concrete mixture throughout the volume with lower energy consumption. The optimal values of the angle of the mixer conical part for the preparation of a foam concrete mixture have been determined.

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Research on Project Cost Management Model of Ecological Construction

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1197 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 480-481 ◽

pp. 1197-1200

Author(s):

Feng Liu ◽

Jun Min Wang

Keyword(s):

Project Management ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Cost Management ◽

Building Energy ◽

Management Model ◽

Building Energy Consumption ◽

Specific Cost ◽

The Cost ◽

Ecological Construction

In recent years, in order to reduce building energy consumption in China, and vigorously promote the development of ecological construction, the paper studies disadvantages of the cost of traditional project management applications in the ecological construction projects, exploring specific cost management adapt to the ecological construction project.

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