Comparative aspects of digestion of four roughages by sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan ◽  
DJ Walker ◽  
CJ Nader ◽  
G Storer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

Movement of digesta through the reticulorumen and through the intestines has been studied for four roughage diets (wheaten straw, ws; wheaten hay, WH; lucerne hay, LH; dried subterranean clover, sc; all in chopped form) given to sheep fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas. The extent and tbe sites of digestion of plant organic matter and its constituent soluble sugars, polysaccharides, pectin, and protein are described for the four roughages. Sugars, water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin were completely digested on all diets, almost entirely in the stomachs. Together these fractions contributed 16, 21, 25 and 27% of the apparently digested organic matter respectively for ws, WH, LH and sc diets. The digestibility of hemicellulose ranged from 49.5% (WH) to 80.9% (sc); of the hemicellulose digestcd, from 70% (WH) to 81 % (sc) was apparently fermented in the reticulorumen. The digestibility of cellulose ranged from 58 % (WH) to 88 % (sc), and of the cellulose digested, 83 % (WH) to 89 % (sc) was apparently fermented in the reticulorumen. Together, apparently fermented cellulose and hemicellulose contributed from 25 %: (sc, LH) to 55 % (ws) of apparently digested organic matter. Despite evidence of nitrogen loss across the reticulorumen on thee two high nitrogen diets (LH, - 10 %; sc, - 22 %) and net gains in nitrogen on the two lower nitrogen diets (ws, + 50 %; WH, +20%), the yield of all amino acids at the duodenum per 100 g digestible organic matter intake was about 50 % higher for LH and sc (which were similar) than for ws and WH (which were similar). The relative proportions of essential amino acids did not change significantly. Nutritional implications of these changes in the site of digestion and of the proportions of nutrients released to the animal are discussed.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. IV*. The digestion of Phalaris tuberosa at different stages of maturity

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Dietary Origin

A study was made of the composition, intake, and digestion of dried Phalaris tuberosa forage that had been harvested at three stages of maturity. Advancing maturity was associated with: (i) decreased food intake; (ii) increased expenditure of time and energy in chewing activities; (iii) decline in the rate of flow of digesta from the abomasum though not from the rumen; (iv) decline in digestibility in the whole tract of organic matter, nitrogen, and the structural carbohydrates; (v) decline in the digestion of fibre in the rumen relative to that occurring in the whole tract; (vi) decline in the quantities of volatile fatty acids and amino acids made available to the animal. By contrast only small differences attributable to maturity were observed in: (i) the distribution of digestion of organic matter between stomach and intestines; (ii) the digestibility of nitrogen other than ammonia in the intestines; (iii) the proportions of digestible organic matter derived from volatile fatty acids and amino acids; (iv) the proportions of individual amino acids in the digesta passing to the intestine. It was calculated that microbial piotcin contributed 33, 38, and 47% of the protein passing from the stomach to the intestincs with the diets of advancing maturity. Most of the remaining protein was presumably of dietary origin. About 80% of the crude protein in the digesta was present in the form of amino acids, and the quantities of amino acids released in the intestines were calculated to be equivalent to 64–66 g/100 g crude protein intake. With advancing maturity of the diets the plasma levels of the essential ammo acids except lysine, histidine, and arginine declined; there was little effect of diet on the plasma levels 01 non-essential amino acids. However, relative to total essential amino acids, the ratios of valine and leucine decreased with advancing maturity of the diet while those of lysine, histidine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, and serine increased. * Part 111, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1969, 20, 347.

Biochemical Composition and Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Some Mixtures

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (07) ◽  
pp. 4694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viliana Vasileva ◽  
Anna Ilieva
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Use Efficiency

In pot trial the biochemical composition and phosphorus use efficiency of birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin and subterranean clover grown pure and in mixtures with perennial ryegrass in the next ratios were studied in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria: birdsfoot trefoil + perennial ryegrass (50:50%); sainfoin + perennial ryegrass (50:50%); subterranean clover + perennial ryegrass (50:50%); birdsfoot trefoil + subterranean clover + perennial ryegrass (33:33:33%); sainfoin + subterranean clover + perennial ryegrass (33:33:33%). The highest crude protein content was found in the aboveground mass of birdsfoot trefoil (19.17%) and sainfoin (19.30%). The water soluble sugars contents in mixtures was found higher compared to the pure grown legumes. Birdsfoot trefoil showed the highest phosphorus use efficiency for plant biomass accumulation and nodules formation. In mixtures the phosphorus use efficiency was found be higher as compared to the same in pure grown legumes.

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with formic acid and formic acid–formaldehyde

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thompson ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
C. R. Lonsdale ◽  
M. J. Haines ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Total Amino Acids

1. A primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL., cv. S23) was partially wilted and ensiled after the application of eitherformic acid–water (1:3, w/v; 7.1 1/t fresh herbage; control diet C) or formic acid–formaldehyde (1:1, w/w; 8·81/t fresh herbage; formaldehyde treated diet F) which supplied 50gHCHO/kg crude protein (nitrogen (N) × 6·25). The two silages were fed separately and a third diet comprising formaldehyde-treated silage, supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter dm) at the time of feeding was also examined (dietFU).2. The three diets were fed at a level of 16 g dm/kg live weight to six 3- to six-month-old cattle fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas in two 3 × 3 LatinSquare experiments, and measurements were made of the digestion of energy, carbohydrateand N.3. The formaldehyde-treated silage had a lower content of fermentation acids and ammoma-N and a higher content of water-soluble carbohydrate and total amino acids. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, energy and N were depressed (P < 0·05, P < 0·05 and P < 0·01 respectively) by treatment with formaldehyde, but cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility were unaffected.4. Within the rumen the digestion of organic matter, cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre were unaffected by formaldehyde treatment or supplementation with urea. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen was similar for the three diets (average 131 g/kg apparently digested organic matter in the rumen).5. The application of formic acid-formaldehyde increased (P < 0·05) the amount of food protein escaping degradation in the rumen (4·76 diet C, 6·89 diet F; 7·07 diet FU g/kg protein intake). The contribution of amino acidsof dietary origin al the duodenum increased (P < 0·05) from 50 (diet C) to 80 (diet F) and 82 (diet FU) g/kg DM intake, and the flow of total amino acids at the duodenum was 33% higher (P < 0·001) in cattle fed formic acid–form aldehyde silage diets compared withthe control silage due to the reduction in degradation of protein at ensiling and in therumen.

Effect of boron on the protein and amino acid composition of wheat grain

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iqtidar ◽  
S. F. Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Wheat Grain

SummaryField experiments were conducted for 2 years in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, to study the effect of three levels of boron (1, 2 and 3 kg/ha) on the amino acid composition of wheat protein. The soil was clay loam, alluvial in nature, with a pH value of 7·8, and hot-water-soluble boron content of 0·58 mg/kg.Positive linear and negative quadratic effects of boron were observed on the protein and ash contents of wheat grain. Most of the essential amino acids were linearly increased with increasing supply of boron. There was a negative linear relationship of boron with all non-essential amino acids, except histidine and tyrosine.Lysine was the most deficient amino acid in wheat protein. Chemical score based on this amino acid was positively affected by boron. There was also an improvement in the amino acid profile due to boron.

Intestinal digestion of subterranean clover by sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Quantitative studies have been made of digestion in the small and large intestines of sheep offered a diet of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneurn c.v. Clare) at levels approaching ad libitum. As in previous studies with a similar diet, most of the digestion of organic matter and of cell wall constituents occurred in the stomach; by contrast, the release of long-chain fatty acids and amino acids mainly occurred in the intestines. Although two-thirds of the dietary long-chain fatty acids were C18:2 and C 18: 3, hydrogenation in the rumen reduced their proportion to less than 20 % in the digesta leaving the stomach. The amounts of long-chain fatty acids that passed from the stomach were equivalent to about 127 % of intake. Approximately 70 % of these fatty acids were removed from the digestive tract subsequently, and most of the absorption occurred in the small intestine. The total amounts of these fatty acids absorbed from the intestines were equivalent to approximately 90% of the amount consumed, even though their apparent digestibility in the whole tract was only 61 %. Most of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was in the form of amino acids. Of the 189 g amino acids that passed from the stomach, less than one-third reached the terminal ileum. The net losses of individual amino acids in the small intestine ranged from 66% to 84% of the amounts that passed from the stomach. It was estimated that approximately one-third of the organic matter and almost 60% of the nitrogen that passed from the stomach was present in bacterial cells. A major component of bacterial cell walls, diaminopimelic acid, was apparently not absorbed from the small intestine, though appreciable amounts of this amino acid were lost in the large intestine.

scholarly journals Spread technology with pine nuts meal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (93) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
V. O. Nagovska ◽  
N. B. Slyvka ◽  
Yu. R. Hachak ◽  
O. R. Mykhaylytska ◽  
O. Ya. Bilyk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Homogenization Temperature ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Pine Nut

The article describes the possibility of using vegetable raw materials such as pine nuts meal as a protein-vitamin complex in spread technology. Pine nuts are rich with essential amino acids, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides and water-soluble sugars, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, macro and trace elements. It has excellent stabilizing properties in emulsion systems. Also, in article is described technology of spreads made by transformation of a fat mixture. It is justified the choice of the parameters of individual technological operations, in particular, the pine nut meal adds to spread during the homogenization process. For this purpose, dry powder is mixed with pre-pasteurized water, butter or cream in a ratio of 1:2–1:10 at a temperature of 20–40 °C. Mixture is kept at this temperature for 5–20 minutes. Then mixture is cooled to the spread homogenization temperature. Homogenization of the spread is carried out in order to improve the consistency and stability of taste during storage. Spread temperature during loading into the homogenizer should be 11–12 °C in summer and 14–15 °C in winter. Temperature of the spread after homogenization should be 13–15 °C. Optimal dose of cedar nuts meal is determined like 1 % and 3 % by weight of the finished spread. It is described organoleptic, physicochemical and structural-mechanical parameters of the finished product. Spreads containing 1 % and 3 % pine nuts have better heat resistance and moisture distribution. This can be explained by the fact that a small amount of pine nuts does not effects on the structure and texture of spreads. Researches of spread structural indicators have shown that the introduction of more than 3 % of pine nuts has negative influence on it’s structure, in fact, it causes poor moisture distribution and increases the speed of curing, which negatively effects on quality of the finished product. Using of pine nuts in the spread production is appropriate in terms of enrichment of the product with biologically active substances and in terms of expansion of the range of dairy products.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. V. Feed intake and the productive performance of the ruminant lamb in relation to the quantity of crude protein digested in the intestines

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Peripheral Blood Plasma

The voluntary feed consumption (VFC), liveweight increase, and wool growth of lambs, initially 9-10 weeks old and weighing 22 kg, were measured over 6 weeks when pelleted diets of differing protein content were offered. The crude protein contents of the diets, on a dry matter basis, were 11.7% (LP diet), 15.8% (MP diet), and 19.1 % (HP diet). The digestion of the HP and LP diets was studied, with use of markers, in similar lambs prepared with stomach fistulae. VFC, expressed as grams dry matter/day/kg body weight0.75, was 82 (SE�3) with the LP diet, 94�3 with the MP diet, and 97�4 with the HP diet. The dietary crude protein intakes were 110, 178, and 220 g/day with the LP, MP, and HP diets respectively and the corresponding quantities of crude protein (6.25 x nitrogen in forms other than ammonia) apparently digested in the intestines (DCP,) were 75, 134, and 179 g/day. The LP and HP diets provided about 12 and 23 g DCP1/lOO g digestible organic matter respectively; the value for the MP diet was estimated to be 18 g DCP1/100 g. The rates of liveweight increase were 153 � 16, 240�9, and 267�12 g/day with the LP, MP, and HP diets respectively. Wool production was the same with the MP and HP diets but lower with the LP diet. The level of intake of DCP1 and the DCP1/digestible organic matter ratio had little effect on the gross chemical composition of the lambs, as estimated indirectly from tritiated water space. The levels of essential amino acids in peripheral blood plasma were generally in the order HP diet > MP diet > LP diet. Digesta flow from the rumen and abomasum, rumen volume, ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration, and pH of ruminal digesta were similar with the LP and HP diets. It was concluded that a level of about 18 g DCP1/100 g digestible organic matter was adequate for the expression of maximum VFC and that concentrations in excess of this would have little enhancing effect on liveweight gain or wool production under conditions of ad libitum feeding.

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen and amino acids in calves fed semi-purified diets containing urea, uric acid or soya-bean meal

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. L. Jacobs ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySemi-purified diets containing urea (diet A), uric acid (diet B) or soya-bean meal (diet C) as the sole source of nitrogen were fed to two Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. Total collections of digesta leaving the abomasum were made over 24-h periods.The flow of organic matter to the duodenum expressed as a percentage of intake increased from 35·8% (diet A) and 40·6% (diet B) for the non-protein nitrogen diets to 58·3% for diet C. A greater proportion of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred in the forestomachs of the calves when fed diets A or B than when they were fed diet C.The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum expressed as a percentage of intake showed a significant increase (P< 0·05) from 65·4% for diet A to 84·4% for diet B and 85·1% for diet C. When diets B and C were fed to the calves a greater proportion of the apparent digestion of nitrogen occurred in the hindgut than when they were fed diet A. The synthesis of microbial protein was 13·9 g and 13·0 g for every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomach when the calves were fed diets B and C and only 10·9 g when the calves were fed diet A.A significantly (P< 0·05) greater proportion of dry matter of the digesta at the duodenum was composed of amino acids on diet C (19·5%) than diet A (16·1%) with the proportion of essential amino acids (especially threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine) also being greater. The amino acid composition of the digesta dry matter on diet B was intermediate (17·2%).From the data presented, it was predicted that cystine and histidine were the first limiting amino acids for growth when the calves were fed the non-protein nitrogen diets (A and B).

scholarly journals Nutrient Composition of Brillantaisia guianensis P. Beuv Leaves

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kalu E. Chinedu ◽  
Eugene N. Onyeike ◽  
Catherine C. Ikewuchi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
High Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Health ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Daily Allowance

Aim: The quantitative nutrient composition of leaves of Brillantaisia guianensis P. beuv was investigated. Source and Identification of Sample: The leaves of B. guianensis used in this study were harvested fresh from Ude plantation in Okon Aku, Ohafia Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. They were identified by a Taxonomist (Dr Edwin Wosu) in the Herbarium Unit of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt.  Study Design: The study was designed, using standard methods, to determine the proximate, amino acids, minerals and vitamins composition of the leaves.  Results: The wet leaves were high in moisture (88.4%) while the dried sample had practically no moisture, indicating that the wet leaves could easily be prone to microbial spoilage due to high water activity. Drying increased protein level from 3.50 to 28.0% and ash from 2.36 to 27.7% among other parameters. The low calorific values for wet sample (16.1 kcal/100 g) and dry sample (152.3 kcal/100 g sample) showed that the leaves are poor energy-giving foods. However, the leaves contain good amino acid profile especially the essential amino acids (valine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan). The nutrient mineral (Na, Ca, Mg, K, Se, P, Fe) levels were high to supply the World Health Organization recommended daily allowance for adults and children. The sample contains appreciable amount of fats and water -soluble vitamins required for growth.   Conclusion: The results show that the leaves are good sources of essential and non-essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins adequate to meet the required daily allowance for nourishment of the body.

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