Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 1. Responses in fumigated and non-fumigated soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Garside ◽  
M. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Subsequent Loss ◽  
Stalk Weight

It has been reported that high-density planting of sugarcane can improve cane and sugar yield through promoting rapid canopy closure and increasing radiation interception earlier in crop growth. It is widely known that the control of adverse soil biota through fumigation (removes soil biological constraints and improves soil health) can improve cane and sugar yield. Whether the responses to high-density planting and improved soil health are additive or interactive has important implications for the sugarcane production system. Field experiments established at Bundaberg and Mackay, Queensland, Australia, involved all combinations of 2-row spacings (0.5 and 1.5 m), two planting densities (27 000 and 81 000 two-eyed setts/ha), and two soil fumigation treatments (fumigated and non-fumigated). The Bundaberg experiment had two cultivars (Q124, Q155), was fully irrigated, and harvested 15 months after planting. The Mackay experiment had one cultivar (Q117), was grown under rainfed conditions, and harvested 10 months after planting. High-density planting (81 000 setts/ha in 0.5-m rows) did not produce any more cane or sugar yield at harvest than low-density planting (27 000 setts/ha in 1.5-m rows) regardless of location, crop duration (15 v. 10 months), water supply (irrigated v. rainfed), or soil health (fumigated v. non-fumigated). Conversely, soil fumigation generally increased cane and sugar yields regardless of site, row spacing, and planting density. In the Bundaberg experiment there was a large fumigation × cultivar × density interaction (P < 0.01). Cultivar Q155 responded positively to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but not in fumigated soil, while Q124 showed a negative response to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but no response in fumigated soil. In the Mackay experiment, Q117 showed a non-significant trend of increasing yield in response to increasing planting density in non-fumigated soil, similar to the Q155 response in non-fumigated soil at Bundaberg. The similarity in yield across the range of row spacings and planting densities within experiments was largely due to compensation between stalk number and stalk weight, particularly when fumigation was used to address soil health. Further, the different cultivars (Q124 and Q155 at Bundaberg and Q117 at Mackay) exhibited differing physiological responses to the fumigation, row spacing, and planting density treatments. These included the rate of tiller initiation and subsequent loss, changes in stalk weight, and propensity to lodging. These responses suggest that there may be potential for selecting cultivars suited to different planting configurations.

Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 3. Responses with different cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Garside ◽  
M. J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Stalk Weight ◽  
Controlled Traffic

The promotion of controlled traffic (matching wheel and row spacing) in the Australian sugar industry is necessitating a widening of row spacing beyond the standard 1.5 m. As all cultivars grown in the Australian industry have been selected under the standard row spacing there are concerns that at least some cultivars may not be suitable for wider rows. To address this issue, experiments were established in northern and southern Queensland in which cultivars, with different growth characteristics, recommended for each region, were grown under a range of different row configurations. In the northern Queensland experiment at Gordonvale, cultivars Q187, Q200, Q201, and Q218 were grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), and 2.3-m dual rows (80 cm between duals). In the southern Queensland experiment at Farnsfield, cvv. Q138, Q205, Q222 and Q188 were also grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), while 1.8-m-wide throat planted single row and 2.0-m dual row (80 cm between duals) configurations were also included. There was no difference in yield between the different row configurations at Farnsfield but there was a significant row configuration × cultivar interaction at Gordonvale due to good yields in 1.8-m single and dual rows with Q201 and poor yields with Q200 at the same row spacings. There was no significant difference between the two cultivars in 1.5-m single and 2.3-m dual rows. The experiments once again demonstrated the compensatory capacity that exists in sugarcane to manipulate stalk number and individual stalk weight as a means of producing similar yields across a range of row configurations and planting densities. There was evidence of different growth patterns between cultivars in response to different row configurations (viz. propensity to tiller, susceptibility to lodging, ability to compensate between stalk number and stalk weight), suggesting that there may be genetic differences in response to row configuration. It is argued that there is a need to evaluate potential cultivars under a wider range of row configurations than the standard 1.5-m single rows. Cultivars that perform well in row configurations ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 m are essential if the adverse effects of soil compaction are to be managed through the adoption of controlled traffic.

Exploring agronomic strategies to improve oat productivity and control weeds: leaf type, row spacing, and planting density

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1084-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pufang Li ◽  
Fei Mo ◽  
Defeng Li ◽  
Bao-Luo Ma ◽  
Weikai Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
High Density ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Intermediate Density ◽  
Erect Leaf

The trade-off between crop production and weed control is a fundamental scientific issue, as it is frequently influenced by individual crop competitive ability, population density, and planting pattern. A 2 yr field study was conducted to examine the relationship between planting density and row spacing, using two contrasting oat varieties. On average, high planting density (480 plants m−2) reduced weed biomass at oat maturity by 59% in 2012 and by 56% in 2013, when compared with a low density (120 plants m−2). The droopy-leaf variety suppressed weed biomass by up to 69% and weed density up to 72%, compared with the erect-leaf variety. In a drier year, the greatest grain yield was achieved with the droopy-leaf variety under the intermediate density, while in 2013, the erect-leaf variety under the high density had similar yield to the droopy-leaf variety at the intermediate density. A general trend was that increasing plant density suppressed weed infestation, and promoted crop biomass and yield. The droopy-leaf variety exhibited a strong competitive ability under the intermediate planting density, while the erect-leaf variety had a strong competitive ability under the high density. Taken together, there was a complex variety-by-environment interaction to achieve the balance between crop production and weed suppression, which was mediated by growing-season conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of row spacing on soil water and water consumption of winter wheat under irrigated and rainfed conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.B. Zhou ◽  
Y.H. Chen ◽  
Z. Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Jointing Stage ◽  
High Yields

The results of two seasons' work on soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), total dry matter (TDM), and harvest index (HI) of crops under different row spacing (RS), as well as possible ways to improve water utilization, have been reported. Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University (36&deg;09'N, 117&deg;09'E) in 2006&ndash;2007 and 2007&ndash;2008. Four types of RS were treated under two different water conditions (rainfed and irrigated) and set up in a randomized plot design. RS did not exhibit any obvious effects on SWC during the study period. SWC was enhanced evidently by irrigation, especially in the 10&ndash;60 cm soil layer. Irrigation increased the ET of crop. At the seeding-jointing stage, the ET of RS14 was significantly higher than those during other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Irrigation increased yields, ET, and TDM, while it decreased water use efficiency and HI. There were significantly negative correlations between TDM and RS (P &lt; 0.05). The HI of the rainfed crop was higher than that of the irrigated crop. Results showed that high yields of wheat could be achieved in northern China by reducing RS under uniform planting density conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature, Wetness Duration, and Planting Density on Olive Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum spp.

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 974-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Moral ◽  
José Jurado-Bello ◽  
M. Isabel Sánchez ◽  
Rodrígues de Oliveira ◽  
Antonio Trapero
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
Olive Trees

The influence of temperature, wetness duration, and planting density on infection of olive fruit by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. simmondsii was examined in laboratory and field experiments. Detached olive fruit of ‘Arbequina’, ‘Hojiblanca’, and ‘Picual’ were inoculated with conidia of several isolates of the pathogen and kept at constant temperatures of 5 to 35°C in humid chambers. Similarly, potted plants and stem cuttings with fruit were inoculated and subjected to wetness periods of 0 to 48 h. Infection occurred at 10 to 25°C, and disease severity was greater and the mean latent period was shorter at 17 to 20°C. Overall, C. acutatum was more virulent than C. simmondsii at temperatures <25°C. When temperature was not a limiting factor, disease severity increased with the wetness period from 0 to 48 h. Disease severity was modeled as a function of temperature and wetness duration; two critical fruit incidence thresholds were defined as 5 and 20%, with wetness durations of 1.0 and 12.2 h at the optimum temperature. In the field, anthracnose epidemics progressed faster in a super-high-density planting (1,904 olive trees/ha) than in the high-density plantings (204 to 816 olive trees/ha) and caused severe epidemics in the super-high-density planting even with the moderately resistant Arbequina. Data in this study will be useful for the development of a forecasting system for olive anthracnose epidemics.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Watermelon on Polyethylene Mulch with Different Spacings and Nitrogen Rates

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smiljana Goreta ◽  
Slavko Perica ◽  
Gvozden Dumicic ◽  
Lovre Bucan ◽  
Katja Zanic
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Leaf N

Suggested watermelon planting densities and N rates vary on a large scale, indicating that there is insufficient knowledge about their effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N rate and planting density on growth, yield and quality of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] grown on black polyethylene mulch. The field experiments with `Crimson Sweet' watermelon were conducted in two climatologically different growing regions. The treatments were factorial combinations of three in-row plant spacings (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) and three N rates (115, 195, and 275 kg·ha-1). Part of the N (35 kg·ha-1) was applied preplant and the remainder was fertigated. Vine length increased linearly up to 7 weeks after planting (WAP) as N rate increased from 115 to 275 kg·ha-1, and up to 9 WAP as plant spacing increased from 0.5 to 1.5 m. Total and marketable yields per ha or per plant did not increase with N rates above 115 kg·ha-1. Average fruit weight and fruit size distribution were generally unaffected by N rate. Leaf N concentration increased as N rate increased, although leaf N concentrations at the lowest N rate (115 kg·ha-1) even at 9 WAP were relatively high (43.3 to 47.3 g·kg-1). Total and marketable yields per ha were linearly decreased with an increase in plant spacing from 0.5 to 1.5 m, and the same was noticed with the total and marketable number of fruit per ha. With increased plant spacing average fruit weight increased and fruit size distribution shifted to larger categories.

Evaluation of the APSIM-Wheat model in terms of different cultivars, management regimes and environmental conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Liping Feng ◽  
Enli Wang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Baoguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Zhang, Y., Feng, L., Wang, E., Wang, J. and Li, B. 2012. Evaluation of the APSIM-Wheat model in terms of different cultivars, management regimes and environmental conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 937–949. Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world, and wheat models have been widely used to study yield responses to changes in management and climate. However, less information is available on how a wheat model performs in simulation of wheat response to changes in varieties, sowing dates and planting densities across space. This study presents an evaluation of the APSIM-Wheat model using data from field experiments consisting of three sowing dates, two and three crop varieties and three planting densities in a split-split plot design at three ecological sites from 2008 to 2010 in the North China Plain. The results show that the APSIM-Wheat model could capture a large part of the variation in phenology, biomass and yield for the same variety across sites. However, errors of simulation in phenology and yield were increased with delay in sowing date, with the average absolute root mean square errors of 2 d, 3 d, and 3–4 d in phenology, and the normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) of 7–12%, 11–16%, 16–22% in yield at early, medium, and late sowing dates, respectively. Simulation of yield achieved poor results with decreased planting density, with average RMSEn of 9–12%, 11–12%, and 16–19% at high, medium, and low density, respectively. Additionally, the simulation behaved in a complex manner, and the errors varied greatly with different combinations of sowing dates and planting densities. These alerted us that the model should be used cautiously to simulate growth and yield over a wide range of sowing dates and planting densities. Improved modeling of the responses of wheat growth to extreme temperatures during winter and spring periods, and to varying planting densities is needed for better future prediction. Other areas of model improvements are also discussed.

scholarly journals Determination of Principal Yield Attributing Traits of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Multivariate Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 594-602
Author(s):  
L. Rana ◽  
◽  
H. Banerjee ◽  
D. Mazumdar ◽  
S. Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
Hybrid Maize

The field experiments were conducted at farmer’s field, Madandanga village under Chakdaha Block of Nadia district in West Bengal during rabi season 2014-15 and 2015-16. Treatments were distributed in split-factorial design, with three varieties (P ‘3533’, P ‘3396’, P ‘30V92’) in the main plot and three planting density (55,555, 66,666, 83,333 plants ha-1) × three sowing dates (November 20, November 30, December 10) combinations in the sub-plots, replicated thrice. Irrespective of planting density and sowing date, the variety ‘P30V92’ produced the highest yield, followed by ‘P3396’ and ‘P3533’. The significantly highest grain and stover yield was obtained in high density planting (83,333 plants ha-1), accounting 44.2 and 39.6% more than low planting density (55,555 plants ha-1), respectively. The maximum grain and stover yields were obtained from Nov. 20 sown plants; being 7.71 and 11.95% more than the grain yield derived from late sown (Dec. 10) plants. A correlation study showed that among the growth and yield components, leaf area index (0.96) and shelling percentage (0.91) exhibited highly positive direct effects on the grain yield of hybrid maize. However, other growth attributes, namely P uptake (0.88), K uptake (0.86) and plant height (0.81) exerted comparatively low positive direct effects on the grain yield of hybrid maize. Further, the standard regression equation revealed a significant relationship of shelling percentage (p≤0.01), leaf area index (p≤0.01) and uptake of P (p≤0.05) with grain yield.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Döll) cultivars are influenced by foliar application of salicylic acid, irrigation timing, and planting density

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Khaled A.A. ABDELAAL ◽  
Sahar H. RASHED ◽  
Adel RAGAB ◽  
Akbar HOSSAIN ◽  
Ayman EL Sabagh
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield And Quality

<p class="yiv0945129372msonormal">Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the time of foliar application of 100 ppm salicylic acid (SA), two irrigation (IR) timings, three levels of spacing (SP) hill-1 with different plant density on growth, yield and quality characters of two sugar beet cultivars (‘Samba’ and ‘Farida’). The results revealed that the foliar application of 100 ppm SA at 30 days after planting (DAP) and 14 days after the first application significantly influenced top fresh mass and root biomass of sugar beet plants. Conversely, the increasing period between planting and first irrigation scheduling led to significant differences in fresh mass, sugar yield, and sucrose % as well as purity % of sugar beet. Plants density with 60 × 20 cm spacing hill-1 was found to be better than the other two spacings for major characters, particularly root fresh mass, and Total soluble solids and purity %. Inversely, spacing at 60 × 15 cm, between hills gave the maximum levels of top fresh mass, root yield and sugar yield in the first season. The interaction effect between spacing hill-1 at 60 × 20 cm and 100 ppm SA applied at 30 DAP gave the maximum levels of increment for most of the studied characters, particularly for cultivar ‘Farida’.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION OF Brassica Napus L. Varchinensis (PECHAY) USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF CULTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Eunice L. Lluz ◽  
Madelyn Yruma
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Direct Seeded

A Cost and return analysis of small scale production of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) production using different methods of cultivation was evaluated based on the growth and yield performance of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) from field trial. An experiment was undertaken involving four treatments with two methods of planting and two levels of plant density and layed out in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with replications.  Results showed that the survival rate and growth of Brassica napus L. varchinensis (Pechay) based on the actual number of plants, transplanted plant with high density plants was significantly higher compared to other treatments indicating that transplanted Pechay at high density planting is favorable than other methods. The fresh weight of Pechay after 30 days of cultivation using direct seeding (T1 and T2) was significantly higher compared to T3 and T4.  Partial cost and return analysis in direct seeded Pechay at high planting density were the most profitable while transplanting Pechay seedling at low density planting was the least profitable.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1467-1473
Author(s):  
Funda Yoldaş ◽  
Şafak Ceylan ◽  
İbrahim Duman ◽  
Ömer Lütfü Elmacı ◽  
Eftal Düzyaman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
And Training

The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).

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