Electroencephalography Findings in Autoimmune and Neuroinflammation-Related Epilepsies

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 052-062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Kim ◽  
Dara Albert ◽  
Amanda Weber
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Rasmussen’S Encephalitis ◽  
Autoimmune Epilepsy ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Eeg Features

AbstractAutoimmune epilepsy occurs in association with localized central nervous system or systemic immune-mediated inflammation. Traditional anticonvulsant medications are frequently ineffective, and alternative approaches including immunomodulatory agents may be required. Identification of patients with autoimmune epilepsy may be challenging due to the variability of presentation and normal or nonspecific diagnostic results. Electroencephalography (EEG) features tend to include patterns of encephalopathy, generalized or focal interictal epileptiform abnormalities, or status epilepticus. Occasionally, specific EEG features may lend insight into the diagnosis. In this review article, we discuss EEG features of several suspected or proven immune-mediated pediatric epilepsies, including Rasmussen's encephalitis, idiopathic hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, epilepsies associated with autoantibodies to neuronal surface or intracellular antigens, and other systemic autoimmune diseases.

Rasmussen's Encephalitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 045-051
Author(s):  
Aimee Luat
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Childhood Epilepsy ◽  
Epilepsia Partialis Continua ◽  
Rasmussen’S Encephalitis ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Neurocognitive Decline

AbstractRasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by drug-refractory focal seizures especially epilepsia partialis continua, progressive hemiparesis, and neurocognitive decline. Diagnosis is mainly clinical and can be ambiguous during the early stages of the disease. Its underlying etiology is still elusive, but is suspected to be immune mediated. Treatment of seizures and disease progression is challenging, and although immunotherapy may delay its course, to date, surgical disconnection of the diseased hemisphere remains to be the only effective treatment providing seizure freedom in 60 to 85% of cases. The following review summarizes the current knowledge of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, management, and treatment of RE.

Critical Insight into the Attributes of Emerging Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India and Across the World

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gaurav M. Doshi ◽  
Hemen S. Ved ◽  
Ami P. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Old Drugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently announced the spread of novel coronavirus (nCoV) globally and has declared it a pandemic. The probable source of transmission of the virus, which is from animal to human and human to human contact, has been established. As per the statistics reported by the WHO on 11th April 2020, data has shown that more than sixteen lakh confirmed cases have been identified globally. The reported cases related to nCoV in India have been rising substantially. The review article discusses the characteristics of nCoV in detail with the probability of potentially effective old drugs that may inhibit the virus. The research may further emphasize and draw the attention of the world towards the development of an effective vaccine as well as alternative therapies. Moreover, the article will help to bridge the gap between the new researchers since it’s the current thrust area of research.

scholarly journals Dissonant roles: the experience of Maori in cancer care.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dew ◽  
L Signal ◽  
C Davies ◽  
T Huia ◽  
C Hooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Sick Role ◽  
Membership Categorization Analysis ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Membership Categorization ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Insight Into

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Indigenous peoples have poorer health outcomes than their non-indigenous counterparts and this applies to cancer outcomes for Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Differential access to and quality of healthcare contributes to poorer survival rates for Maori. This research provides insight into some of the mechanisms that hinder and facilitate care access. Thirty four people who had undergone cancer treatment (19Maori and 15 non-Maori) were interviewed by two Maori researchers. The analysis of the interview transcripts was informed by membership categorization analysis. This form of analysis attends to the categories that are used and the activities and characteristics associated with those categories. From this analysis it is argued that the classical patient role, or sick role, inadequately captures the kind of role that some Maori take in relation to their healthcare. Maori can also have culturally specific family (whanau) influences and a greater draw towards alternative approaches to healthcare. Dissonant roles contribute to a different experience for Maori. A better understanding of the categories and roles that are relevant to those who have cancer provides opportunities to attenuate the monocultural impacts of healthcare.

scholarly journals Salicylic acid and its role in induced plant resistance to biotic stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
N.N. Iksat ◽  
◽  
D. Tokasheva ◽  
М.К. Beissekova ◽  
U.I. Amanbayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Induced Plant Resistance ◽  
Protective Genes ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Insight Into

Salicylic acid is a natural signaling molecule that plays a key role in establishing and transmitting plant protection signals from phytopathogens. Salicylic acid, by modulating the expression of protective genes and changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, can regulate oxidative processes associated with plant protective reactions. This review article reviews studies that provide insight into the functioning of salicylic acid in plant immunity

Autoimmune Epilepsy: The Evolving Science of Neural Autoimmunity and Its Impact on Epilepsy Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 290-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orna O'Toole ◽  
Amy Quek
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Seizure Freedom ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Treatment Trial ◽  
Autoimmune Epilepsy ◽  
Immune Mediated

AbstractAutoimmune epilepsy is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical entity, driven in large part by the recent discovery of neural autoantibodies in patients with isolated or predominant epilepsy presentations. Detection of neural autoantibodies in high-risk epilepsy patients supports an immune-mediated cause of seizures and, if applicable, directs the search for an underlying cancer when the paraneoplastic association of the associated antibody is compelling. Early diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy is crucial, as prompt initiation of immunosuppressive treatment increases the likelihood of achieving either seizure freedom or a substantial reduction in seizure frequency. A practical clinical approach that incorporates risk scores to guide patient selection on the basis of clinical features, neural autoantibodies, and a treatment trial of immunotherapy is suggested. Elucidating an immunological basis of epilepsy provides neurologists with wider treatment options (incorporating immune-suppressive treatment), in addition to standard antiepileptic drugs, which often improves patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Overview and Insights into Carbapenem Allergy

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuman Lee ◽  
Nicole Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Cross Sensitivity ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding antibiotic allergies and the risk of cross-sensitivity between and within antibiotic classes can have a substantial impact on patient care. The purpose of this review article is to provide insight into carbapenem allergies, describing the overall incidence, risk factors, and in-class cross-sensitivity. A PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: carbapenem, allergy, cross-sensitivity, incidence, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem. Article bibliographies and relevant drug monographs were also reviewed. The overall reported incidence of carbapenem allergy is 0.3%–3.7%. Risk of cross-sensitivity between penicillins and carbapenems is less than 1% in patients with a positive penicillin skin test. Data on cross-sensitivity between cephalosporins and carbapenems are limited; however, the risk appears to also be low. No clinical studies have described cross-sensitivity between the carbapenem agents thus far. The limited data available from case reports demonstrates a lack of cross-sensitivity between the individual carbapenems, suggesting that an alternative carbapenem may cautiously be used in patients with a reported carbapenem allergy.

scholarly journals Vaccination Guidelines for Patients with Immune-mediated Disorders Taking Immunosuppressive Therapies: Executive Summary

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A. Papp ◽  
Boulos Haraoui ◽  
Deepali Kumar ◽  
John K. Marshall ◽  
Robert Bissonnette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Multidisciplinary Group

The use of immunosuppressive therapies for immune-mediated disease is associated with an elevated risk of infections and related comorbidities. While many infectious diseases can generally be prevented by vaccines, immunization rates in this specific patient population remain suboptimal, due in part to uncertainty about their efficacy or safety under these clinical situations. To address this concern, a multidisciplinary group of Canadian physicians with expertise in dermatology, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, and rheumatology developed evidence-based clinical guidelines on vaccinations featuring 13 statements that are aimed at reducing the risk of preventable infections in individuals exposed to immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents.

scholarly journals Metabolomic Insight into Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rajska ◽  
Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta ◽  
Dominik Rachoń ◽  
Michał Jan Markuszewski
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Searching for the mechanisms of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathophysiology has become a crucial aspect of research performed in the last decades. However, the pathogenesis of this complex and heterogeneous endocrinopathy remains unknown. Thus, there is a need to investigate the metabolic pathways, which could be involved in the pathophysiology of PCOS and to find the metabolic markers of this disorder. The application of metabolomics gives a promising insight into the research on PCOS. It is a valuable and rapidly expanding tool, enabling the discovery of novel metabolites, which may be the potential biomarkers of several metabolic and endocrine disorders. The utilization of this approach could also improve the process of diagnosis and therefore, make treatment more effective. This review article aims to summarize actual and meaningful metabolomic studies in PCOS and point to the potential biomarkers detected in serum, urine, and follicular fluid of the affected women.

scholarly journals N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1722-1757
Author(s):  
Iwona E Głowacka ◽  
Aleksandra Trocha ◽  
Andrzej E Wróblewski ◽  
Dorota G Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Chiral Auxiliary ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Enantioselective Syntheses ◽  
New Procedures

Since Garner’s aldehyde has several drawbacks, first of all is prone to racemization, alternative three-carbon chirons would be of great value in enantioselective syntheses of natural compounds and/or drugs. This review article summarizes applications of N-(1-phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylates, -carbaldehydes and -methanols in syntheses of approved drugs and potential medications as well as of natural products mostly alkaloids but also sphingoids and ceramides and their 1- and 3-deoxy analogues and several hydroxy amino acids and their precursors. Designed strategies provided new procedures to several drugs and alternative approaches to natural products and proved efficiency of a 2-substituted N-(1-phenylethyl)aziridine framework as chiron bearing a chiral auxiliary.

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