A comparison between barley and sorghum when combined with soybean meal or meat and bone meal in rations for growing pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
JO Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Two experiments are reported. In the first experiment, 48 Large White pigs were individually fed from 22.2 to 86.5 kg bodyweight, with rations containing either sorghum or barley in combination with 16.6, 13.8, 10.7, or 7.4 per cent soybean meal. Type of grain did not affect growth rate or feed efficiency but carcase measurements indicated that the barley-fed pigs were leaner. There were no significant differences in growth rate or feed efficiency between the 16.6 per cent and 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations before 45 kg bodyweight or between the 16.6 per cent, 13.8 per cent, or 10.7 per cent soybean meal rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but all rations containing the three higher levels of soybean meal gave significantly better growth rate and feed efficiency than the rations containing 7.4 per cent soybean meal for both bodyweight ranges. Final results showed no significant differences between the 16.6 per cent and the 13.8 per cent soybean meal rations in growth rate, feed efficiency, or carcase measurements of pigs receiving these rations, but growth data and carcase measurements were poorer with the two lower levels of soybean meal supplementation. In the second experiment, 40 Berkshire pigs were individually fed barley or sorghum grain with 15 per cent soybean meal or 20 per cent of one of three meat and bone meals. Pigs were fed from 25.8 to 74.0 kg bodyweight. The sorghum-based rations gave significantly better growth rates and feed efficiencics than the barley-based rations after 45 kg bodyweight, but carcase appraisal indicated greater lean content in the barley-fed pigs. Growth rates and feed efficiencies obtained with rations containing two of the meat and bone meals were significantly (P<0.05) less than values obtained with the rations containing soybean meal. Pigs fed the third meat and bone meal grew only slightly more slowly than those fed soybean meal. Type of supplement had no effect on carcase measurements.

Meat and bone meals incorporated at two levels in grower-pig rations based on either sorghum of wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
LJ Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Ration Composition

Two experiments are reported in which a total of 96 Large White pigs were individually fed from 21 to 74 kg bodyweight on rations based on either sorghum or wheat. In the first experiment the protein supplement consisted of 20 per cent of one of two meat and bone meals or 15 per cent soybean meal. The ration containing soybean meal was presented with or without added calcium and phosphorus to provide levels of these elements equal to those in one of the meat and bone meal rations. Pigs fed the wheat-based rations had 13 per cent (P<0.05) greater growth rates and utilized feed 7 per cent more efficiently than those fed the sorghum-based rations. The rations containing the meat and bone meals produced 10 per cent lower growth rates and were utilized less efficiently (P<0.05) than those containing soybean meal. The addition of calcium and phosphorus to the soybean meal rations had no significant effect on growth. Ration composition had no effect on carcase measurements. In the second experiment the rations were based on either sorghum or wheat and were supplemented with either 15 per cent or 20 per cent of one of two meat and bone meals. Pigs fed the wheat-based rations had 11 per cent (P<0.05) greater growth rates and utilized feed 11 per cent more efficiently than those fed the sorghum-based rations. The efficiency of feed utilization for pigs fed the 20 per cent level of meat and bone meal was 5 per cent greater than that of pigs fed the 15 per cent level below 45 kg bodyweight but not above this weight. Growth rate was not significantly affected by level of meat and bone meal. Feed efficiency was greater for rations containing the, meat and bone meal with the lower ash content. The only treatment that affected carcase measurements was the level of meat and bone meal in the ration. Pigs fed the rations with 20 per cent meat and bone meal produced carcases with 11 mm of backfat (not including the skin) above the last rib, whereas those fed the 15 per cent level had 13 mm of backfat.

Formaldehyde treated diets for drought feeding of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
KW Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Three experiments are reported in which formaldehyde treatment of various components of survival rations was examined. In experiment 1, Merino weaner ewes were fed survival diets composed of either wheat or sorghum grain with meat and bone meal and low quality roughage. The grain and the meat and bone meal components were treated or untreated with formaldehyde (HCHO), and half the animals were treated with vitamin A. Both HCHO treatment of the grain and vitamin A treatment significantly increased liveweight gains over the 20-week experimental period. There was no wool growth response to HCHO treatment but wool growth rates were higher in sheep on the wheat based diets. Vitamin A treatment had no effect on survival rates, which were, however, lower in sheep on wheat diets. In experiment 2, similar sheep, maintained on a basal diet of low quality sorghum silage, were supplemented with meat and bone meal treated or untreated with HCHO and half the sheep were treated with vitamin A. HCHO treatment resulted in a lower rate of liveweight loss but only for the first 30 days of the experiment. Neither wool growth rates nor survival rates were affected by HCHO or by vitamin A treatment. In experiment 3, Merino wethers were used and the effectiveness of HCHO treatment of either wheat or sorghum grain diets was further examined. HCHO treatment had no effect on either liveweight or clean wool production, which was, however, higher in sheep on wheat based diets.

The value of protein content of sorghum grain in pig diets

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
LJ Daniels ◽  
JO Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Protein ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Sorghum Grain

In three experiments, a total of 112 pigs were individually fed sorghum grain-soybean meal diets based on either high protein grain (10.9 to 13.3 per cent crude protein, air dry basis) or low protein grain (6.5 to 7.4 per cent crude protein, air dry basis). Soybean meal was incorporated in the diets at four levels-16.6, 13.8, 10.7, and 7.4 per cent. In experiment 1 the experimental diets were fed from weaning to 86 kg liveweight. In experiment 2 the experimental diets were supplied from weaning to 45 kg liveweight with a common standard diet being provided from 45 kg liveweight to slaughter, In experiment 3 a common standard diet was supplied from weaning to 45 kg liveweight. The experimental diets were commenced at this liveweight and continued until slaughter. Level of protein in the grain had no significant effect on growth rate or feed efficiency in any experiment, but in experiment 2 the mean eye muscle index of the pigs receiving the high protein sorghum diets was significantly greater than that of the pigs receiving the low protein sorghum diets. As level of soybean meal in the diet decreased, there was a general tendency for growth rate and feed efficiency to decrease. In experiment 1, growth rate and feed efficiency were lower in pigs receiving the 10.7 and 7.4 per cent soybean meal diets, but only prior to a liveweight of 45 kg. In experiment 2, each reduction in level of soybean meal resulted in a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency prior to 45 kg liveweight. There was no difference between groups from 45 kg to slaughter, when all pigs received the same ration. In experiment 3, which commenced at 45 kg liveweight, growth rate and feed efficiency were reduced only when the level of soybean meal was lowered to 7.4 per cent.

Locally produced cottonseed meal for growing pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
FS Shenstone
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

The nutritive value of locally produced cottonseed meal, incorporated at a level of 10 per cent in wheat based diets, was compared with meat and bone meal and soybean meal for growing pigs. The effect of adding synthetic lysine to the cottonseed meal diet was also observed. The diets were fed at restricted rates and pig performance was assessed over the 18 to 45 kg, 45 to 73 kg, and 18 to 73 kg growth phases. Cottonseed meal was of similar nutritive value to meat and bone meal and the addition of lysine increased growth and feed conversion during the 18 to 45 kg growth phase. Soybean meal produced similar gains to the cottonseed meal plus lysine diet during the 18 to 45 kg range, but greater gains than the other three diets over the 18 to 73 kg range. Carcase quality was similar for all four diets. With cottonseed meal there was an increase in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of the pigs due to cyclopropene fatty acids in the residual oil in the meal. The metabolizable energy values of the diets were approximately 96.7 per cent of the digestible energy values and there was a significant correlation between them (r = 0.94). The correlation between digestible energy values estimated by the methods (gross energy in the feed X dry matter digestibility) and (gross energy in feed - gross energy in faeces/dry matter intake) was significant (r = 0.92).

Replacement of meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles in pig diets and the accumulation of mercury in the carcase

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Health Standards

The effects of replacing all or part of the protein supplied by meat and bone meal with whale meal or whale solubles were studied in four experiments with growing pigs fed diets based on wheat and barley. The growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of pigs receiving whale meal were equal to those fed meat and bone meal, whereas the performance of pigs fed whale solubles was inferior. Both whale meal and whale solubles contained mercury which accumulated in the tissues of growing pigs. The level of mercury accumulated was related to the dietary concentration and type of whale product, the period of time during which it was fed, and the type of carcase tissue. Whale meal contained more mercury than whale solubles and produced higher concentrations of mercury in the tissues. The levels of mercury in the tissues of pigs at 45 kg liveweight were lower than those of pigs at 80-85 kg liveweight. When the diets included more than 1 per cent whalemeal or 3 per cent whale solubles, the carcases contained more mercury than is tolerated by the health standards.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 2. The effect of level of meat meal or meat and bone meal in wheat-based diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Wheat based diets containing 10, 20, or 30 per cent of meat meal or meat and bone meal were fed at a daily rate of 3.5 per cent of liveweight to Large White pigs in the 40-160 lb liveweight range. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined on pigs fed the meat and bone meal diets. Increasing the inclusion level of both meat meal and meat and bone meal from 10 to 20 per cent significantly increased the lean content of the ham and tended to improve daily gain and feed conversion. Including meat and bone meal at 30 per cent of the diet resulted in a significant depression of growth rate and feed conversion efficiency between 40 and 160 lb liveweight. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets containing meat and bone meal decreased as the level of meal increased. Nitrogen retention appeared to be greatest at the 20 per cent level.

The partial replacement of soybean meal by amino acids in pig rations based on wheat and sorghum

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 400 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Beames ◽  
PM Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Slaughter Weight

In five experiments involving 104 pigs, rations consisting of grain and 15 per cent soyhean meal as the major components were compared with rations of grain plus 7.5 per cent soybean meal in combination with lysine and methionine. In three of the experiments, comparisons were also made between wheat and sorghum as basal grains. The results showed a response in growth rate and feed efficiency to the addition of 0.24 per cent L-lysine HCl.2H2O either with or without 0.20 per cent DL-methionine to rations of grain plus 7.5 per cent soybean meal. From weaning to 45 kg body weight the growth rates of pigs fed these amino acidsupplemented rations were consistently less than those obtained with pigs fed the grain plus 15 per cent soybean meal rations, although not always significantly so. From 45 kg to the final slaughter weight of approximately 90 kg, only in one experiment were the results obtained with the rations containing 7.5 per cent soybean meal plus amino acids significantly less than those obtained with the 15 per cent soybean meal rations. Where comparisons were made between wheat and sorghum, the wheat-based rations consistently produced better growth rates and feed efficiencies, and in one experiment better carcase measurements.

Amino acid digestibility in six sources of meat and bone meal, blood meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M.D.L. Navarro ◽  
J.K. Mathai ◽  
N.W. Jaworski ◽  
H.H. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Ileal Digestibility

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) by growing pigs was determined in blood meal and six sources of meat and bone meal (MBM). Eighteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight: 69.3 ± 4.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 9 incomplete Latin square design with four periods and nine diets, giving eight replications per diet. One diet included 33% soybean meal (SBM) as the sole source of AA. Seven diets contained 9% blood meal or 9% of one of the six sources of MBM and 22% SBM as the only AA containing ingredients. The last diet was a nitrogen (N) free diet. Results indicated that the SID of all AAs were different (P < 0.05) among the six sources of MBM, but the SID of lysine (Lys) could not be predicted from the ratio between Lys and crude protein. For some, but not all AAs, the average SID in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than in blood meal, but for most AAs the SID in MBM was less (P < 0.05) than in SBM. It is concluded that, as is the case for most other co-products, differences in concentration and SID of AAs among sources of MBM exist.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

scholarly journals Copy number variation of amylase alpha 2B gene is associated with feed efficiency traits in Large White pigs--title not given--

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Yoshidomi ◽  
Kazuaki Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuya Takizawa ◽  
Satoshi Nikaido ◽  
Tetsuya Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Number Variation

Copy number variation (CNV) of the AMY gene in humans has been enthusiastically studied for its association with starch digestibility and obesity. The alpha-amylase (AMY) is a major starch digestive enzyme in mammals. This study aimed to determine the association between CNV of the porcine pancreatic amylase (AMY2B) gene and feed efficiency. Improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs is of great economic interest. We assayed the copy number of AMY2B by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a Large White pig population. We identified three genotypes for AMY2B CNVs, namely I/I (homozygotes of haplotype I; a chromosome with one copy of AMY2B), I/II (heterozygotes of haplotype I and II; a chromosome with two copies) and II/II (homozygotes of haplotype II). We tested the genotypes of the parental generation consisting of six males, 21 females and 265 offspring piglets to validate the AMY2B CNV genotyping. With very few mistyping exceptions, copy numbers of AMY2B were transmitted to piglets in segregation ratios following Mendelian inheritance. Finally, we performed an association analysis between the CNV of the AMY2B gene and feed efficiency traits in 207 uncastrated male pigs. The generalised linear model analysis showed the significant effects of AMY2B CNV genotype on average daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio during growth from 30 kg to 100 kg body weight. However, it was not associated with average daily gain, backfat thickness and loin eye muscle area. Individuals with the genotype I/I had about 76.6 ± 27.1 g lower average daily feed intake, 5.35 ± 1.90 kg lower total feed intake and 0.089 8 ± 0.026 5 lower feed conversion ratio than individuals with I/II and II/II genotypes. Thus, AMY2B CNV has the potential to be an effective genetic marker that could reduce feed costs for pig farming.  

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