Formaldehyde treated diets for drought feeding of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
KW Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Three experiments are reported in which formaldehyde treatment of various components of survival rations was examined. In experiment 1, Merino weaner ewes were fed survival diets composed of either wheat or sorghum grain with meat and bone meal and low quality roughage. The grain and the meat and bone meal components were treated or untreated with formaldehyde (HCHO), and half the animals were treated with vitamin A. Both HCHO treatment of the grain and vitamin A treatment significantly increased liveweight gains over the 20-week experimental period. There was no wool growth response to HCHO treatment but wool growth rates were higher in sheep on the wheat based diets. Vitamin A treatment had no effect on survival rates, which were, however, lower in sheep on wheat diets. In experiment 2, similar sheep, maintained on a basal diet of low quality sorghum silage, were supplemented with meat and bone meal treated or untreated with HCHO and half the sheep were treated with vitamin A. HCHO treatment resulted in a lower rate of liveweight loss but only for the first 30 days of the experiment. Neither wool growth rates nor survival rates were affected by HCHO or by vitamin A treatment. In experiment 3, Merino wethers were used and the effectiveness of HCHO treatment of either wheat or sorghum grain diets was further examined. HCHO treatment had no effect on either liveweight or clean wool production, which was, however, higher in sheep on wheat based diets.

A comparison between barley and sorghum when combined with soybean meal or meat and bone meal in rations for growing pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
JO Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Two experiments are reported. In the first experiment, 48 Large White pigs were individually fed from 22.2 to 86.5 kg bodyweight, with rations containing either sorghum or barley in combination with 16.6, 13.8, 10.7, or 7.4 per cent soybean meal. Type of grain did not affect growth rate or feed efficiency but carcase measurements indicated that the barley-fed pigs were leaner. There were no significant differences in growth rate or feed efficiency between the 16.6 per cent and 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations before 45 kg bodyweight or between the 16.6 per cent, 13.8 per cent, or 10.7 per cent soybean meal rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but all rations containing the three higher levels of soybean meal gave significantly better growth rate and feed efficiency than the rations containing 7.4 per cent soybean meal for both bodyweight ranges. Final results showed no significant differences between the 16.6 per cent and the 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations in growth rate, feed efficiency, or carcase measurements of pigs receiving these rations, but growth data and carcase measurements were poorer with the two lower levels of soybean meal supplementation. In the second experiment, 40 Berkshire pigs were individually fed barley or sorghum grain with 15 per cent soybean meal or 20 per cent of one of three meat and bone meals. Pigs were fed from 25.8 to 74.0 kg bodyweight. The sorghum-based rations gave significantly better growth rates and feed efficiencics than the barley-based rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but carcase appraisal indicated greater lean content in the barley-fed pigs. Growth rates and feed efficiencies obtained with rations containing two of the meat and bone meals were significantly (P<0.05) less than values obtained with the rations containing soybean meal. Pigs fed the third meat and bone meal grew only slightly more slowly than those fed soybean meal. Type of supplement had no effect on carcase measurements.

The use of urea-molasses supplements for sheep grazing semi-arid tropical pastures

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Entwistle ◽  
G Knights
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Urea Group ◽  
Semi Arid

The performance of unsupplemented Merino ewes grazing dry season semi-arid tropical pastures was compared with that of other sheep supplemented with either urea-molasses or molasses. Over the experimental period from September 1970 until late January 1971 mean daily intakes per head of urea and molasses respectively were: low urea group, 11.7 g and 35.1 g; high urea group, 15.2 g and 45.6 g; molasses, 38.9 g. Monthly estimates of the proportions of animals consuming the supplement over the period September to January varied from: urea-molasses-71 per cent to 97 per cent; molasses-75 per cent to 96 per cent. Unsupplemented sheep lost significantly more liveweight than did supplemented groups in the period September to February. However, during the period of greatest nutritional stress from December to February, sheep recewing molasses lost significantly more weight than did those supplemented with urea-molasses, and liveweight loss was greater in the low urea group than in the high urea group. Wool growth rates were significantly higher in groups receiving urea-molasses, with highest wool growth rates in animals on the high level of urea. Total fleece weights were unaffected by treatment as were the reproductive factors examined. Faecal nitrogen levels declined until the onset of pasture regrowth in February and were associated with low digestibility of the available forage. Compensatory liveweight gains following pasture regrowth outweighed any advantage of the dry season supplementation. It was concluded that urea-molasses supplements were of little direct benefit to sheep grazing these pastures.

The effect of urea on the utilization of ground, pelleted roughage by penned sheep: I. Food intake, live-weight change and wool growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Coombe ◽  
G. K. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Oat Straw

SUMMARYIndividually-penned adult Merino wethers were fed for 16 weeks on a basal diet of ground, pelleted oat straw or Phalaris straw. Urea was supplied either in a salt-urea block containing 30% urea, or as crystalline urea incorporated into the pellets. A commercial mineral supplement was given during the first 8 weeks, but this was replaced with a laboratory-prepared mineral mix during the second 8 weeks.Urea supplementation significantly reduced live-weight loss. Over the 16 weeks control sheep lost a mean of 14·5 kg, and supplemented sheep 8·7 kg body weight. Most of this response to urea occurred during the second half of the experimental period.Food intakes of all sheep increased over the first 2 weeks and then fell. In the unsupplemented groups, levels of intake then remained fairly low, whereas in the sheep fed urea food intakes rose over the final 6 weeks of the experiment. There was a significant linear regression of live-weight change on food intake only with the urea-fed sheep. Intakes of urea-N from the blocks were extremely variable between individual sheep and between periods within sheep; in most cases, however, they appeared to be adequate, as this type of supplementation gave results similar to those obtained by mixing urea throughout the roughage.There was no significant effect of urea on total wool growth during the experimental period, although wool growth in the supplemented shepp showed a rise towards the end of the experiment. Wool growth in any 4-weekly period was closely related to food intake and live-weight change during that period.

scholarly journals PSXII-22 Performance of Nellore bulls fed with rehydrated corn silage or rehydrated sorghum silage or sorghum grain in substitution of corn grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 419-419
Author(s):  
Josimari R Paschoaloto ◽  
Laissa A Guimarães ◽  
Ellem Maria A Matos ◽  
Severino D Junqueira Villela
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the corn grain cracked substitution by sorghum grain, rehydrated corn silage, or rehydrated sorghum silage on animal performance. Thirty-two Nellore bulls initially weighing 324.76 ± 36.0 were used in a completely randomized design distributed in four treatments: corn grain (CG), sorghum grain (SG), rehydrated corn silage (RCS) and rehydrated sorghum silage (RSS). Pen was considered the experimental unit. Response variables included: final body weight (FBW) and dry matter intake (DMI). The basal diet consisted of (DM basis) of 30% sorghum silage as roughage, and 70% of concentrate, consisted of corn grain or sorghum grain or rehydrated corn silage, or rehydrated sorghum silage, soybean hulls, soybean meal, and mineral supplement. The data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS and means were compared by Tukey test. Feeding sorghum grain, rehydrated corn silage or rehydrated sorghum silage did not affect the DMI and, consequently, did not affect significantly the final body weight (FBW). The FBW means of each treatment were 444.38, 434.69, 464.22, 443.44, and the DMI were 9.57, 9.23, 9.06, 9.19, respectively to corn grain (CG), sorghum grain (SG), rehydrated corn silage (RCS) and rehydrated sorghum silage (RSS) treatments. It was concluded that diets based on corn grain or sorghum grain, rehydrated or not, can support a similar performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot.

scholarly journals EQUATIONS TO PREDICT THE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF MEAT AND BONE MEAL FOR GROWING PIGS

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Araújo Castilho ◽  
Paulo Cesar Pozza ◽  
Newton Tavares Escocard de Oliveira ◽  
Cleiton Pagliari Sangali ◽  
Carolina Natali Langer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Dependent Parameter ◽  
Energetic Composition

ABSTRACT The prediction of metabolizable energy (ME) of meat and bone meal (MBM) for pigs is an interesting tool, however, used models to predict these values must be validated in order to garantee higher precision. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical and energetic composition of different types of MBM for pigs and to adjust and validate models to better predict the ME based on the chemical composition. Thirty-two barrows, averaging an initial weight of 26.75 ± 1.45 kg, were individually allotted in a randomized block design with eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of seven types of MBM that replaced 20% of the basal diet. A stepwise procedure was the statistical procedure used to adjust the prediction equations and the ME was the dependent parameter. The validation of the adjusted models was performed using an independent databank of chemical and energetic composition of theBrazilian and international MBM. The metabolizable energy of different meat and bone meals ranged from 1645 to 2645 kcal kg-1. The equations that provide a good prediction of metabolizable energy of meat and bone meal for swine in Brazil are EM1 = -4233.58 + 0.4134GE + 72CP + 89.62ash - 159.06Ca; EM2 = 2087.49 + 0.3446GE + 31.82ash - 189.18Ca; EM3 = 2140.13 + 0.3845GE - 112.33Ca; EM4 = -346.58 + 0.656GE; EM5 = 3221.27 + 178.96fat - 76.55ash; and EM6 = 5356.45 - 84.75ash.

The effects of three protein sources on the growth and feed utilization of cattle fed cassava

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Tudor ◽  
K. R. McGuigan ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Daily Gain

SummaryThe nutritive value of diets predominantly of dried cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) tubers supplemented with protein concentrates, and roughage were measured in three experiments using steers.In Expt 1 the digestibility of diets of dried, chipped cassava tubers and tops (80:20) or rolled sorghum grain and cotton seed hulls (80:20), supplemented with 4 or 8% groundnut meal and urea, was determined. The apparent digestibility coefficients of organic matter (OM) of the cassava diets with 4 or 8 % groundnut meal (0·77 and 0·80, respectively) were significantly (P < 0·01) higher than grain diets with 4 or 8% groundnut meal (both 0·74). The digestibility of starch in the cassava diets was significantly (P < 0·01) higher than in the grain diets (1·00, 0·99, 0·94 and 0·93, respectively). There were no significant differences in the digestibility of the N component (0·62 and 0·61 v. 0·58 and 0·59, respectively). The N retained (g/day) was lower (P > 0·05) with cassava (7·8 and 6·8 v. 11·1 and 10·5, respectively) and was utilized (g/100 g apparently absorbed N) less efficiently (P > 0·05) (18 and IS v.28 and 27, respectively).The high apparent digestibility of the cassava diet suggests that cassava could replace cereal grain in intensive finishing diets. The N retention data suggest that groundnut meal is no better than urea as a N source.In Expt 2, 15 steers with a mean initial weight of 173 kg were individually fed pelleted diets of sorghum grain, cassava plus urea or cassava plus meat and bone meal (90 concentrate: 10 roughage). The cattle fed the grain diet ate significantly (P < 0·01) more OM (4·3 v. 3·4 kg/day), grew faster (P < 0·01) (1·21 v. 0·85 kg/day) and slightly more efficiently (P > 0·05) (3·6 v. 3·8 kg/kg) than cattle fed cassava with urea. Cattle fed cassava with meat and bone meal were intermediate between the two treatments for intake and daily gain (3·7 and 1·06 kg/day, respectively) but had the best feed conversion (3·5 kg/kg). The acetic/propionic acid ratio was similar on all three diets (1·2, 1·6 and 1·4:1, respectively), but the ratio of propionic/butyric was significantly (P < 0·01) different (5·8, 2·7 and 2·7:1, respectively).In Expt 3, 15 other steers with mean initial weight of 195 kg were individually fed pelleted cassava diets with 0, 5 or 10% fishmeal (82 cassava: 18 roughage). The intake of OM (4·2, 4·5 and 4·7 kg/day, respectively), daily live-weight gain (0·98, 1·27 and 1·32 kg/day, respectively) and feed conversion (4·3, 3·7 and 3·7 kg/kg, respectively) were all better in cattle fed cassava with fishmeal. The proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid were similar to that recorded in cassava fed cattle in the earlier trial.It is concluded that cattle fed high energy diets based on dried cassava tubers can perform well. Although feed intake and daily gain of cattle fed cassava may be lower than for cattle fed grain diets, the conversion of food to live-weight gain should be similar or better.

Finishing steers on high-grain rations. Effects of type of silage, level of urea, vitamin A and cobalt supplementation on body-weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Morris ◽  
R. J. W. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

1. A 23 factorial with a split-plot allocation of treatments was used to investigate the effects of silage type, (sweet v. grain sorghum); level of urea, (60ν. 120 g. per head per day); vitamin A,(0ν. 40,000 i.u. per head per day), and intraruminal cobalt oxide pellet on the performance of steers fed rations of 90% sorghum grain, 10% sorghum silage.

scholarly journals 118 Digestibility of amino acids in hydrolyzed feather meal, flash dried poultry protein, poultry meal, and meat and bone meal fed to broiler chickens and pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Victor Naranjo ◽  
Ariane Helmbrecht ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) fed to broiler chickens and pigs. Four semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet were prepared. Exp. 1 was conducted with 416 male broiler chickens (initial body weight [BW] = 705 ± 100.0 g) at d 18 post-hatching in a randomized complete block design. Birds were fed diets for 5 d and then euthanized to collect ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (initial BW = 22.1 ± 1.59 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. There were 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods in each experimental period. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., broiler chickens and pigs) and four experimental diets. There were interactions (P < 0.05) in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val between diets and species. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than HFM and FDPP but was not different from PM. Pigs fed MBM had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than HFM, FDPP, and PM. In broiler chickens, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was less (P < 0.05) than MBM. In pigs, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was not different from MBM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of AA among animal protein sources were affected by species of monogastric animals.

scholarly journals Enhancement of colour quality, growth, and health status of rainbow Kurumoi fish Melanotaenia parva through dietary synthetic carotenoids supplementation

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Nina Meilisza ◽  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Dedi Jusadi ◽  
Muhammad Zairin Junior ◽  
I Made Artika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Malonyl Dialdehyde

ABSTRACT Carotenoids were known as pigment sources, the precursor of vitamin A, potential antioxidant and can improve the health status of fish. Furthermore, there are also studies that reveal the role of carotenoids in bone formation and metabolism. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different carotenoids at two different doses in the feed on growth, pigmentation, vitamin A conversion, blood profile, antioxidant activity, and calcium bone of the rainbow fish. Twenty-one aquariums with a volume of 20 L each stocked with 20 fish (1.08 ± 0.03 g of body weight and 4.56 ± 0.07 cm of body length). The experiment applied seven experimental diets (in triplicates) consisted of three types of carotenoids were astaxanthin (AS), canthaxanthin (CS), and lutein (LS) and two doses (130 and 260 mg/kg), i.e. AS-130, AS-260, CS-130, CS-260, LS-130, LS-260 and basal (without carotenoids) as the control. The fish were fed for 56 days of experimental period. The results showed that carotenoid diets were able to increase growth, total carotenoids, percentages of chromatophores, vitamin A conversion, erythrocyte, leukocytes, packed cell volume (PCV), neutrophils, and hemoglobin (Hb) compared to the control. Fish fed dietary astaxanthin at a level of 260 mg/kg was superior compared to other diets. Dietary carotenoids were also capable of decreasing the endogenous antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and increased the calcium level in fish bone than basal diet. Keywords: carotenoids, growth, health status, Melanotaenia parva, pigmentation  ABSTRAK Karotenoid diketahui sebagai sumber pigmen, prekursor vitamin A, antioksidan potensial dan dapat meningkatkan status kesehatan ikan. Selain itu, karotenoid juga memiliki peran dalam formasi dan metabolism tulang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis dan dosis karotenoid yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan, pigmentasi, konversi vitamin A, gambaran darah, aktifitas antioksidan dan kalsium tulang ikan rainbow Kurumoi. Sebanyak 20 ekor ikan (bobot tubuh rata-rata 1,08 ± 0,03 g dan panjang total rata-rata 4,56 ± 0,07 cm) dan diberi makan pakan yang mengandung karotenoid. Pakan uji terdiri atas tiga jenis karotenoid dengan tiga ulangan yaitu astaksantin (AS), cantaksantin (CS), dan lutein (LS) dan dua dosis (130 dan 260 mg/kg) dikodekan dengan AS-130, AS-260, CS-130, CS-260, LS-130, LS-260 dan basal (tanpa karotenoid) sebagai kontrol. Ikan diberi makan selama 56 hari pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karotenoid dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, total karotenoid, persentase kromatofora, konversi vitamin A, eritrosit, leukosit, hematokrit, neutrofil, dan hemoglobin dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Ikan yang diberi pakan mengandung astaksantin 200 mg/kg lebih baik dibandingkan denga pakan uji lainnya. Pakan yang mengandung karotenoid juga mampu menurunkan antioksidan endogenus superoxide dismutase (SOD) dan malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), serta meningkatkan kalsium tulang ikan dibandingkan pakan kontrol. Keywords: Melanotaenia parva, karotenoid, pertumbuhan, pigmentasi, status kesehatan. 

Meat and bone meals incorporated at two levels in grower-pig rations based on either sorghum of wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
LJ Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Ration Composition

Two experiments are reported in which a total of 96 Large White pigs were individually fed from 21 to 74 kg bodyweight on rations based on either sorghum or wheat. In the first experiment the protein supplement consisted of 20 per cent of one of two meat and bone meals or 15 per cent soybean meal. The ration containing soybean meal was presented with or without added calcium and phosphorus to provide levels of these elements equal to those in one of the meat and bone meal rations. Pigs fed the wheat-based rations had 13 per cent (P<0.05) greater growth rates and utilized feed 7 per cent more efficiently than those fed the sorghum-based rations. The rations containing the meat and bone meals produced 10 per cent lower growth rates and were utilized less efficiently (P<0.05) than those containing soybean meal. The addition of calcium and phosphorus to the soybean meal rations had no significant effect on growth. Ration composition had no effect on carcase measurements. In the second experiment the rations were based on either sorghum or wheat and were supplemented with either 15 per cent or 20 per cent of one of two meat and bone meals. Pigs fed the wheat-based rations had 11 per cent (P<0.05) greater growth rates and utilized feed 11 per cent more efficiently than those fed the sorghum-based rations. The efficiency of feed utilization for pigs fed the 20 per cent level of meat and bone meal was 5 per cent greater than that of pigs fed the 15 per cent level below 45 kg bodyweight but not above this weight. Growth rate was not significantly affected by level of meat and bone meal. Feed efficiency was greater for rations containing the, meat and bone meal with the lower ash content. The only treatment that affected carcase measurements was the level of meat and bone meal in the ration. Pigs fed the rations with 20 per cent meat and bone meal produced carcases with 11 mm of backfat (not including the skin) above the last rib, whereas those fed the 15 per cent level had 13 mm of backfat.

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