Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. IV. The intake and digestion of mature ryegrass

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep fed on ryegrass hay containing 6% crude protein and having an organic matter digestibility of 58%. The intake of ryegrass was little affected when additional protein was provided both as a dietary supplement and as an infusion per abomasum. When supplements containing adequate amounts of protein and minerals were given, the intake of the hay was still comparatively low at 780 g organic matter per day. Grinding and pelleting the diet of hay + supplements permitted a higher feed intake. It was concluded that feed intake was limited by the resistance of the organic matter of the hay to removal from the rumen. Digestion studies were conducted at a level of feeding equal to approximately 90% of the ad libitum intake. The quantity of organic matter apparently digested in the stomach was equal to 60% of the organic matter digested in the alimentary tract; about 80% of the digestion of fibre took place in the stomach. There was a net daily gain of 7.5 g of nitrogen during the passage of digesta through the stomach, and part of this gain appeared to be due to the passage of endogenous nitrogen into the rumen. The apparent digestibility in the intestines of nitrogen that left the stomach in digesta was 73%; 1.6 g of nitrogen was apparently digested in the intestines per 100 g organic matter intake. Values of certain parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach were similar to those previously recorded with a low quality cereal hay.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. II. Studies with wheaten hay

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Additional Protein

A study was made of factors limiting the sheep's intake of a wheaten hay diet having an organic matter digestibility of approximately 57% and containing 4.4% crude protein and a mineral supplement. Voluntary consumption of chopped wheaten hay increased by 8–13% when protein was infused per abomasum, or when the protein content of the diet was raised to 7 or 15% by the addition of wheat gluten. A similar change in voluntary feed consumption (VFC) was observed in one of two experiments in which urea was infused per abomasum. The VFC response to protein infusion per abomasum persisted for at least 2 weeks after the infusion was terminated. Voluntary consumption of a diet of chopped wheaten hay + gluten (85/15) did not change when additional protein and micronutrients were provided. When the wheaten hay was ground or ground and pelleted, VFC increased and digestibility declined; the intake of digestible energy showed little change. The addition of protein to the ground and pelleted hay was accompanied by substantial rises in feed intake, digestible energy intake, and digestible fibre intake and in the quantity of organic matter transferred through the alimentary tract. The provision of protein and grinding and pelleting increased the intake of wheaten hay to 189% of that attained when chopped hay was offered. The intake of wheaten hay + gluten (85/15) was lower than that of lucerne hay when the diets were in either chopped or ground and pelleted forms; these diets had similar organic matter digestibilities and protein contents. The results were considered to support the conclusion that the primary factor limiting the intake of the wheaten hay was a deficiency of nitrogen, and that after this had been remedied, the next limiting factor was the resistance of the diet to removal from the rumen. The mechanisms whereby various factors limit intake are discussed, and it is suggested that digestibility is likely to be unreliable for predicting the VFC of non-pregnant, non-lactating ruminants.

A note on the effect of monensin and amicloral in steer diets

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of feeding monensin and amicloral at 33 and 1500 mg/kg of diet, respectively, were investigated in two experiments using 330-kg steers. Monensin and amicloral, either alone or in combination, increased the digestibility of organic matter and crude fibre compared with a control diet (P< 0·001). Crude protein digestibility was increased by monensin (P< 0·001). Use of monensin and amicloral, alone or in combination, increased molar proportions of propionic acid by 22% on average (P> 0·05), and monensin decreased butyric acid by 37% (P< 0·05).Ruminal ammonia concentrations were lower in steers fed monensin (P< 0·05). Steers fed monensin consumed 6 % less feed, gained 9 % more weight (P< 0·05) and utilized feed 14% more efficiently (P< 0·05) than control animals. Amicloral, either alone or with monensin, lowered feed intake by 11 % (P< 0·05), had no effect on average daily gain and improved feed efficiency by about 12% (P< 0·05). There were no treatment effects on any of the carcass parameters.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. I. Ruminal production of volatile fatty acids by sheep offered diets of ryegrass and forage oats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Pasture Plants

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of sheep was estimated by isotope dilution techniques. The 12 diets used consisted of dried ryegrass and forage oats and covered a wide range of levels of cell wall constituents (46–40% of the organic matter), crude protein (6–32%), and soluble carbohydrate (5–18%). Each diet was offered at a level equal to approximately 90% of the sheep's ad libitum intake. The production of VFA was correlated with the total amount of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract (r = 0.93–0.95). The mean VFA production per 100 g of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract was equivalent to 56.8 g, 243 kcal, or 0.85 mole. Values for individual diets varied about these means with a coefficient of variation of 6–7%. Rates of VFA production in, and VFA absorption from the rumen were correlated with VFA concentration in rumen liquor (r = 0.67, r = 0.67) and the rumen VFA pool (r = 0.81, r = 0.79). Approximately 76% of the VFA produced in the rumen was absorbed from the rumen, 19% was absorbed from the omasum and abomasum, and 5% passed from the abomasum to the intestines.

Effect of supplements of molasses and urea on intake and digestibility of native pasture hay by steers

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Ernst ◽  
JF Limpus ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum

Ten steers (five Shorthorns and five Brahman crossbreds) were individually housed in digestibility crates and fed low quality native pasture hay (0.47 % N) with the following supplements- 1. nil ; 2. molasses ; 3. urea ; 4. urea-molasses ; 5. urea-molasses. The hay was fed ad libitum except in treatment 5 where it was fed at the same level of roughage intake as in treatment 2. Intake and digestibility were recorded. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 had roughage dry matter intakes 27.8 %, 14.6 % and 65.4 % respectively greater than the hay alone group. There was no significant effect of treatment compared with the control group on the apparent digestibility of dry matter or organic matter, but the apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly improved by a supplement containing urea. There was no effect of breed on apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter or crude protein but Brahman crossbreds consumed 20.0 % more dry matter than Shorthorns after intakes had been corrected for metabolic size.

scholarly journals Effects of Caecectomy in the Young Adult Female Rat on Digestibility of Food Offered Ad Libitum and in Restricted Amounts

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Ambuhl ◽  
VJ Williams ◽  
W Senior
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Mucosal Surface Area

Caecectomized and sham-operated rats were fed a laboratory chow ad libitum and the effects of caecectomy on the digestibility of the food were studied. Compared with sham-operated controls, caecectomized rats showed a decrease in apparent digestibility of organic matter from 77�8 to 73 �0%, of crude protein from 83�0 to 79�4%, and of 'carbohydrate' from 74�6 to 69�0%. However, faecal water content increased from 41�6 to 54�8 %. StCr-labelled EDTA was excreted faster in the faeces after caecectomy. The colon partly adapted to the loss of caecal mucosa by increased length and thus mucosal surface area.

scholarly journals Feeding value of low quality grass silage supplemented with maize silage for sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VRANIC ◽  
M. KNEZEVIC ◽  
K. BOSNJAK
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of interactions between low quality grass silage (GS) dominated by orchardgrass and maize silage (MS) on ad libitum intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in wether sheep. The study consisted of four feeding treatments involving GS and MS alone and GS and MS mixtures in a ratio of 67:33 or 33:67 (dry matter (DM) basis) fed twice daily. The GS was high in DM (463 g kg–1), neutral detergent fibre (715 g kg–1DM) and acid detergent fibre (429 g kg–1DM) while low in crude protein (90.1 g kg–1DM). The DM content (g kg–1) and starch concentration (g kg–1DM) of MS were 264 and 211, respectively. The inclusion of MS into diet had positive linear effects on fresh matter ad libitum intake (kg d–1 and g kg–1M0.75d–1) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively), digestibility of DM (P < 0.01), organic matter (P < 0.01), acid detergent fibre (P < 0.05), starch (P < 0.001), digestibility of organic matter in DM (D-value) (P < 0.001), nitrogen intake (P < 0.01) and nitrogen output in faeces (P < 0.01). A positive associative effect of low quality GS and MS was observed for ad libitum intake (kg d–1 and g kg–1M0.75d–1) of fresh matter (quadratic, P < 0.01), DM (quadratic, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively) and organic matter (P < 0.001), for digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, crude protein, starch and D-value (quadratic, P < 0.01), digestibility of organic matter (quadratic, P < 0.05), nitrogen intake (quadratic, P < 0.001) and nitrogen balance (quadratic, P < 0.05). It was concluded that differences between low quality GS and MS resulted in positive associative responses of GS and MS for all parameters measured (intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention).;

scholarly journals Introducing Mediterranean Lupins in Lambs’ Diets: Effects on Growth and Digestibility

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 942
Author(s):  
Mariana Almeida ◽  
Sofia Garcia-Santos ◽  
Ana Nunes ◽  
Sara Rito ◽  
Jorge Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding

Lupins are suitable candidates to replace soybean meal in livestock feeding in the Mediterranean area, presenting a solution for the European Union’s dependence on soybean importations. This study aimed to assess the effect of incorporating Lupinus albus and Lupinus luteus into Churra da Terra Quente lambs’ diets on growth performance and digestibility. Two trials were conducted over two years. In trial 1, two experimental diets containing 50 g/kg Lupinus albus and 50 g/kg Lupinus luteus were tested. In trial 2, lambs were fed with diets containing higher incorporations of Lupinus luteus (100, 150, and 200 g/kg: LL10, LL15, and LL20, respectively). Total dry matter, hay dry matter, and crude protein intake were calculated, as well as average daily gains. At the end of the growth trials, dry matter, organic matter, and NDF digestibility was determined. Incorporating 50 g/kg of lupins did not affect (p > 0.05) the performance. Lambs fed on LL20 diets presented the lowest HDMI and CPI values (p < 0.05). The highest intakes (p < 0.05) were observed from LL15 lambs. No differences were found in apparent digestibility coefficients between diets (p > 0.05), except for NDF digestibility which was highest (p < 0.05) for LL20. The optimum level of lupin inclusion in lambs’ diets seems to be 150 g/kg.

177 Ad Libitum Consumption of a 1:1 Blend of inorganic:organic Se by Steers Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Increases Serum Prolactin and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, but Not Average Daily Gain

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
Kelsie Webb ◽  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Phillip Bridges ◽  
James Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ppm Se as a 1:1 blend of SELPLEX:sodium selenite (MIX) vs sodium selenite (ISe), 32 TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption ISe vs MIX for 35 d and fed enough of a NTE/alfalfa/grain diet to achieve 0.57 kg BW gain/d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers were randomly assigned to each of 4, 2-acre NTE (ISe = 316 ± 31 kg, MIX = 315 ± 22 kg) or TE (ISe = 316 ± 37 kg, MIX = 314 ± 39 kg) paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effects of day, Se-form (ISe, MIX) and endophyte (NTE, TE) treatments, and their interactions. Whole blood Se decreased (P &lt; 0.01) 31% from d 0 to 84 and was 6.2% greater (P &lt; 0.01) for MIX steers. Serum prolactin decreased (P &lt; 0.01) 18% for NTE and 48% for TE steers from d 0 to 84 and was 17% greater (P = 0.01) for MIX vs. ISe TE steers. Alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) decreased (P &lt; 0.02) 27% from d 0 to 84 and was 15% greater (P &lt; 0.02) for MIX steers. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P &lt; 0.02) 8.2% from d 0 to 84 for TE but not NTE steers. Average daily gain (kg/d) was less (P &lt; 0.01) in TE (-0.18) vs NTE (0.09) steers. We conclude that the ad libitum intake of MIX ameliorated the negative effects of consuming TE on serum prolactin and AP but not ADG.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

Voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility in vivo in ponies given ad libitum access to de-hydrated grass or hay harvested from the same grass crop

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
J. J. Hyslop ◽  
A. Bayley ◽  
A. L. Tomlinson ◽  
D. Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Uk

De-hydrated forages are often fed to equids in the UK in place of more traditional grass hay, particularly where individual animals are known to have a sensitivity to dusty, mouldy hay which may play a part inducing respiratory problems such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One such alternative forage is short-chop de-hydrated grass. However, there is very little information available on voluntary feed intake (VFI), apparent digestibility and nutrient intake parameters when de-hydrated grass is offered to equids compared with traditional grass hay. This study examines the VFI and apparent digestibility in vivo of a short-chop de-hydrated grass compared with a traditional grass hay and determines their ability to meet the predicted energy and protein needs of mature ponies.Six mature Welsh-cross pony geldings with a mean liveweight (LW) of 281 kg (s.e.d. 0.89) were individually housed and offered ad libitum access to either short-chop de-hydrated grass (DHG) or traditional grass hay (HAY) plus 60 g/h/d minerals. The DHG and HAY were made from the same 2nd cut perennial ryegrass sward cut on the same day.

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