Recalibration of the Convergence System

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes von Hofsten
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Convergence ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Convergence System ◽  
Consistent Change

Adaption to convergence-altering prism spectacles was studied. The subjects were trained for 8 min with either convergence-increasing or convergence-decreasing prisms. Before and after training they estimated the distance to a binocular dot varying in the stimulus it provided to convergence. Both the preadaptation and postadaptation estimates showed that the reciprocal of estimated target distance is linearly related to convergence. Further there was a consistent change in the direction of adaptation expected from the preadaptation to the postadaptation test. This change was accounted for in terms of a recalibration of the effective absolute convergence level.

SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS IN ACUTE VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Phelan ◽  
H. E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Resistance ◽  
Sympathomimetic Drugs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Acute Viral Bronchiolitis

Mean pulmonary resistance and inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary resistance were measured in 10 infants with acute viral bronchiolitis before and after the administration of isoprenaline or orciprenaline by aerosol. No consistent change in any measurement of pulmonary resistance was recorded following the administration of the drugs.

scholarly journals Acquisition of the Long Jump Skill Using Varying Feedback / Usvajanje tehnike skoka u dalj korištenjem povratnih informacija različitih vrsta i frekvencija

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Puklavec ◽  
Ljubomir Antekolović ◽  
Pavle Mikulić
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Video Feedback ◽  
Jump Distance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Long Jump

The aim of this study was to examine the acquisition of the long jump skill in elementary school children using augmented feedback of varying type and frequency. Eighty-eight boys and girls aged (mean ± SD) 11 ± 0.5 years, without any prior experience in the long jump skill acquisition,  were assigned to one of the four study groups: (1) the group receiving only verbal feedback on key errors, (2) the group receiving both verbal and video feedback on key errors, (3) the group receiving both verbal and video feedback on all errors, and (4) the group receiving no feedback. Before and after an 8-week training intervention, long jump distance and relevant kinematic variables were recorded. The results indicated that the group receiving both verbal and video feedback on all errors improved the most in terms of the long jump distance. Varying feedback influenced kinematic parameters differently, as there was no consistent change in the monitored kinematic variables across groups. It was concluded that, when learning a complex motor skill in a typical Physical Education setting, elementary school children are likely to benefit the most when receiving frequent feedback (both verbal and using video analysis, focusing on all errors) in comparison with the situation in which they receive feedback reduced in the type (only verbal) and the frequency (focusing only on key errors).Keywords: bandwidth feedback; kinematics; knowledge of performance; motor learning. --- Cilj ovoga rada bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih količina i vrsta povratnih informacija (PI) u procesu usvajanja tehnike skoka u dalj kod učenika osnovne škole. Osamdeset i osam učenika i učenica, starosti 11 (±0,5) godina, bez prethodnoga iskustva u treningu skoka u dalj, raspodijeljeno je u jednu od četiriju skupina ispitanika koje su dobivale PI: (1) verbalno samo na ključne greške, (2) verbalno i vizualno samo na ključne greške, (3) verbalno i vizualno na sve greške ili (4) nisu primale PI. Duljina skoka i relevantni kinematički parametri skoka u dalj izmjereni su prije i nakon 8-tjednog eksperimentalnoga tretmana. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako je grupa koja je primala PI, na svaku grešku verbalnim i vizualnim putem najviše napredovala u smislu duljine skoka u dalj. Različite količine i vrste PI različito djelovale su na promatrane kinematičke parametre te nisu uočene konzistentne promjene između grupa. Zaključeno je kako djeca osnovnoškolske dobi prilikom usvajanja kompleksne motoričke vještine imaju više koristi od većih frekvencija PI (verbalnih i vizualnih na sve greške) u usporedbi s reduciranim PI prema vrsti (samo verbalne) ili frekvenciji (samo na ključne greške).Ključne riječi: kinematika; motoričko učenje; poznavanje izvedbe; reducirane povratne informacije.

Sodium conservation and control of glomerular filtration rate

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
And Control

Experiments on dogs were designed to study the role of glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance, CCr) in sodium homeostasis. Dogs were studied on a normal Na intake (salted) and after Na had been removed from the diet (unsalted). In both instances CCr was estimated before and after rapid expansion of extracellular fluid volume (ECF) with glucose, mannitol, or NaCl solutions. Before expansion of ECF, CCr showed no consistent change relating to Na-deficiency as such. Following expansion of ECF, CCr increased in dogs with normal intake of Na and decreased (or increased less) in nine out of ten comparisons in dogs with no Na in the diet. The percentage change in CCr elicited by ECF expansion correlated positively with change in plasma Na concentration and inversely with change in plasma potassium concentration, except following NaCl solution infusion or the inclusion of K in glucose infusions. Decreased CCr following ECF expansion in dogs with no Na in the diet was tentatively ascribed to intrarenally evoked vasoconstriction consequent to the loss of intracellular K from some undefined site.

Intussusception Rates Before and After the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Jacqueline E. Tate ◽  
Catherine Yen ◽  
Claudia A. Steiner ◽  
Margaret M. Cortese ◽  
Umesh D. Parashar
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Rate Ratios

BACKGROUND Recent US studies have identified a small increased risk of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination, mainly after the first dose. We examined trends in intussusception hospitalizations before (2000–2005) and after (2007–2013) rotavirus vaccine introduction to assess whether this observed temporal risk translates into more hospitalized cases at the population level. METHODS Intussusception hospitalizations in children <12 months of age were abstracted from the State Inpatient Database maintained by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 26 states that provided data from 2000 to 2013. Rates were calculated using bridged-race postcensal population estimates. Trends were analyzed by age groups (6–14 weeks, 15–24 weeks, and 25–34 weeks) based on the recommended ages for vaccine administration as well as 8–11 weeks when the majority of first doses are given. Rate ratios were calculated by using Poisson regression. RESULTS No consistent change in intussusception hospitalization rates was observed among all children <12 months of age and among children 15 to 24 weeks and 25 to 34 weeks of age. The intussusception hospitalization rate for children aged 8 to 11 weeks was significantly elevated by 46% to 101% (range: 16.7–22.9 per 100 000) in all postvaccine years except 2011 and 2013 compared with the prevaccine baseline (11.7 per 100 000). CONCLUSIONS The increase in the intussusception hospitalization rate in children 8 to 11 weeks when the majority of first doses of vaccine are given is consistent with recent US postlicensure studies. Given the magnitude of declines in rotavirus disease compared with this small increase in intussusception, the benefits of rotavirus vaccination outweigh the increase risk of intussusception.

Naloxone affects the release of cortisol, but not of vasopressin or oxytocin, in dehydrated sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Thornton ◽  
R. F. Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Naloxone Hydrochloride ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Saline Vehicle ◽  
Naloxone Treatment

Abstract. Ovariectomized ewes (N = 7) were dehydrated for 24 h and then given iv injections of saline vehicle or 8 or 64 mg naloxone hydrochloride in saline. Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture before and after dehydration and at intervals during the 90 min period directly following naloxone treatment. Plasma concentrations of AVP, OT and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma AVP levels and osmolality increased with dehydration, OT concentrations showed no consistent change, and cortisol levels were unaffected. After administration of naloxone, AVP and OT concentrations did not alter. The sampling procedure increased plasma cortisol levels and the duration of this response was prolonged by the 64 mg dose of naloxone.

scholarly journals ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF ANTIVIRAL SERA

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Koprowski ◽  
Gilbert Richmond ◽  
Dan H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Electrophoretic Study ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Γ Globulins

1. Sera of animals immunized against Japanese B encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses were fractionated by electrophoresis. 2. Electrophoretic patterns of rabbit sera before and after immunization against Japanese B virus showed no consistent change traceable to antibody formation. 3. To determine the antibody content, the electrophoretic fractions of the respective sera were mixed in varying dilutions with infected mouse brain suspensions, and the neutralizing titers of the fractions were compared. 4. In all instances serum fractions containing γ-globulin were protective, whereas in no case did serum albumin show any virus-neutralizing activity. The Japanese B encephalitis antibody appeared to be associated entirely with the γ-globulin. The Venezuelan and Western equine encephalomyelitis antibodies were associated with the ß- and γ-globulins and probably possessed an average electrophoretic mobility between that of ß- and γ-globulins. 5. Normal rabbit serum similarly separated electrophoretically showed no neutralizing properties. 6. Chickens, whose electrophoretic serum pattern is markedly different from that of rabbits, were also immunized against the Japanese B encephalitis virus. Their antisera were electrophoretically fractionated and similarly subjected to neutralization tests. The specific neutralizing capacity of chicken serum was considerably lower than that of rabbit serum and no neutralizing activity was found in the fractions containing the faster moving components. The antibody appeared to be associated with component 4 which had a mobility of approximately 2.3 x 10–5 cm.2/volt/sec.

Adrenocortical Insufficiency and Relapsing in the Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-342
Author(s):  
Seppo Leisti ◽  
Jussi Vilska ◽  
Niilo Hallman
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Insulin Test ◽  
Group Ii

Twenty-five children with "minimal change" idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) were given ACTH tests before, during, and after prednisone medication (total of 55 medication episodes). Most had insulin tests, too. Continuous medication caused a significant decrease in the responses of all children. A significant recovery was universally evident already at the end of intermittent medication. No further consistent change was observed during remission six months later. Both before and at the end of the medication, one third of the children had subnormal responses. The children were grouped according to the length of the ensuing remission: group I, < 0.5 year; group II, 0.5 to 1.0 year; group III, > 1.0 year. Both before and after medication the basal plasma cortisol concentration and the responses to ACTH and insulin were significantly higher in group III than in group I. At the end of the medication the responses were also significantly higher in group II than in group I. A normal response predicted a > 0.5-year remission and a subnormal response a < 0.5-year remission. This was true for 20 of 27 responses to ACTH before medication, and for 23 of 27 responses at the end of the medication. For the insulin test, only the response at the end of the medication was significantly predictive (16 of 18). An analysis with the ACTH test of two to six consecutive relapses in 14 children confirmed the value of the adrenocortical state in predicting the length of remission. The postmedication tests were superior to the premedication tests in predictive value. Children with postmedication adrenocortical suppression should be detected and given an appropriate cortisol substitution until their adrenocortical function has normalized. Other schedules of glucocorticoid medication of INS should be evaluated for lesser adrenocortical suppression.

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

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