Effects of row spacing on soil water and water consumption of winter wheat under irrigated and rainfed conditions

The results of two seasons' work on soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), total dry matter (TDM), and harvest index (HI) of crops under different row spacing (RS), as well as possible ways to improve water utilization, have been reported. Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University (36°09'N, 117°09'E) in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. Four types of RS were treated under two different water conditions (rainfed and irrigated) and set up in a randomized plot design. RS did not exhibit any obvious effects on SWC during the study period. SWC was enhanced evidently by irrigation, especially in the 10–60 cm soil layer. Irrigation increased the ET of crop. At the seeding-jointing stage, the ET of RS14 was significantly higher than those during other treatments (P < 0.05). Irrigation increased yields, ET, and TDM, while it decreased water use efficiency and HI. There were significantly negative correlations between TDM and RS (P < 0.05). The HI of the rainfed crop was higher than that of the irrigated crop. Results showed that high yields of wheat could be achieved in northern China by reducing RS under uniform planting density conditions.

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Plant and row spacing effects on soil water and yield of rainfed summer soybean in the northern China

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/73/2009-pse ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

X.B. Zhou ◽

G.M. Yang ◽

S.J. Sun ◽

Y.H. Chen

Keyword(s):

Water Resource ◽

Northern China ◽

Planting Density ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Planting Pattern ◽

The North ◽

Spacing Effects ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Use Efficiency

Productivity and water resource-use efficiency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture, especially in high-demand water resource crops such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The aims of this research were to compare planting pattern in soybean, evaluating soil moisture content (SMC), yield and water use efficiency (WUE). A 2-year field experiment (2006–2007) was carried out in the north of China. The summer soybean (cv. Ludou 4) experiment consisted of 5 planting patterns under the same plant population density (3.09 × 105 plant/ha), and row spacing (cm) × plant spacing (cm) was 18 × 18 cm (A), 27 × 12 cm (B), 36 × 9 cm (C), 45 × 7.2 cm (D), 54 × 6 cm (E). The results showed that SMC and soil storage water (SSW) decreased with evapotranspiration (ETa) increments after reproductive growth stage, and there were remarkable differences between treatments with decreasing rainfall. SMC curve characteristics in the 0–0 cm soil profile were related to rain; the scope changes of shallow SMC were higher than those of deep SMC. The study revealed that yield and WUE had a negative correlation with row spacing, and they were statistically greater in narrow rows, which approximated equidistant plant spacings, compared to wider rows (P < 0.05). The study also indicates that enhanced productivity and WUE of rainfed summer soybean can be achieved via row spacing reduction and plant spacing widening under uniform planting density.

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Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4201-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. Birkás ◽

T. Szalai ◽

C. Gyuricza ◽

M. Gecse ◽

K. Bordás

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Set Up ◽

Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

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Double-Double Row Planting Mode at Deficit Irrigation Regime Increases Winter Wheat Yield and Water Use Efficiency in North China Plain

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1315

Author(s):

Xun Bo Zhou ◽

Guo Yun Wang ◽

Li Yang ◽

Hai Yan Wu

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Water Status ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Soil Water Depletion ◽

Double Row ◽

Water Depletion ◽

Use Efficiency

Low water availability coupled with poor planting method has posed a great challenge to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. To improve productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) under deficit irrigation, an effective water-saving technology that is characterized by three planting modes has been developed (uniform with 30-cm row spacing (U), double-double row spacing of 5 cm (DD), and furrow-ridge row spacing of alternated 20 cm and 40 cm (F)) combined with three irrigation regimes (50 mm water each at growth stage 34 (GS34) and GS48 (W1), and 100 mm water at GS48 (W2), or 100 mm each water at GS34 and GS48 (W3)). Results showed that DD increased yield by 9.7% and WUE by 12.6% due to higher soil water status and less soil water depletion and evapotranspiration compared with U. Although the soil water status, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration, and yield increased with increasing irrigation amount, more soil water depletion and evapotranspiration resulted in low WUE. The deficit irrigation was beneficial for improving WUE as W1 had significantly increased yield by 5.4% and WUE by 7.1% compared with W2. Yield and evapotranspiration showed a quadratic dynamic equation indicating that yield increased with increasing evapotranspiration. Considering WUE and relatively higher yield under deficit water, W1 combined with DD is suggested to be a good management strategy to be applied in winter wheat of water-scarce regions.

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The spatial variability of soil water content in a potato field before and after spray irrigation in arid northwestern China

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 860-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tao Li ◽

Jian-feng Zhang ◽

Si-yuan Xiong ◽

Rui-xi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Northwestern China ◽

Potato Field ◽

Arid Northwestern China

Abstract Assessing the spatial variability of soil water content is important for precision agriculture. To measure the spatial variability of the soil water content and to determine the optimal number of sampling sites for predicting the mean soil water content at different stages of the irrigation cycle, field experiments were carried out in a potato field in northwestern China. The soil water content was measured in 2016 and 2017 at depths of 0–20 and 20–40 cm at 116 georeferenced locations. The average coefficient of variation of the soil water content was 20.79% before irrigation and was 16.44% after irrigation at a depth of 0–20 cm. The spatial structure of the soil water content at a depth of 20–40 cm was similar throughout the irrigation cycle, but at a depth of 0–20 cm a relatively greater portion of the variation in the soil water content was spatially structured before irrigation than after irrigation. The autocorrelation of soil water contents was influenced by irrigation only in the surface soil layer. To accurately predict mean soil moisture content, 40 and 20 random sampling sites should be chosen with errors of 5% and 10%, respectively.

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VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.49.2001.3.8 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 273-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Long ◽

H. Eiszner

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Soil Water ◽

High Latitude ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Hyperbolic Model ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Deep Soil

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.

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Spacing between rows: effects on water-use efficiency of double-cropped wheat and soybean

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859613000890 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 153 (1) ◽

pp. 90-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

X. B. Zhou ◽

Y. H. Chen ◽

Z. Ouyang

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Northern China ◽

Plant Population ◽

High Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Net Return ◽

Use Efficiency

SUMMARYProductivity and water resource usage efficiency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture. The aims of the present research were to compare and evaluate the soil moisture content (SMC), evapotranspiration (ETa), yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and net return of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under different plant population distribution patterns and to identify the possible ways to improve water utilization. Using the same plant population for a given crop, the experiments consisted of four spacings between rows (row spacings) for winter wheat (cvar Shannong 919) under both rainfed and irrigated conditions and five row spacings for summer soybean (cvar Ludou 4) under rainfed conditions. For winter wheat, the stem number with row spacing of 49 cm was the lowest in all treatments. The SMC was enhanced by irrigation, particularly at the 10–40 cm depth. The yield and WUE were negatively correlated with row spacing and were greater with narrower row spacing than with wider rows. For soybean, SMC in uniform distribution (spacing between plants) treatments was greater at lower depths than at shallower depths for each row spacing treatment. A high yield, WUE and net return of winter wheat and soybean can be achieved with narrower row spacing. Combining winter wheat row spacing of 14 cm with soybean row spacing of 18 cm and soybean row spacing of 27 cm is a highly suitable planting system for the plains of Northern China.

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Simulation soil water-salt dynamics in saline wasteland of Yongji Irrigation area in Hetao Irrigation district of China

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.299 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chengfu Yuan

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Irrigation District ◽

Soil Salt ◽

Water Salt ◽

Hetao Irrigation District

Abstract In order to explore the regional water-salt balance mechanism in Hetao Irrigation District. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Heji canal study area. The SWAP model was calibrated and validated based on field experiments observed data. The SWAP model was used to simulate soil water-salt dynamic in saline wasteland after calibration and validation. The results showed that model simulation results of soil water content and soil salt concentration agreed well with the measured values. Soil water content and soil salt concentration changed obviously under the effect of farmland irrigation in crop growing period. Soil salt was accumulated in saline wasteland. The soil salt accumulation of each soil layer in saline wasteland was 0.164, 0.092, −0.890 and −1.261 mg/cm3, respectively. Soil water content gradually increased and soil salt concentration gradually decreased in autumn irrigation period. Soil salt was leached in saline wasteland. The soil salt accumulation of each soil layer in saline wasteland was −1.011, −1.242, −1.218 and −1.335 mg/cm3, respectively. The saline wasteland became in drainage and salt drainage region for cultivated land. The saline wastelands had an obvious role in adjusting salt balance and maintain salt dynamic balance in Hetao Irrigation District.

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Assessment of fodder corn grown under surface and subsurface drip irrigation in Mendoza, Argentina

Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo ◽

10.48162/rev.39.047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 132-142

Author(s):

Richard Jose Ortega Justavino ◽

Pablo Fernando Loyola ◽

Joaquín Antonio Llera Giménez

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Green Matter ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Subsurface Drip ◽

High Yields

Drip irrigation –surface (DI) and subsurface (SDI)– is one of the best irrigation systems to increase both irrigation and water use efficiency. The objective of this research is to assess and compare the response of fodder corn to SDI treatments at two depths with DI in Mendoza. A full factorial experimental design was used on random plots and measurements were replicated through time. Tests were run in two consecutive cycles. Germination percentage (GP), yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity (WP) were assessed. High yields ranging from 70,214 to 105,771 kg ha-1 of green matter and from 10,020 to 22,476 kg ha-1 of dry matter (DM) were obtained in both cycles, respectively. DM production from the first sowing was significantly higher in both cycles under SDI treatment than under DI. No significant differences in WP or WUE were found. GP and soil moisture (SM) did not show differences between treatments, but significant differences were found in SM (p=<0.0001) between the first soil layer and the other two layers. Highlights Germination percentage was not affected by the depth of the drip irrigation lines. No significant differences were found in green matter yields between treatments in both crop cycles. High crop water use was achieved. WUE values were 12 percent (and up to 41 percent) higher.

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Effects of nitrogen application stage on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high-yield summer maize

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/531/2011-pse ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 211-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P. Lü ◽

J.W. Zhang ◽

L.B. Jin ◽

W. Liu ◽

S.T. Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

N Uptake ◽

High Yield ◽

Summer Maize ◽

N Application ◽

Total N ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Application Method ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Jointing Stage

This study aims to explore the optimum nitrogen (N) application method by analyzing effects of variable N application stages and ratios on the N absorption and translocation of high-yield summer maize (DH661). The study included field experiments and <sup>15</sup>N isotopic dilutions for pot experiments. Results showed that the yield was not increased in a one-off N application at the jointing stage. The uptake of fertilizer-derived N in the grain increased with the increasing of N applied times. Compared to a single or double application, total N uptake (N<sub>up</sub>) and biomass increased significantly by supplying N at the six-leaf stage (V6), ten-leaf stage (V10) and 10 days after anthesis in ratios of 3:5:2 and 2:4:4. The fertilizer-derived recovery rates were 67.5% and 78.1%, respectively. The uptake and utilization of fertilizer-derived N was enhanced by increasing the recovery rate of N supplied after anthesis, and reducing the absorption of soil-derived N. Therefore, the 2:4:4 application ratios was the optimal N application method.  

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Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 1. Responses in fumigated and non-fumigated soil

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp08311 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 532 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. L. Garside ◽

M. J. Bell

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Health ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

High Density ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Planting Density ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Subsequent Loss ◽

Stalk Weight

It has been reported that high-density planting of sugarcane can improve cane and sugar yield through promoting rapid canopy closure and increasing radiation interception earlier in crop growth. It is widely known that the control of adverse soil biota through fumigation (removes soil biological constraints and improves soil health) can improve cane and sugar yield. Whether the responses to high-density planting and improved soil health are additive or interactive has important implications for the sugarcane production system. Field experiments established at Bundaberg and Mackay, Queensland, Australia, involved all combinations of 2-row spacings (0.5 and 1.5 m), two planting densities (27 000 and 81 000 two-eyed setts/ha), and two soil fumigation treatments (fumigated and non-fumigated). The Bundaberg experiment had two cultivars (Q124, Q155), was fully irrigated, and harvested 15 months after planting. The Mackay experiment had one cultivar (Q117), was grown under rainfed conditions, and harvested 10 months after planting. High-density planting (81 000 setts/ha in 0.5-m rows) did not produce any more cane or sugar yield at harvest than low-density planting (27 000 setts/ha in 1.5-m rows) regardless of location, crop duration (15 v. 10 months), water supply (irrigated v. rainfed), or soil health (fumigated v. non-fumigated). Conversely, soil fumigation generally increased cane and sugar yields regardless of site, row spacing, and planting density. In the Bundaberg experiment there was a large fumigation × cultivar × density interaction (P < 0.01). Cultivar Q155 responded positively to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but not in fumigated soil, while Q124 showed a negative response to higher planting density in non-fumigated soil but no response in fumigated soil. In the Mackay experiment, Q117 showed a non-significant trend of increasing yield in response to increasing planting density in non-fumigated soil, similar to the Q155 response in non-fumigated soil at Bundaberg. The similarity in yield across the range of row spacings and planting densities within experiments was largely due to compensation between stalk number and stalk weight, particularly when fumigation was used to address soil health. Further, the different cultivars (Q124 and Q155 at Bundaberg and Q117 at Mackay) exhibited differing physiological responses to the fumigation, row spacing, and planting density treatments. These included the rate of tiller initiation and subsequent loss, changes in stalk weight, and propensity to lodging. These responses suggest that there may be potential for selecting cultivars suited to different planting configurations.

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