Wheat development as affected by nitrogen and sulfur nutrition

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Salvagiotti ◽  
Daniel J. Miralles
Keyword(s):  
Tiller Number ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
N Supply ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Development ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition ◽  
Tiller Mortality

Sulfur (S) is one of the essential nutrients for crop growth, which is linked to nitrogen (N) in many physiological functions. The rate of leaf emergence (RLE) and final leaf number (FLN) determine the duration of the emergence (Em)–anthesis (Ant) period in wheat. Although some studies showed effects of N and phosphorus on RLE and the length of the Em–Ant period, no reports studied the effect of N and S interaction on the phasic development and the coordination of RLE with tillering appearance. A bread-wheat genotype was grown with 4 N and 2 S fertiliser rates during 2000 and 2001 in field plots. In addition, an experiment with 4 combinations of N and S rates (N0S0, N0S1, N1S0, and N1S1) was arranged in containers using nutrient solutions in 2001. Under field conditions, additional N and S did not modify the duration of the different phenological stages or the Phy value and FLN. However, the stronger N and S deficiency in the experiments conducted in containers affected RLE. A higher S rate delayed the period Em–Ant by 65° degree-days under no N restrictions, mainly by a delay in the duration of terminal spikelet (TS)–Ant period. Phyllochron (Phy) changed with crop ontogeny (inflection point occurred on 7th leaf) and N and S did not affect the timing when Phy changed; however, a lower N supply increased Phy in earlier leaves without effect of S on this trait. Treatments without S or N deficiency achieved the highest maximum tiller number (MTN) and the greatest tiller mortality rate (TMR); however, tiller number at maturity was 76% higher in this treatment with respect to the rest of the treatments because of the MTN attained. The number of tillers per emerged leaf was significantly increased when plants were grown under high N supply. Under no N restrictions, additional S increased the number of tillers per emerged leaf by 24%.

The effects of burning on Festuca hallii in the parklands of central Alberta

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Sinton Gerling ◽  
Arthur W. Bailey ◽  
Walter D. Willms
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Festuca Hallii ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
The University

The response of Festuca hallii (Vassey) Piper to time of burning was examined on the Festuca–Stipa grasslands of the Aspen Parklands at the University of Alberta Ranch located 150 km southeast of Edmonton, Alberta. Two defoliation treatments (burning and mowing) were examined on five dates in 1978 (8 April, 27 April, 1 June, 31 July, and 18 October), corresponding to different phenological stages of F. hallii. Burning and mowing reduced the standing crop of F. hallii produced in the first growing season after treatment, but tiller densities increased. Defoliation in early spring (8 April) had little effect on the standing crop; apparently the increase in tiller density compensated for the reduction in tiller length. Inflorescence density also increased following burning or mowing from 8 April to 1 June. Soil temperature (3 cm deep) on previously burned or mown sites was greater than on the control the year after treatment. Festuca hallii tolerates single burns at any time of the year, but early spring fires have the greatest benefits by increased tillering and standing crop. Key words: standing crop, tiller number, leaf length, litter, defoliation, mowing.

scholarly journals Single and split nitrogen dose in wheat yield indicators

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane S. P. Costa ◽  
Rubia D. Mantai ◽  
José A. G. da Silva ◽  
Osmar B. Scremin ◽  
Emilio G. Arenhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Split Dose ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Release ◽  
Residual N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

ABSTRACT Single or split nitrogen (N) supply can maximize the expression of wheat yield indicators. The objective of the study was to evaluate the greater N use efficiency on wheat yield indicators by the single and split N supply under favorable and unfavorable year conditions to the crop in succession system of high and reduced residual N release. The study was conducted in 2014 and 2015, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in a 4 x 3 factorial, for N-fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60, 120 kg ha-1) and supply forms [full dose (100%) in the phenological stage V3 (third expanded leaf); split dose (70 and 30%) in the phenological stages V3/V6 (third and sixth expanded leaves, respectively) and; split dose (70 and 30%) in the phenological stages V3/R1 (third expanded leaf and early grain filling)], respectively, in soybean/wheat and maize/wheat cultivation systems. The highest N use efficiency for wheat yield was obtained with the single dose supply in favorable year of temperature and rainfall and with the split dose in the V3/V6 stages in unfavorable year, regardless of the succession system of high and reduced residual N release.

Growth kinetics of Marquis wheat. III. Nitrogen dependence

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1749-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. H. Macdowall
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
A Value ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The growth coefficients, k′1, of whole plants and their parts were obtained by kinetic analysis of primary data on growth in nutrient solutions that differed only in the concentration 1.7, 8.4, 42, 210, or 1050 ppm nitrogen (N), each at about five different light intensities (I) from 300 to 3600 ft-c. Maximal values kmL and kmN were computed for nonlimiting levels; and, efficiencies (1/K)L and (1/K)N were computed for vanishingly low levels of light and nitrogen. The growth coefficients of the leaves or other organs were not preferentially affected by the N supply, but “stem” growth still dominated at saturating levels of N and I. The influence of N on growth was greatest at high I and vice-versa, by hyperbolic dependencies. Computations of maxima, as kmL.N, from these saturation curves yielded a value of 0.36 per day for whole plants, and this may be close to the genetically determined absolute maximum value. Plant growth in 1.7 and 8.4 ppm N was nearly saturated by 3600 ft-c I, but the growth of plants in nonlimiting N supply was only 70% saturated by that light intensity. Nitrogen at 1050 ppm saturated plant growth at all I including 3600 ft-c, when k′1 = kmn, and also at saturating I, when kmL = kmL.N. At and below 2200 ft-c I plant growth was saturated by only 42 ppm N, and growth at 300 ft-c I was virtually independent of N from the nutrient solutions. At nonlimiting I plant growth was halved by only about 12 ppm N; and this, as 50% nitrogen stress “NS50,” is proposed as a useful criterion. Light and nitrate N were most efficiently used for growth at the sites of their absorption. Roots were 41% less efficient than laminae in the use of photosynthate at nonlimiting I, and laminae used N 50% less efficiently than roots at nonlimiting N. These priorities might be considered as primary morphogenic effects of these environmental factors, effects whose identification is difficult with growth coefficients and impossible by secondary "growth analysis." At 1.7 ppm nutrient N, chlorophyll was subject to net photobleaching after 3 weeks growth. The perturbing effect of the removal of half-used endosperm was reflected in halved plant size but the growth coefficient was not decreased, an observation of consequence to literature on growth effects.

Nitrogen supply controls vegetative growth, biomass and nitrogen allocation for grapevine (cv. Shiraz) grown in pots

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Metay ◽  
Jessica Magnier ◽  
Nicolas Guilpart ◽  
Angélique Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Secondary Axis ◽  
Axis Elongation ◽  
Primary Axis ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Area Expansion

Maintaining grapevine productivity with limited inputs is crucial in Mediterranean areas. Apart from water, nitrogen (N) is also an important limiting factor in grape growing. The effects of N deficiency on grapevine growth were investigated in this study. Two-year-old Vitis vinifera L.cv. Shiraz plants grafted on 110 R were grown in pots placed outside and exposed to various N supplies (0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 12 g plant–1) under well-watered conditions. At veraison, plants were harvested and organs separately dried, weighed and analysed for N. During plant growth, the length of the primary and secondary axes and the number of leaves on them were recorded. The N content of leaves was also analysed at three phenological stages (flowering, bunch closure and veraison). All growth processes were inhibited by N deficiency in an intensity-dependent manner. Quantitative relationships with N supply were established. Vegetative growth responded negatively to N stress when comparing control N supply with no N supply: primary axis elongation (–61%), leaf emergence on the primary axis (–47%), leaf emergence on the secondary axis (–94%) and lamina area expansion (–45%). Significant differences on the plant N status were observed from flowering onwards which might be useful for managing fertilisation.

Rapid nitrogen fixation contributes to a similar growth and photosynthetic rate of Robinia pseudoacacia supplied with different levels of nitrogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xiao Guo ◽  
Ning Du ◽  
Weihua Guo ◽  
Jiayin Pang
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Robinia pseudoacacia is a legume species that is widely used in afforestation which has high N2-fixation capacity and rapid growth rate. Both nitrogen (N) supply and phenology affect plant growth, photosynthesis and leaf senescence. The aim of this study was to determine how N supply affects N2 fixation, leaf photosynthesis and senescence of R. pseudoacacia at different phenological stages. Seedlings of R. pseudoacacia were supplied with different levels of 15N-labeled NH4NO3 solution, with seedlings of Sophora japonica as reference plants to calculate the percentage of N derived from the atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa). Compared with plants supplied with a high N level, those with a low N supply had a higher %Ndfa at an early developmental stage. Nitrogen fixation compensated the effect of a low N supply on plant growth in R. pseudoacacia. A high N supply decreased biomass allocation to lateral roots and nodules, and increased the relative growth rate of plant height as well as specific leaf area. The eighth mature compound leaf of R. pseudoacacia tended to have a higher net photosynthetic rate than the fourth leaf, and the leaves still maintained a moderate photosynthetic rate in early autumn. Plants tended to allocate more biomass to leaves at an early developmental stage and to stems and roots at a later developmental stage (three months old). The N level did not affect leaf photosynthesis at different phenological stages, primarily due to 1) a high %Ndfa under low N supply at early growing stage, and a similar high %Ndfa under all N supplies at a late growing stage, and 2) the delayed greening phenotype of expanding leaves to save nutrients for mature leaves.

TILLERING PATTERNS OF SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES GROWN IN A SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HUCL ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Senescence Rate ◽  
High Tillering ◽  
Tiller Mortality

Replicated field trials were conducted for 2 yr at two locations in a semiarid short-season environment to compare the tillering patterns of three spring wheat genotypes. Neepawa (high tillering), Siete Cerros (low tillering) and M1417 (oligoculm) were evaluated at five seeding rates (40–640 seeds m−2). Genotypes, locations, years, and seeding rates had significant effects on tiller appearance rate (TAR), maximum tiller number (TMAX), days to TMAX (DTMAX), tiller senescence rate (TSR), tiller mortality (TM) and number of spikes (SN). Genotype × seeding rate and/or year × genotype interactions were detected for TAR, TMAX, TSR, TM and SN. For Siete Cerros, TAR and TSR were constant proportions of those for Neepawa over the four lowest seeding rates. In contrast, TAR and TSR for M1417 increased in proportion to those for Neepawa with increased seeding rate. Similar relationships were observed for TMAX and SN in 1984, but not in 1985. Siete Cerros had higher TM than Neepawa and M1417, especially at low seeding rates. Changes in genotype rank from one seeding rate to another were observed for TAR, TMAX, TSR, and TM, but not for SN. Changes in rank suggest that different tillering patterns may be better suited to different growing environments.Key words: Wheat (spring), tillering patterns, seeding rates

N application increases pre-anthesis contribution of dry matter to grain yield in wheat grown on a duplex soil

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Palta ◽  
IRP Fillery
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The effect of fertilizer N on the growth, post-anthesis water deficits and remobilization of dry matter in spring wheat was measured on a duplex soil at East Beverley, Western Australia. Nitrogen was applied at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 with half being applied at seeding and the remainder at 35 days after sowing (DAS), immediately before the onset of tillering. The applied N generated differences in early growth (76-117 g m-2) and dry matter at anthesis (410-693 g m-2), mainly through the effect of N on tiller number (120-171 m-2) and tiller size. It also generated differences in the water deficit, particularly after flowering. During the first 21 days after anthesis, midday flag leaf water potential fell at rates of 0.04, 0.07 and 0.13 MPa day-1 at 15, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 respectively. Grain yield at 60 kg N ha-1 was increased by 20% relative to that of 15 kg N ha-1. The increase in grain yield resulted from an increase in the number of ears and grain number per ear. The high N treatment probably induced the increase in the number of fertile tillers (tillers with an ear), but reduced the grain size by 16% relative to the low N treatment. Contribution of preanthesis dry matter to grain yield was 193 g m-2 for the wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1, 71 g m-2 for wheat which received 30 kg N ha-1 and only 16 g m-2 for wheat which received 15 kg N ha-1. This indicates that at high N supply, grain growth was substantially supported by pre-anthesis stored assimilates.

Assessment of sulphur deficiency in commercial oilseed rape crops from plant analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. SARDA ◽  
S. DIQUELOU ◽  
M. ABDALLAH ◽  
N. NESI ◽  
O. CANTAT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
N Supply ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Highly Correlated

SUMMARYSulphur (S) is one of the six main macroelements required to sustain the growth of plants. Sources include soil, fertilizer and atmospheric deposition, which has been reduced by 85% over the last three decades. Risks of S deficiencies are now recognized in high S-demanding species such as Brassica napus L. With the aims of evaluating the risk of excessive or insufficient fertilization and identifying robust relationships that may be used as plant S status indicators, 57 commercial crops of oilseed rape were selected among contrasting soils and along a rainfall gradient that may affect soil S availability. Cultivation practices were investigated and the S and nitrogen (N) concentrations of soil, senescing leaves, stems and seeds were analysed. Despite an excessive organic N supply and large variation in S supply (from 0 to 112 kg S/ha), principal component analysis using 43 parameters indicated that seed yield was poorly related to N and S fertilization rates. While the N and protein-N concentrations in seeds were inversely related to oil and glucosinolate concentrations, they were linked to S and sulphate (SO42−) accumulation in the seeds. Sulphate concentrations in senescing leaves, stems or seeds could be deduced from total S concentrations, as they were positively and highly correlated. Sulphate accounted for on average 0·69 of total S in senescing leaves with minimum and maximum values of 0·007 and 0·94, which revealed conditions of limited and excess supply of S, respectively. This high variation of SO42− concentration in leaves can be interpreted as the result of its mobilization triggered by S deficiency, but cannot be used alone as an indicator of plant S status. A comparison with plants grown in controlled conditions under different S supplies suggests that the intensity of S starvation affects N metabolism, leading to NO3− (nitrate) accumulation. It is further suggested that dual evaluation of SO42− and NO3− concentrations in senescing leaves could be used at the vegetative stage as a field indicator to adjust S fertilization.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Sulfur Interaction Influences Net Photosynthesis and Vegetative Growth of Pecan

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hening Hu ◽  
Darrell Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
N Supply ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
S Application ◽  
Leaf N

Seedlings of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] grown in perlite culture were treated with N and S in a 5 × 5 factorial in a randomized complete block design to determine the effect of N, S, and N × S interaction on vegetative growth and photosynthesis. Nitrogen and S deficiency symptoms occurred when leaf N and S were < 25 and 1.4 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis was reduced when combined leaf N and S exceeded 35 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively; growth was reduced when leaf N and S were > 34 and 3.7 mg·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Photosynthesis and growth increased with N supply, but depended on leaf N: S ratio. In plants without visible N or S deficiency, a N: S ratio of ≈9. is proposed to be near the optimum for maximum growth. Comparison of leaf N, S, and the N: S ratio with similar analyses in selected orchards suggests that pecan productivity will increase from S application under field conditions. We conclude that the interaction” of N and S imposes stringent controls on leaf N and S, photosynthesis, and growth.

Chloride Partitioning in Leaves of Salt-Stressed Sorghum, Maize, Wheat and Barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Boursier ◽  
J Lynch ◽  
A Lauchli ◽  
E Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Chloride distribution in the blade, sheath and midrib of leaves was determined for several grasses in salinised field plots and in nutrient solutions at various NaCl levels in the greenhouse. Chloride preferentially accumulated in the sheaths relative to the blades in all grass species and varieties examined when Cl- concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis, although to varying degrees. Substantial levels of Cl- sheath partitioning were obtained only for sorghum when Cl- con- centrations were expressed on a fresh weight basis. Partitioning of Cl- in sorghum leaves was found to be ion specific and resulted from a combination of the ability of sheath tissue to accumulate Cl- to high concentrations and blade tissue to regulate Cl- concentrations at moderate levels.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document