scholarly journals The impact of copayments and safety nets on PBS expenditure

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Sweeny
Keyword(s):  
Safety Net ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

This article discusses the impact on patients of changes in copayments and safety net thresholds (SNT) within the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Trends in the nominal and real values of copayments and SNTs are examined, as are changes in the numbers of types of patients. The relationship between the number of safety net cardholders and copayments and SNTs is estimated. Increases in the number of copayments necessary to reach the safety net threshold restrict the number of patients able to benefit from this provision. Policy for determining the levels of copayments and safety net thresholds needs to be put on a rationale basis in a way similar to the determination of prices for PBS medicines.

The impact of the ESA 2010 on statistics of the general government sector

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Olga Leszczyńska-Luberek
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
General Government ◽  
European System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excessive Deficit Procedure

The author presents the importance of the new European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010) for statistics of the general government sector. She pays particular attention to the development of data for the excessive deficit procedure. The article explains the methodological changes made to the studies in this field parallel to the ESA 2010. It discusses, among others, issues related to defining the deficit and debt of the general government, as well as the determination of a new way registering transfer of liabilities of pension schemes. It also presents the impact of new methodological guidelines for the relationship of deficit and debt to GDP in the Member States of the European Union.

scholarly journals The criterion of the presumption of biophysiological temperature and the cooling guide for the determination of human comfort in the City of Rutba

2018 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-316
Author(s):  
Lect. Intisar Sukkar Khioun
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Human Comfort ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Climate Studies

     The relationship between man and climate is of great importance in climate studies, as climate is the most natural climatic element in the sense of comfort or distress of man, and humans can live comfortably if the degree of heat between (17-31 m) and the human feeling of heat and cold and then rest or discomfort not only caused by the air temperature but depends on many elements including solar radiation, air movement, relative humidity, the level of human activity and the type of clothing worn, and the presumption has used Biophysiological temperature and Cooling guide in this study to demonstrate the impact of climate on human comfort in the city of Rutba and relying on the climatic data for thirty years.

scholarly journals Nurses' Perceptions of Nurse Staffing and the Impact on Patient Falls

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Henry
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Nurse Staffing ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Patient Falls ◽  
Ideal Position ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Nurses Perceptions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Patient falls contribute to unnecessary injury and incapacitation for patients and are also a major source of stress for the nurses caring for patients who fall. Hospitals are no longer being reimbursed for extended hospital stays related to injuries caused by patient falls and action is needed to decrease such events. Nurse staffing has been shown to play a critical role in determining the incidence of patient falls, with better nurse staffing decreasing the likelihood of a patient falling. The purpose of this study was to determine nurses’ perceptions of nurse staffing and its impact on the incidence of patient falls. The methodology included a short, self-administered survey developed by the researcher. Nurses answered 15 questions related to the number of patients they cared for, number of patient falls, and factors that could influence falls. Nurses who completed the survey reported caring for between 2-7 patients on their last shift and reported between 0-2 falls on their assignment within the previous three months. Nurses indicated that factors such as admission and discharge activity, the number of available staff on the unit, and the acuity of patients on the unit impacted patient falls. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between nurse staffing and the incidence of patient falls. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) are in an ideal position to participate in research related to this topic as well to advocate for nursing’s role in preventing patient falls.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of Stability Factors of Roadway Roof and Determination of Unsupported Roof Distance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sen Yang ◽  
Xinzhu Hua ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Chen Li
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Mine Roadway ◽  
Flac 3D ◽  
Roof Stability ◽  
Analysis Of Stability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

To determine the impact of influencing factors on unsupported roof stability in coal mine roadway, a mechanical model of the unsupported roof was built. FLAC 3D numerical simulation was utilized to study the stability of the unsupported roof under the influence of the depth of the roadway, the thickness of the roof, and the unsupported-support distance. In view of the key influencing factors, the geological conditions of the site, and the relationship between the tensile stress and tensile strength of the unsupported roof, the maximum unsupported roof distance during roadway excavation was determined. Considering the surplus safety factor of the unsupported roof, the reasonable unsupported roof distance during the excavation of roadway 150802 was finally determined to be 2.08 m. The comprehensive roadway excavation speed increased by 62.7%, achieving a monthly progress over 500 m.

scholarly journals PROGNOSTIC INDICES AND MARKERS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND CAD

2017 ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
G. L. IGNATOVA ◽  
V. N. ANTONOV
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Inflammation Markers ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the problem of COPD combined with CAD, determination of inflammatory markers and the prognostic BODE, DOSE and ADO indices. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of PCV13 immunization on clinical and functional manifestations of systemic inflammation in patients with COPD and CAD, as well as the relationship with the prognostic markers. Material and methods: The study included 36 male patients with COPD and 36 patients with COPD and CAD, FC II-III stable angina who were treated at Regional Clinical Hospital _4 in Chelyabinsk during the period 2015--2016. Conclusions: 1. Patients with COPD combined with CAD had statistically significant clinical and functional disorders manifested by an increase in the degree of dyspnea and reduction in FEV1. 2. In patients with COPD concomitant with CAD, against the background of the comorbidities, the levels of systemic inflammation markers — C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and procalcitonin — were more overt than in patients only with COPD. 3. Monitoring changes in procalcitonin levels could be used as an additional highly informative method for estimating the probability of the presence of bacterial inflammation and effectiveness of therapy. 4. The prognostic BODE, DOSE and ADO indices tend to decrease unidirectionally under the impact of vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. 5. PCV13 can reduce the level of systemic inflammation within 1 year after its application.

A New Proposal for Setting Parameter Values in Restricted Randomization Methods

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (04) ◽  
pp. 440-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kundt
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Restricted Randomization ◽  
Varying Parameters ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Intrinsic Quality ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exact Equality

Summary Objectives: Complete randomization could result in an undesirable imbalance in the number of patients assigned to each treatment, especially in small trials. Therefore, a variety of restricted randomization procedures has been developed. By varying parameters it is possible to appropriately modify the balancing characteristics of these designs. However, there is little information on what are sensible choices for the parameters. Therefore, we suggest a new method for suitable determination of parameter values of restricted randomization rules. Methods: For restriction to be effective, it need not yield exact equality. As the reliability of a test is not very sensitive to slight deviations from equal sample sizes we define that a given maximum tolerable imbalance d can be achieved or exceeded with a given probability p*. By using this condition, parameter values of restricted procedures are determinable. Results: For permuted-block, biased-coin, urn, and big-stick randomization we investigated the impact of parameters on balancing properties. For different extents of restriction and by using the submitted condition, the values of parameters to be chosen are determined. Conclusions: Up to now choice of parameter values has often occurred at random. Now it is possible to determine values of parameters by specifying the tolerable degree of imbalance and the risk to be worse. As a consequence restriction will, as much as possible, not be imposed and not imposed more than necessary in order to preserve the intrinsic quality of randomization.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Determinants of Savings and Investment in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelakun O. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>This study examined the relationship between savings, investment and economic growth. A corollary of the work is the determination of which of the inputs of production contributes more to economic growth in Nigeria. The study makes use of time series data spanning twenty-nine years using error correction model. The result shows a positive relationship between savings, investment and economic growth in Nigeria. Of the determinants of savings considered in the study, inflation rate contributes negatively to saving, while interest rate positively affect saving. All these confirm economic theory. The striking feature of the study however is the confirmation of the impact of labour on economic growth, which according to the study far outweighs the contribution of capital.</p>

scholarly journals Two-tier proportional electoral system in Ukraine: cross-regional analysis of the first approbation

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Fisun ◽  
◽  
Anton Avksentiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
High Figure ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines some effects from the first approbation of a two-tier proportional system with „flexible” lists in the local elections in Ukraine in 2020. In the comparative-regional context, the impact of the new system on the increase in the number of invalid ballots is analyzed and the percentage of voters who exercised the right to preferential voting for a particular candidate from the district list of the elected party is calculated. Hypotheses about regional differences in these quantitative parameters are formulated: in particular, the share of invalid ballots may be influenced by ethnolinguistic and urban factors. It was found that about 80% of voters who took part in the autumn 2020 vote exercised the right to preferential voting by entering the number of a particular candidate on the ballot – this unexpectedly high figure is in the context of other national cases using proportional systems with „flexible” or clean „open” lists. Particular attention is focused on the relationship between the two levels of the electoral system – the single closed and district flexible lists, and, accordingly, the balance of influence of voters and party leaders on the passage of candidates to local councils. This ratio was calculated for all oblast councils, and the material of the Kharkiv and Lviv oblast councils determined the empirical probability of changing the order of candidates in the district party lists under the influence of voters. Although supporters and lobbyists called the introduction of a new electoral system in Ukraine a model with „open” lists, the article identifies two key institutional mechanisms for significantly downplaying the role of preferential voting in the final determination of candidates. It is argued that according to the results of the personal distribution of seats among the candidates in the party lists, this model of „flexible” lists was closer to the pole of „closed” than „open” lists. Keywords: electoral systems, electoral lists, Electoral Сode of Ukraine, proportional electoral system, „flexible” lists, preferential voting, invalid ballots.

Correlation of decentralization and economic growth in the regions of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Korotina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Regional Component ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Federal Center

The understanding the processes of decentralization of the economy in a federal state as one of the possible sources of economic development. This understanding requires the revision of the implications that the formation and implementation of a policy of relations between the federal center and the regions entails. The goal of our present research is to develop an approach that will help assess the impact of the nature of relations between the federal center and the regions on economic growth. The theoretical and methodological basis of this study is formed by a set of scientific concepts in the field of economic federalism and spatial analysis. Basing on the index method (by determining the values of decentralization of regional incomes and expenditures) and the implementation of positioning, an assessment was made of the relationship between decentralization and economic growth by such a resulting parameter of the development of the territory as the “growth rate of the gross regional product” and the parameter characterizing the development of federalism relations in the country as “the level of economic decentralization”. According of the calculations we prove there is a positive effect of decentralization processes on regional economic growth in the analyzed time interval. There is a greater impact on the processes of decentralization of the indicator of income decentralization compared to the decentralization of expenses. The results of our research can be used in the work of federal authorities in the formation of the regional component of federalism policy. It seems the proposed approach can basis of research related to the determination of the main directions of relations between regions and municipalities.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Climate Changes in Portugal: Determination of Trend Series and Its Impact on Forest Development

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonel J. R. Nunes ◽  
Catarina I. R. Meireles ◽  
Carlos J. Pinto Gomes ◽  
Nuno M. C. Almeida Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Variable Precipitation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Climatic Normal

Climate changes are a phenomenon that can affect the daily activities of rural communities, with particular emphasis on those directly dependent on the agricultural and forestry sectors. In this way, the present work intends to analyse the impact that climate changes have on forest risk assessment, namely on how the occurrence of rural fires are affecting the management of the forest areas and how the occurrence of these fires has evolved in the near past. Thus, a comparative analysis of the data provided by IPMA (Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere), was carried out for the period from 2001 to 2017 with the climatic normal for the period between 1971 to 2000, for the variables of the average air temperature, and for the precipitation. In this comparative study, the average monthly values were considered and the months in which anomalies occurred were determined. Anomalies were considered in the months in which the average air temperature varied by 1 °C than the value corresponding to the climatic norm, in at least 50% of the national territory. The same procedure was repeated for the variable precipitation, counting as anomaly the occurrence of a variation in precipitation of 50%, also in 50% of the national territory. Then the calculation of the moving averages for cycles of 3, 5 and 7 periods were applied, and the trend lines were projected. Subsequently, the relationship between the results obtained and the occurrence of rural fires as well as the spatial distribution of forest area, species and structure were analyzed. From the results obtained it was possible to confirm the existence of a tendency for the occurrence of climatic anomalies, highlighting the occurrence of an increasing number of months with temperatures higher by at least 1 °C. It was possible to foresee the relation between the occurrence of rural fires and the periods of anomaly and absence of precipitation. From the results obtained it is also possible to infer that, analyzing the tendency for these phenomena to occur, it can be necessary to change the “critical period of rural fires”, since it is verified that what is currently in use does not covers the entire period where anomalies occur and where large-scale rural fires potentially can happen.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document