Modelling of the nitrogen deposition and dietary lysine requirements of Redbro broilers

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. dos Santos ◽  
C. B. V. Rabello ◽  
N. K. Sakomura ◽  
E. P. da Silva ◽  
J. C. P. Dorigam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Balance Trials

The aim of this study was to determine the coefficients of the Goettingen model for Redbro birds and estimate the digestible lysine requirements. To determine the model parameters, three nitrogen balance trials were performed in Periods I (14–28 days), II (42–56 days) and III (70–84 days), using 42 birds per trial. The birds were individually housed and subjected to six diets with increasing levels of nitrogen, with lysine as the limiting amino acid (deficient by 20% in relation to other amino acids). Dietary nitrogen concentrations were 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 g/kg. A control diet was added to confirm lysine as the first limiting amino acid. Nitrogen balance trials were divided into 5 days of adaptation and two periods of excreta collection, each one of 5 days. The response of the birds to a control diet confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid. The adjustment of the exponential functions between nitrogen retention or excretion and nitrogen intake allowed estimation of parameters of the Goettingen model. The maximum potential for nitrogen retention was 3276, 2585 and 2603 mg/BWkg0.67.day, nitrogen maintenance requirement was 225, 135 and 122 mg/BWkg0.67.day and efficiency of nitrogen utilisation was 313 × 10−6, 406 × 10−6 and 415 × 10−6 in the phases of 14–28, 42–56 and 70–84 days. The digestible lysine intake for Periods I, II and III, based on 60% of the maximum potential for nitrogen retention, was 711, 989 and 1272 mg/day (1.225%, 1.137% and 1.09% of lysine in the diet for a daily feed intake of 58, 87and 117 g/day), respectively.

An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Wang ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Ideal

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

Effect on Nitrogen Retention of Men of Varying the Total Dietary Nitrogen with Essential Amino Acid Intake Kept Constant

1965 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance V. Kies ◽  
Lucy Shortridge ◽  
May S. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Amino Acid Intake

Optimum dietary amino acid pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dahlman ◽  
J. Valaja ◽  
E. Venäläinen ◽  
T. Jalava ◽  
I. Pölönen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Acid Control ◽  
Blue Fox ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

AbstractThe optimum pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes were assessed from nitrogen (N) retention responses. Total tract digestibility and N balance trials were carried out on 24 weaned blue fox males in an 8 ✕ 5 cyclic change-over experiment. Eight experimental diets were prepared by removing proportionately about 0·4 of each of the amino acids studied – methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine – successively from the amino acid control diet. The main source of protein in the amino acid control diet was casein and an amino acid mixture was added to bring the calculated crude protein (CP) content up to the level of 170 g/kg dry matter (DM). Low-protein (CP 95·7 g/kg DM) and high-protein (CP 166·6 g/kg DM) diets, the protein proportion of which was casein protein, served as negative and positive control diets, respectively. The reduction in N retention when one amino acid in turn was deleted from the amino acid control diet was calculated, and a regression analysis was made between N retention and relative amino acid intake. Data on the animals’ intake of each limiting amino acid and those on the amino acid control diet were used. The optimum amino acid pattern, expressed relative to lysine = 100, proved to be: methionine + cystine 77, threonine 64, histidine 55 and tryptophan 22. The first-limiting amino acids were methionine + cystine. Blue fox responses (N retention, weight gain) to deletion of methionine + cystine from the diet were very severe and exceeded those to deletion of any other amino acid. Moreover, removing methionine + cystine from the diet significantly impaired the apparent digestibility of organic matter, reducing it to a level even lower than that of the low-protein diet. After methionine + cystine, the next-limiting amino acid in casein-based diets was threonine, followed by histidine and tryptophan. The results show the importance of verifying the sufficiency of dietary methionine + cystine in the practical feeding of blue foxes.

PROTEIN STORAGE OF PIGS IN THE ABSENCE OF BODY WEIGHT GAIN

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Protein Storage ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Balance Trials ◽  
Maximum Retention

Five- to six-month-old pigs were maintained at constant weight for 6-week periods on rations containing 16, 26 and 33 per cent protein. Results of 72 7-day nitrogen balance trials showed that pigs could retain up to 6.5 grams of nitrogen per day for 6 weeks. Highest nitrogen retention was obtained on the 26 and 33 per cent protein rations with little difference between the maximum retention figures at either level. A preliminary carbon-nitrogen balance indicated that there was little change in the fat stores of the pigs.

Energy and protein utilization for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. II. Composition of tissue growth and nitrogen metabolism

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. EARLY ◽  
O. MAHGOUB ◽  
C. D. LU
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Balance Trials ◽  
Low Energy Diet

The effects of dietary energy concentration on tissue composition and nitrogen metabolism were determined by comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance trials in Omani male lambs during the hot summer months (July to October; maximum temperature 48 °C). Weaned lambs (n = 10 per diet) were fed on one of three isonitrogenous (160 CP g/kg DM) diets that contained low (9·98 MJ/kg DM), medium (10·3 MJ/kg DM) and high (11·4 MJ/kg DM) metabolizable energy contents. An initial slaughter group of 10 animals was used to estimate the initial body composition. Treatment animals were slaughtered at 113–114 days. Increasing dietary energy concentrations resulted in a progressive increase in empty body, carcass and non-carcass water, protein and fat contents. Increasing dietary energy concentrations also resulted in a greater deposition of energy in carcass fat and a reduced deposition of energy in carcass protein. Dietary energy concentration did not affect the distribution of energy between protein and fat within empty body and non-carcass tissues. Ratios of energy to empty body, carcass or non-carcass weight were not affected by dietary energy concentrations and averaged 17·1, 18·2 and 15·9 MJ/kg respectively. These data indicate that more energy is required to deposit carcass tissues than non-carcass tissues. Nitrogen balance trials (feed N–faecal N–urinary N) conducted midway through the experiment indicated that dietary energy concentration had no effect on nitrogen digestibility or nitrogen retention. However, nitrogen retention determined by comparative slaughter showed that animals fed the low energy diet retained significantly less empty body nitrogen compared to animals fed the high energy diet. Thus, nitrogen retention determined by nitrogen balance trials overestimated direct measurements of nitrogen retention determined by comparative slaughter and this overestimation was greater on the low energy diet.

The thin sow—observations on digestive efficiency, nitrogen balance and carcass composition

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
Rosa M. Campbell ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Balance Trials

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and lipid, nitrogen balance, pancreatic lipase activity and carcass composition in eight non-pregnant sows during three 10-day balance trials during which the feed intake was 1·1, 0·8 and 2·6 kg/day of a diet containing 14·69% crude protein and 3·0 Meal gross energy/kg DM.All the sows had similar breeding histories and had completed their fourth lactation. Four were in standard condition (mean body weight, 160 kg) and four in thin condition (mean body weight, 134 kg). All the animals lost weight and were in negative nitrogen balance while on the two lower levels of feed intake; the thin sows lost significantly more N than the standard animals (P < 0·05) and on the lowest level of feeding digestibility of DM by the thin sows was significantly less (P < 0·001).In both groups there was a rapid recovery in nitrogen retention and in body weight when the food intake was increased.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 2. Identification of the limiting amino acid(s) in a low-protein diet supplemented with lysine

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

ABSTRACTA basal diet containing 120 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg, and previously shown to be limiting in one or more essential amino acids and/or non-essential nitrogen, was examined. It was fed either alone to growing female pigs from 25 kg to 55 kg live weight or in combination with four supplements of synthetic amino acids each containing three out of isoleucine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. A control diet containing 140 g crude protein per kg and 9g lysine per kg was also included. Blood samples were collected at 40 kg live weight in order to examine the influence of dietary treatments on blood metabolites. Results for growth performance, carcass composition and blood urea indicated that threonine was the first limiting amino acid in the basal diet. Plasma free amino acids gave no clear trend. Growth performance and carcass composition were unaffected by supplementation of the diet with glycine indicating that the dietary supply of non-essential nitrogen was adequate.

scholarly journals Early emergence of axons and formation of accessory nerve (XI) in avian embryos

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque ◽  
Azimul Haque ◽  
Qin Pu ◽  
Ruijin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Effect

A research work was undertaken to evaluate the feeding effect of tree forages on performance of growing sheep. Twenty growing sheep (in 4 groups) were fed three different tree forage diets. Tree forages Melia azardirachta, Leucaena leucocephala and Artocarpus heterophyllus were supplied in three treatments except one consisted no tree forages which was considered as control. There were significant (p<0.05) differences among the animal groups in terms of total DM and ME intake, although there were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF. Feeding of tree forages had significant (p<0.05) effect on live weight gain of sheep. Animals fed with tree forage based diets significantly increased weight gain (60.70 and 50.70 g/d for L. leucocephala and A. heterophyllus, respectively) compared to that (45.66 g/d) of control group fed with silage. Feed conversion efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) also showed that animals fed with tree forage of L. leucocephala and M. azardirachta based diets were having significantly (p<0.05) higher efficiency (11.33 and 11.47, respectively) compared to those of A. heterophyllus and control diet (13.77 and 13.33, respectively). The results of nitrogen balance of M. azardirachta and L. leucocephala tree forage had significantly (p<0.05) positive effect on the nitrogen retention in the body of the animals. Intake of all the tree forages was not similar which indicated that all of them were not accepted to the lamb in same level. So, diets with tree forages of L. leucocephala resulted better in terms of weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen balance compared to A. heterophyllu, M. azardirachta and silage (control).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 654-659

THREONINE AS THE SECOND LIMITING AMINO ACID IN PEACE RIVER BARLEY FOR GROWING–FINISHING PIGS AND GROWING RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. AW-YONG ◽  
R. M. BEAMES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Peace River

Barley–lysine diets (0.75% total lysine, 0.37% threonine) with or without additional threonine and methionine were compared with a barley and 15.6% soybean meal control diet in a growth trial with 108 pigs and a metabolism trial with six collection periods per diet. Addition of threonine to the barley–lysine diet improved daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass quality, with the growth results obtained with the 0.10% threonine addition equalling those of the barley–soybean meal diet, except for backfat thickness, which was lower on the soybean meal diet. Nitrogen retention, however, increased up to the maximum level (0.15%) of threonine inclusion, when retention equalled that of the control diet. Addition of 0.10% methionine to the barley diet containing added lysine and threonine resulted in no responses. Growth and balance trials with weanling rats in general confirmed results obtained with the pigs. No additional beneficial effects were obtained when lysine levels were increased from 0.75 to0.90%, even when supplemented with additional threonine. However, in order to obtain results similar to those obtained on the barley–soybean meal diet, threonine additions to the barley had to be increased to 0.20% (0.57% total threonine) with the addition of a mixture containing other essential amino acids. Replacement of the essential amino acid mixture with glycine on an equal nitrogen basis did not produce adequate nitrogen retention or growth rate.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY PROTEIN CONTENT AND PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN SHEEP FED PURIFIED DIETS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-464
Author(s):  
A. CECYRE ◽  
G. M. JONES ◽  
J.-M. GAUDREAU
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Nonessential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Semipurified diets, varying in crude protein (CP) content (6, 10, 15, and 22% CP), were each fed to one wether and plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations were determined at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min postfeeding. Total essential amino acid concentrations for the 6, 10, and 15% CP rations were 47.2, 76.4, and 72.9 μmol/ml, while nonessential amino acids totalled 88.3, 110.0, and 104.9 μmol/ml, respectively. In general, PAA concentrations were depressed by the low protein diet, except for glycine, which was elevated, and threonine and alanine, which were not affected. PAA concentrations gradually decreased with time after feeding. There was no evident relationship between PAA levels and amount of feed consumed at these time intervals. Lysine was probably the most limiting amino acid, based upon PAA concentrations on the low protein diet compared to average PAA levels for all diets. PAA concentrations reflected dietary nitrogen content. The results suggest that PAA levels were not involved in the regulation of voluntary intake when the diet contained sufficient protein to meet the requirements of the animal.

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