Subsurface acidity and liming affect yield of cereals

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Scott ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
G. J. Poile ◽  
B. R. Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Combine Surface ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

In 2 field experiments, varying lime rates were applied to acidic soils and incorporated to 10 or 20 cm depth by rotary hoeing. In Expt 2, soil was also limed in 10-cm layers to 40 cm depth, and the profile was reconstructed. The aim was to remove acidity as a constraint to plant growth. In both experiments, 3 cereal cultivars (1 barley and 2 wheat) of varying aluminium (Al) tolerance were sown. Grain yield was monitored in 4 seasons (Expt 1) or 5 seasons (Expt 2). Incorporation of lime to 20 cm rather than to 10 cm improved yields of the cereals in 2 of 4 seasons in Expt 1, and improved yields markedly in a drier season in Expt 2. In Expt 2, cereal yield was demonstrated to be a function of soil pHCa in both the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers. There was no advantage of amendment to 40 cm depth compared with 20 cm depth at this site. At both sites, the 10-20 cm soil (corresponding to the upper A2 layer) was very acidic, and the incorporation of lime to 20 cm removed this barrier. The effect of amendment or pHCa increase in the 10-20 cm layer is clearest and most consistent for barley, the most Al-sensitive species, and least consistent for the tolerant wheat cultivars. It is probably not realistic in commercial agriculture to incorporate lime to 20 cm depth. The alternative strategies are to wait for the effects of amendment of the 0-10 cm layer to move down the soil profile, or to amend part of the soil below 10 cm depth by lime injection. Until the subsurface soil is amended, the best strategy is to combine surface liming (0-10 cm) with the use of Al-tolerant cultivars.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat cultivars adapted to northern growing conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
S. MUURINEN ◽  
A. RAJALA ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

SUMMARYIncreased harvest index (HI) has been one of the principal factors contributing to genetic yield improvements in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Although high HI demonstrates high-yielding ability when cultivars are compared, it can also indicate challenges to yield formation when comparisons are made across differing growing conditions. The present study was designed to investigate variation in HI among modern cereal cultivars relative to that brought about by a northern environment, to assess whether HI still explains the majority of the differences in grain yield when only modern cereal cultivars are compared, and to monitor key traits contributing to HI. Stability of HI was also investigated with reference to the role of tillers. Twelve experiments (3 years, two locations, two nitrogen fertilizer regimes) were carried out in southern Finland to evaluate 12 two-row spring barley, 10 six-row barley, 10 oat and 11 wheat cultivars. In addition to HI, days to heading and maturity, length of grain filling period, grain yield, test weight and 13 traits characterizing plant stand structure were measured and analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect traits associated with HI and those contributing to stability of HI. Although only modern cereals were studied, differences among cultivars were significant both in mean HI and stability of HI, and HI was associated with short plant stature in all modern cereal species. Also, single grain weight was associated with HI in all species. Differences between, but not within, species in HI were partly attributable to differences in tiller performance. Grain yield was associated closely with HI except in two-row barley. It may be possible to further increase HI of wheat, as it still was relatively low. High HI did, however, not indicate the degree of success in yield determination when environments are compared.

scholarly journals TaALMT1 promoter sequence compositions, acid tolerance, and Al tolerance in wheat cultivars and landraces from Sichuan in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5602-5616 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Han ◽  
S.F. Dai ◽  
D.C. Liu ◽  
Z.J. Pu ◽  
Y.M. Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Al Tolerance

scholarly journals Root malate efflux and expression of taalmt1 in serbian winter wheat cultivars differing in Al tolerance

2018 ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasna Savic ◽  
Nenad Stevic ◽  
Vuk Maksimovic ◽  
Jelena Samardzic ◽  
Dragana Nikolic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

scholarly journals Variation and Transgression of Aggressiveness Among Two Gibberella zeae Crosses Developed from Highly Aggressive Parental Isolates

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 904-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Henning Voss ◽  
Robert L. Bowden ◽  
John F. Leslie ◽  
Thomas Miedaner
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Genotypic Variance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Transgressive Segregants

Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum) is the most common cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Aggressiveness is the most important fungal trait affecting disease severity and stability of host resistance. Objectives were to analyze in two field experiments (i) segregation for aggressiveness among 120 progenies from each of two crosses of highly aggressive parents and (ii) stability of FHB resistance of seven moderately to highly resistant winter wheat cultivars against isolates varying for aggressiveness. Aggressiveness was measured as FHB severity per plot, Fusarium exoantigen absorbance, and deoxynivalenol content. In the first experiment, mean FHB ratings were 20 to 49% across environments and progeny. Significant genotypic variation was detected in both crosses (P < 0.01). Isolate–environment interaction explained approximately half of the total variance. Two transgressive segregants were found in cross B across environments. Traits were significantly (P < 0.05) intercorrelated. In the second experiment, despite significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variance for cultivar and isolate, no significant (P > 0.05) interaction was observed for any trait. In conclusion, progeny of highly aggressive parents might exhibit increased aggressiveness due to recombination and may, therefore, adapt nonspecifically to increased quantitative host resistance.

Assessing specific agronomic responses of wheat cultivars in a winter rainfall environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Anderson ◽  
A. J. van Burgel ◽  
D. L. Sharma ◽  
B. J. Shackley ◽  
C. M. Zaicou-Kunesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
A Site ◽  
N Rates

When new wheat cultivars are released for commercial production it is desirable to assist farmers to maximise the yield advantage by providing information about their responses to agronomic practices such as seeding rate and nitrogen (N) fertiliser. Over 3 years in 22 field experiments in the Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia the response to seed rate and applied N fertiliser of current and recently released wheat cultivars was measured in factorial experiments under rain-fed conditions. A cross-site analysis showed that the environment × cultivar (location and year) or management (seed rate and N rate) interactions were relatively minor, explaining only 5% or less of the yield variation, in contrast to 89% accounted for by the environment. The analyses of individual experiments revealed that cultivars interacted more often with seeding rate (12 sites) than with applied N fertiliser rates (4 sites). Further, despite a frequent occurrence, the cultivar × seed rate interaction had only a marginal practical significance because the cultivar rankings at a site varied with season and the differences in optimum plant population were greater between sites and seasons than between cultivars at a site. The number of sites with positive and significant cultivar × N rate interaction was insufficient to generalise about the validity of the responses. The lack of any large differences between cultivars for their response to either seed rate or N rate implies the presence of a high inherent ability for compensation among yield components, thereby enabling the cultivars to exhibit an apparently high similarity for response to input levels. As such, it was not possible to generalise across environments in making clear suggestions for farmers to follow in respect of managing new cultivars differently from each other. It was concluded that despite the apparent desirability of providing information about differences between new and existing cultivars in their responses to seed and N rates at the time of release, they are more likely to be found where the differences between the cultivars are large, the testing sites are chosen so as to reduce the yield variance, and the yield level achieved in the experiments is above 2 t/ha.

scholarly journals Improved Evaluation of Wheat Cultivars (Lines) on Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using Molecular Disease Index

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212
Author(s):  
Bingyao Chu ◽  
Lujia Yang ◽  
Cuicui Wang ◽  
Yilin Gu ◽  
Kai Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust

Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Sichuan Province plays an important role in interregional epidemics in China. Application of host resistance is important in disease management, and efficient approaches to evaluate resistance level are necessary to obtain useful varieties. In this study, 100 wheat cultivars (lines) growing in Sichuan were selected to evaluate their resistance to stripe rust. Field experiments were conducted with a mixture of three P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races for inoculations at seeding and adult stages in the 2014 to 2015 season and the 2016 to 2017 season. Leaf samplings were conducted four times during the latent period at early growth stage of wheat. The sampled leaves were processed to extract DNA. The DNA of both wheat and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the molecular disease index (MDI) was used to evaluate the resistance level. The area under the disease progress curve in terms of disease index (AUDPC-DI) was obtained for each studied cultivar (line) in the fields. Among the 100 studied cultivars (lines), 61% of them showed seedling resistance, and 63 and 65% showed adult resistance in the 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017 seasons, respectively, based on the infection type. High consistency in resistance grouping by cluster analysis as the percentage of the studied cultivar (line) belonging to the same group based on AUDPC-DI data and based on MDI data was obtained. The correlations between AUDPC-DI and MDI from samples collected on 9 and 14 or 15 days after inoculation during the latent period were all significant at P < 0.01. This study provided a new and efficient method for evaluation of varietal resistance to wheat stripe rust.

Comparative Studies on Xanthoria Parietina, a Pollution Resistant Lichen, and Ramalina Duriaei, a Sensitive Species. I. Effects of Air Pollution on Physiological Processes

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Silberstein ◽  
B. Z. Siegel ◽  
S. M. Siegel ◽  
A. Mukhtar ◽  
M. Galun
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Air Contaminants ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Xanthoria Parietina ◽  
Clean Air

AbstractXanthona parietina thalli were collected from a ‘clean-air’ location and from a polluted area. Ramalina duriaei thalli were collected from the same ‘clean-air’ location and some thalli were transplanted to air polluted locations, where R. duriaei no longer occurs. The effects of air contaminants on these two lichens were compared under controlled laboratory conditions and in field experiments. Air contaminants and exposure to bisulphite ions had little or no damaging effect on X. parietina, whereas severe damage was caused to R. duriaei, as judged by chlorophyll degradation, autofluorescence of photobionts, photosynthetic activity, membrane integrity and ATP content. The different responses presented confirm the sensitivity of R. duriaei and resistance of X. parietina to air pollution.

Comparison of four wheat cultivars for yield and protein response to nitrogen fertilizer

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (80) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Syme ◽  
J Mackenzie ◽  
WM Strong
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Land Area ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
One Year ◽  
White Grain ◽  
Protein Response

Four wheat cultivars were compared for grain yield and grain protein response to nitrogen fertilizer at rates up to 135 and 336 kg N ha-1, in two field experiments, All varieties showed large responses to nitrogen in both years. The Mexican semi-dwarf WW15 and its white-grain derivative, Condor, yielded more than the standard cultivars Timgalen or Gatcher. Semi dwarf cultivars were found to respond significantly more to nitrogen than either Timgalen or Gatcher in the first year of these trials. Protein percentage of the grain was depressed by low rates of nitrogen in one year but increassd at higher rates. Gatcher and Condor had similar protein percentages; WW15 had the lowest and Timgalen the highest. Only Timgalen with high nitrogen reached a protein level for premium payment in the first year. In the second, all cultivars when fertilized qualified for similar premium payments per unit of land area. A simplified economic analysis showed that it was more profitable to grow and to fertilize the higher-yielding cultivars.

scholarly journals Physiological, nutritional, and molecular responses of Brazilian sugarcane cultivars under stress by aluminum

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11461
Author(s):  
Mariane de Souza Oliveira ◽  
Sâmara Vieira Rocha ◽  
Vanessa Karine Schneider ◽  
Flavio Henrique-Silva ◽  
Marcio Roberto Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Al Content

Background Sugarcane is a crop of global importance and has been expanding to areas with soils containing high levels of exchangeable aluminum (Al), which is a limiting factor for crop development in acidic soils. The study of the sugarcane physiological and nutritional behavior together with patterns of gene expression in response to Al stress may provide a basis for effective strategies to increase crop productivity in acidic soils. Methods Sugarcane cultivars were evaluated for physiological parameters (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration), nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and Al contents in leaves and roots and gene expression, of the genes MDH, SDH by qPCR, both related to the production of organic acids, and SOD, related to oxidative stress. Results Brazilian sugarcane RB867515, RB928064, and RB935744 cultivars exhibited very different responses to induced stress by Al. Exposure to Al caused up-regulation (SOD and MDH) or down-regulation (SDH, MDH, and SOD), depending on the cultivar, Al level, and plant tissue. The RB867515 cultivar was the most Al-tolerant, showing no decline of nutrient content in plant tissue, photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance after exposure to Al; it exhibited the highest Al content in the roots, and showed important MDH and SOD gene expression in the roots. RB928064 only showed low expression of SOD in roots and leaves, while RB935744 showed important expression of the SOD gene only in the leaves. Sugarcane cultivars were classified in the following descending Al-tolerance order: RB867515 > RB928064 = RB935744. These results may contribute to the obtention of Al-tolerant cultivars that can play their genetic potential in soils of low fertility and with low demand for agricultural inputs; the selection of potential plants for breeding programs; the elucidation of Al detoxification mechanisms employed by sugarcane cultivars.

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