scholarly journals Nod2 is required for the regulation of commensal microbiota in the intestine

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (37) ◽  
pp. 15813-15818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja ◽  
Tomas Hrncir ◽  
Yuen-Joyce Liu ◽  
Amlan Biswas ◽  
Tomas Hudcovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Mucosal Homeostasis ◽  
Deficient Mice

Mutations in the Nod2 gene are among the strongest genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ileal Crohn's disease, but the exact contributions of Nod2 to intestinal mucosal homeostasis are not understood. Here we show that Nod2 plays an essential role in controlling commensal bacterial flora in the intestine. Analysis of intestinal bacteria from the terminal ilea of Nod2-deficient mice showed that they harbor an increased load of commensal resident bacteria. Furthermore, Nod2-deficient mice had a diminished ability to prevent intestinal colonization of pathogenic bacteria. In vitro, intestinal crypts isolated from terminal ilea of Nod2-deficient mice were unable to kill bacteria effectively, suggesting an important role of Nod2 signaling in crypt function. Interestingly, the expression of Nod2 is dependent on the presence of commensal bacteria, because mice re-derived into germ-free conditions expressed significantly less Nod2 in their terminal ilea, and complementation of commensal bacteria into germ-free mice induced Nod2 expression. Therefore, Nod2 and intestinal commensal bacterial flora maintain a balance by regulating each other through a feedback mechanism. Dysfunction of Nod2 results in a break-down of this homeostasis.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma domestica, Val.) terhadap Bakteri Usus secara in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Didiek Hardiyanto Soegiantoro ◽  
Gregory Hope Soegiantoro ◽  
Intan Selvyanti Waruwu ◽  
Yanti Octavia Theressia
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Turmeric Extract ◽  
Diarrhea Disease

The use of turmeric rhizome to treat diarrhea is written in the original Indonesian medicinal manuscript. Diarrhea disease is still a public health problem in Indonesia, because of its high morbidity and mortality. The morbidity survey conducted by Indonesian Ministry of Health shows an increasing incidence trend. One of the causes of diarrhea is an uncontrolled increase in the number of intestinal bacteria and infection by intestinal pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of the turmeric rhizome preparation process, both traditionally and by extraction method by maceration and soxhletation on antibacterial activity, especially intestinal bacteria, so that it can be applied by the traditional medicine industry as well as traditional herbal medicine sellers (“jamu gendong”). The research method used was to test the antibacterial activity of fresh turmeric juice, pre-dried turmeric juice, turmeric extract by maceration using 95% ethanol, and turmeric extract by soxhletation at 100°C using 95% ethanol. The intestinal bacteria used in this study were Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterolitica, Vibrio nonagglutinable, and Shigella flexneri. The results of this study indicate that the treatment process using the traditional method, both fresh turmeric juice and pre-dried turmeric juice, does not show any antibacterial activity. Turmeric extract by maceration showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. Turmeric extract by soxhletation showed antibacterial activity against all bacterias and the greatest against Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria. The conclusion of this study is that the most appropriate method used to process turmeric rhizome as a medicine for diarrhea caused by bacteria is the extraction method by maceration or soxhletation. The greatest antibacterial effect is against the Vibrio nonagglutinable bacteria.

Gas supersaturation in the cecal wall of mice due to bacterial CO2production

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1311-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Rasmussen ◽  
Gunnvald Kvarstein ◽  
Helge Johnsen ◽  
Hubert Dirven ◽  
Tore Midtvedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Cecal Wall ◽  
Mixture Formula ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora

Pco2in the lumen and serosa of cecum and jejunum was measured in mice. The anesthetic used was a fentanyl-fluanisone-midazolam mixture.[Formula: see text] was recorded in vivo and postmortem. [Formula: see text] was 409 ± 32 Torr (55 ± 4 kPa) in the cecal lumen and 199 ± 22 Torr (27 ± 3 kPa) on the serosa in normal mice. Irrigation of the cecum resulted in serosal and luminal [Formula: see text]levels of 65–75 Torr. Cecal [Formula: see text]was significantly lower in germ-free mice (65 ± 5 Torr). Cecal[Formula: see text] increased significantly after introduction of normal bacterial flora into germ-free mice. Introduction of bacterial monocultures into germ-free mice had no effect. After the deaths of the mice, cecal[Formula: see text] increased rapidly in normal mice. The intestinal bacteria produced the majority of the cecal[Formula: see text], and the use of tonometry in intestinal segments with a high bacterial activity should be interpreted with caution. We propose that serosal[Formula: see text] levels >150–190 Torr (20–25 kPa) in the cecum of mice with a normal circulation may represent a state of gas supersaturation in the cecal wall.

scholarly journals Contribution of gut bacteria to the metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside in human microbiota-associated rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1433-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Hanske ◽  
Wolfram Engst ◽  
Gunnar Loh ◽  
Silke Sczesny ◽  
Michael Blaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Dihydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Human Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The Impact

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major dietary anthocyanins implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases. To evaluate the impact of human intestinal bacteria on the fate of C3G in the host, we studied the metabolism of C3G in human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats in comparison with germ-free (GF) rats. Urine and faeces of the rats were analysed for C3G and its metabolites within 48 h after the application of 92 μmol C3G/kg body weight. In addition, we tested the microbial C3G conversion in vitro by incubating C3G with human faecal slurries and selected human gut bacteria. The HMA rats excreted with faeces a three times higher percentage of unconjugated C3G products and a two times higher percentage of conjugated C3G products than the GF rats. These differences were mainly due to the increased excretion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid. Only the urine of HMA rats contained peonidin and 3-hydroxycinnamic acid and the percentage of conjugated C3G products in the urine was decreased compared with the GF rats. Overall, the presence of intestinal microbiota resulted in a 3·7 % recovery of the C3G dose in HMA rats compared with 1·7 % in GF rats. Human intestinal bacteria rapidly degraded C3G in vitro. Most of the C3G products were also found in the absence of bacteria, but at considerably lower levels. The higher concentrations of phenolic acids observed in the presence of intestinal bacteria may contribute to the proposed beneficial health effects of C3G.

scholarly journals 91 Electronic probes for assessment of changes in gastrointestinal microbiome in nursery pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Scott D Carter ◽  
Kitty Cardwell ◽  
Andres Espindola Camacho ◽  
Ishtar Silva Lara
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Metagenomic Sequence ◽  
Nursery Pigs

Abstract Gut microbiota play an important role in extraction, synthesis and absorption of nutrients. Commensal bacteria prevent pathogenic bacteria colonization and maintain intestinal epithelium integrity. The most common families of commensal bacteria in nursery pigs are Prevotellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospitaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Ruminicoccaceae and Streptoccocaceae. Understanding the microbial abundance shifts that causes health disruption leading to diarrhea and stunted growth performance can be of great benefit for developing mitigation strategies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology facilitates metagenomic approaches, developing sequencing profile representing any and all organisms within a sample. Electronic-probe Diagnostic Nucleic acid Analysis (EDNA) is a bioinformatic tool originally developed to detect species-specific plant pathogen targets in metagenomic databases. EDNA has been shown to reduce time to detect microbial signatures in large metagenomic sequence data. However, it has not previously been used as a metagenomic tool for assessing microbiome composition at the family level. Therefore, a metagenomic sequencing based in silico detection of gut microbiota using E-probes of the seven most common commensal families was developed and further validated in vitro. E-probes were designed from the selected families as follows, Prevotellaceae (89,565), Clostridiaceae (58,554), Erysipelotrichaceae (195), Lachnospitaceae (87), Lactobacillaceae (211,507), Ruminicoccaceae (14,575) and Streptoccocaceae (54,632). Fecal metagenomes of nursery pigs from 0, 7, 14, and 21 d were used to validate the E-probes. The hits were able to detect the relative abundance variations of the 4-time periods. The results between hits and reads were as follows, Prevotellaceae (r2 = 0.98), Clostridiaceae (r2 = 0.99), Erysipelotrichaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lachnospitaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lactobacillaceae (r2 = 0.91), Ruminicoccaceae (r2 = 0.99) and Streptoccocaceae (r2 = 0.98). These results validate in silico usage of E-probes to detect the relative abundance variations in gut microbiota. Further in vitro validation will be performed to assess the microbial changes related to diet in nursery pigs.

scholarly journals In Vitro Selective Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Cambodian and Philippine Plants Used in Folk Medicine for Diarrhea Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Kudera ◽  
Barbora Fiserova ◽  
Marie Korytakova ◽  
Ivo Doskocil ◽  
Hana Salmonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Cancer ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Bacterial diarrhea remains a global health problem, especially in developing tropical countries. Moreover, dysbiosis caused by diarrheagenic bacteria and inappropriate antimicrobial treatment has been associated with intestinal carcinogenesis. Despite the rich tradition of the use of herbs for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Cambodian and Philippine folk medicine, many of them have not yet been systematically studied for their in vitro selective inhibitory effects on intestinal bacteria and cells. In the present study, in vitro inhibitory activities of 35 ethanolic extracts derived from 32 Cambodian and Philippine medicinal plants were determined by broth microdilution method against 12 pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against intestinal cancer cells (Caco-2 and HT-29) using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay and safety to six beneficial intestinal bacteria (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and intestinal normal cells (FHs 74 Int) were determined for the antimicrobially active extracts. Selectivity indices (SIs) were calculated among the averages of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), and 80% inhibitory concentrations of proliferation (IC80) for each type of the tested agents. The extracts of Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. (Moraceae), Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr. (Ancistrocladaceae), and Pentacme siamensis (Miq.) Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) produced significant growth-inhibitory effects (MICs = 32–512 μg/ml) against intestinal pathogenic bacteria at the concentrations nontoxic to normal intestinal cells (IC80 values >512 μg/ml; SIs = 0.11–0.2). Moreover, the extract of P. siamensis (Miq.) Kurz was relatively safe to beneficial bacteria (MICs ≥512 μg/ml; SI = 0.1), and together with A. blancoi (Elmer) Merr., they selectively inhibited intestinal cancer cells (IC50 values ≥51.98 ± 19.79 μg/ml; SIs = 0.3 and 0.6). Finally, a strong selective antiproliferative effect on cancer cells (IC50 values 37.89 ± 2.68 to 130.89 ± 13.99 μg/ml; SIs = 0.5) was exerted by Ehretia microphylla Lam. (Boraginaceae), Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Gagnep. (Lythraceae), and Melastoma saigonense (Kuntze) Merr. (Melastomataceae) (leaves with flower buds). The results suggest that the above-mentioned species are promising materials for the development of new selective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents for the treatment of infectious diarrhea and associated intestinal cancer diseases. However, further research is needed regarding the isolation and identification of their active constituents.

scholarly journals Commensal bacterial-derived retinoic acid primes host defense to intestinal infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivienne Woo ◽  
Emily M. Eshleman ◽  
Jordan Whitt ◽  
Seika Hashimoto-Hill ◽  
Shu-en Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Infection

SummaryInteractions between the microbiota and mammalian host are essential for effective defense against pathogenic infection; however, the microbial-derived cues that mediate this beneficial relationship remain unclear. Here, we find that the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-associated commensal bacteria, Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB), promotes early protection against the bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, independently of CD4+ T cells. Global analyses demonstrated that SFB induced histone modifications in IECs at sites enriched for the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) motif. Interestingly, SFB-colonized mice exhibited greater expression of RAR targets during infection relative to germ-free mice, suggesting SFB may enhance defense through retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Consistent with this, supplementing germ-free mice with RA decreased pathogen levels. Further, mice with impaired RA-responsiveness in IECs displayed increased susceptibility to C. rodentium infection. RA was elevated in the intestine of mice colonized with SFB, indicating that the presence of commensal bacteria can modulate intestinal RA levels. However, this regulation by SFB was not dependent on mammalian RA production. Sequence analyses suggested that RA-generating enzymes are expressed by a subset of commensal bacteria. Remarkably, RA was produced by intestinal bacteria including SFB, and inhibiting RA signaling blocked SFB-induced protection against C. rodentium infection. These data collectively reveal RA as an unexpected microbiota-derived metabolite that primes innate intestinal defense and suggests that pre- and probiotic approaches to elevate RA could prevent or combat pathogenic infection.

Use of Oleic Acid To Reduce the Population of the Bacterial Flora of Poultry Skin

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1282-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HINTON ◽  
KIMBERLY D. INGRAM
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The effect of oleic acid on native bacterial flora of poultry skin was examined. Skin from commercial broiler carcasses was washed once or twice in solutions of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% (wt/vol) oleic acid and rinsed in peptone water. Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci in the rinsates were enumerated. Significantly fewer aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci were recovered from rinsates of skin washed in oleic acid than from control samples. Additionally, fewer bacteria were recovered from rinsates of skin washed in higher concentrations of oleic acid than from skin washed in lower concentrations of the fatty acid. In most cases, there was no significant difference in the number of bacteria recovered from rinsates of skin washed once or twice in solutions of oleic acid. Washing skin samples twice in 10% solutions of oleic acid significantly reduced the number of aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, and enterococci that remained attached to the skin. Campylobacter sp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes isolates possessed the least resistance to the antibacterial activity of oleic acid in vitro, while Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher resistance. Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus lentus, and Salmonella Typhimurium had the greatest resistance to the antibacterial activity of oleic acid. Findings indicate that oleic acid reduces the number of bacteria on the skin of processed broilers and that the fatty acid is bactericidal to several spoilage and pathogenic bacteria associated with poultry.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI FRAKSI DAUN CABE RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Solid Diffusion ◽  
Pepper Leaves ◽  
Normal Bacterial Flora

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus is a normal bacterial flora found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can also overgrow and invade under certain conditions, act as pathogenic bacteria that cause various diseases or disorders in the body, one of which is a respiratory tract infection. The cayenne pepper plant is widely used by people in the cayenne pepper fruit section as a spice ingredient in various traditional dishes, however, the cayenne pepper leaves are still not widely used. Cayenne pepper leaves contain saponin and phenol group compounds, namely flavonoids, which have inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the most active fraction inhibiting the growth of staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vitro. It carried testing the antibacterial activity of the test plants out by the solid diffusion method. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract fraction from cayenne pepper leaves (Capsicum frutescent L.) Was the most active antibacterial fraction against staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a minimum inhibitory level (MIC) of 10% w / v with a very strong category.

scholarly journals Calreticulin signals upstream of calcineurin and MEF2C in a critical Ca2+-dependent signaling cascade

2005 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Lynch ◽  
Lei Guo ◽  
Pascal Gelebart ◽  
Kaari Chilibeck ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Positive Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Enhancer Factor

We uncovered a new pathway of interplay between calreticulin and myocyte-enhancer factor (MEF) 2C, a cardiac-specific transcription factor. We establish that calreticulin works upstream of calcineurin and MEF2C in a Ca2+-dependent signal transduction cascade that links the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus during cardiac development. In the absence of calreticulin, translocation of MEF2C to the nucleus is compromised. This defect is reversed by calreticulin itself or by a constitutively active form of calcineurin. Furthermore, we show that expression of the calreticulin gene itself is regulated by MEF2C in vitro and in vivo and that, in turn, increased expression of calreticulin affects MEF2C transcriptional activity. The present findings provide a clear molecular explanation for the embryonic lethality observed in calreticulin-deficient mice and emphasize the importance of calreticulin in the early stages of cardiac development. Our study illustrates the existence of a positive feedback mechanism that ensures an adequate supply of releasable Ca2+ is maintained within the cell for activation of calcineurin and, subsequently, for proper functioning of MEF2C.

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