scholarly journals Unique reproductive strategy in the swamp wallaby

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 5938-5942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon R. Menzies ◽  
Thomas B. Hildebrandt ◽  
Marilyn B. Renfree
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Embryonic Diapause ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Swamp Wallaby

Reproduction in mammals requires distinct cycles of ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, and lactation often interspersed with periods of anoestrus when breeding does not occur. Macropodids, the largest extant species of marsupials, the kangaroos and wallabies, have a very different reproductive strategy to most eutherian mammals whereby young are born at a highly altricial stage of development with the majority of development occurring over a lengthy lactation period. Furthermore, the timings of ovulation and birth in some species occurs within a very short interval of each other (sometimes hours). Female swamp wallabies have an oestrous cycle shorter than their pregnancy length and were, therefore, speculated to mate and form a new embryo before birth thereby supporting two conceptuses at different stages of pregnancy. To confirm this, we used high-resolution ultrasound to monitor reproduction in swamp wallabies during pregnancy. Here, we show that females ovulate, mate, and form a new embryo prepartum while still carrying a full-term fetus in the contralateral uterus. This embryo enters embryonic diapause until the newborn leaves the pouch 9 mo later. Thus, combined with embryonic diapause, females are continuously pregnant and lactating at the same time throughout their reproductive life, a unique reproductive strategy that completely blurs the normal staged system of reproduction in mammals.

The influence of intake of dietary energy in pregnancy and lactation upon sow productivity

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYFifty-two Large White gilts, arranged in thirteen groups of four litter sisters, were allocated at mating to one of four treatment groups. These treatments, arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial, allowed daily energy intakes in pregnancy of 8·3 Meal (H(e)) or 5·2 Meal (L(e)) and of average daily intake during lactation of 20 Meal (h(e)) or 13·8 Meal (m(e)). Daily intakes of protein, minerals and vitamins were similar for all treatments. There were no consistent differences in health or breeding regularity between the treatments.The H(e) sows had a net gain in pregnancy 22 kg greater than the L(e) sows. Feeding the higher level in lactation (h(e) resulted in a reduced sow weight loss during lactation of 20, 12 and 10 kg in the first, second and third parities respectively, as compared with the m(e) sows. There were no consistent effects on the numbers of pigs born apart from the first litter in which L(e) sows produced significantly larger litters at birth. The higher energy intakes in pregnancy and lactation led to very similar increases in the weights of the piglets, of the order of 0.1 kg at birth, 0.4 kg at 3 weeks of age, and 1.1 kg at 8 weeks of age. Sowsgiven the same overall energy intake throughout their reproductive life (H(e) m(e), L(e) h(e)) at the end of the third litter had similar live weights and had produced a similar total weight of weaned pigs. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals WINTER-SPRING NUTRITION AND MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON EWE AND LAMB PERFORMANCE

1984 ◽  
pp. 190-198
Author(s):  
D.C. Smeaton ◽  
P.V. Rattray
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Management Effects

Aspects of the above theme were investigated in 5 trials. Trial 1 compared the effects of high and low nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on ewe and iamb production. Ewe live weight was substantially affected by nutrition treatment during pregnancy but carry-over effects on live weight at weaning were small. Nutrition during lactation strongly affected both lamb and ewe weaning weights. Ewe and lamb losses were not affected by nutrition at any stage. The results implied that ewes can be quite severely restricted on pasture during pregnancy in order to save feed for the much more important lactation period. Trials 2 and 3 investigated the management of ewes fed at maintenance levels in mid-pregnancy. The treatments consisted of various grazing durations where the ewes were shifted from one pasture break to another after a specific grazing duration, as defined by their treatment. These treatments consisted of grazing durations ranging from 3 to 56 days. Liveweight differences occurred during the 56-dav trial period but at the end there was only 2.5kg difference between extreme treatments. This suggests that where ewes are on restricted feeding during pregnancy to conserve pasture reserves, grazing duration has little consistent impact on final ewe live weight and performance. However, for several reasons, a shorter duration (3-7 days) is preferred. Trials 4 and 5 compared several winter-spring management treatments. Ewes on a 35day (short) rotation during pregnancy versus those on a 70day (long) rotation had less pasture on their farmlet at lambing (930 V. 1030 kg/ha). As a consequence the short rotation ewes were 1.5 kg lighter at weaning. Their lambs ware 2.3 kg lighter. In another comparison, set-stocking ewes 4 weeks before lambing compared with at lambing disadvantaged the ewes and lambs by 2-3 kg at weaning. The ewes set-stocked 4 weeks before lambing had consumed most of their winter reserves by lambing. In Trial 5, rotational grazing after lambing until weaning versus set-stocking, disadvantaged the ewes and iambs by 4 and 3 kg respectively at weaning. This was probably because the rotation length of 21 days in the rotational group was too long. Management implications from these results are discussed. Keywords: winter, spring, nutrition, grazing management, ewes, lambs, pregnancy, lactation, grazing duration, rotational grazing, set stocking.

Drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 2876-2882
Author(s):  
Stefan Verlohren
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnant women with pre-existing cardiovascular disease may require drug therapy during their pregnancy and lactation period. There are no uniform recommendations for selection of medications, dosing, and timing of treatment. Possible adverse or teratogenic effects of the drugs on the fetus must be weighed against the maternal indication of drug treatment. This chapter gives an overview of medical treatment options for cardiovascular diseases in pregnancy. Furthermore, sources of evidence which can be used for risk classification of drugs applied during pregnancy are shown.

Multigenerational effects of chronic maternal exposure to a high sugar/fat diet and physical training

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Martins Terra ◽  
Tamiris Schaeffer Fontoura ◽  
Audryo Oliveira Nogueira ◽  
Jéssica Ferraz Lopes ◽  
Paulo Cézar de Freitas Mathias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Sedentary Control ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Maternal Exercise ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Multigenerational Effects

AbstractPregnant individuals who overeat are more likely to predispose their fetus to the development of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Physical training is a prevention and treatment interventional strategy that could treat these disorders, since it improves metabolism and body composition. This study assessed the protective effect of physical exercise against possible metabolic changes in generations F1 and F2, whose mothers were subjected to a high-sugar/high-fat (HS/HF) diet. Wistar rats belonging to generation F0 were distributed into four groups (n = 10): sedentary control (CSed), exercised control (CExe), sedentary HS/HF diet (DHSed) and exercised HS/HF diet (DHExe). From 21 to 120 days of age, maintained during pregnancy and lactation period, CSed/CExe animals received standard feed and DHSed/DHExe animals a HS/HF diet. Animals from the CExe/DHExe underwent physical training from 21 to 120 days of age. Male and female F1 and F2 received a normocaloric feed and did not perform any physical training, categorized into four groups (n = 10) according to the maternal group to which they belonged to. An increase in body weight, adiposity and glucose, and a change in lipid profile in F0 were observed, while exercise reduced the biochemical parameters comparing DHSed with DHExe. Maternal exercise had an effect on future generations, reducing adiposity, glucose and triglyceride concentrations, and preventing deleterious effects on glucose tolerance. Maternal overeating increased health risks both for mother and offspring, demonstrating that an HS/HF diet intake promotes metabolic alterations in the offspring. Importantly, the physical training performed by F0 proved to be protective against such effects.

THE EFFECT OF AGE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ON THE THYMUS GLAND AND LYMPH NODES OF THE MOUSE

1961 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLORENCE J. PEPPER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cortisone Acetate ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of Age

SUMMARY The behaviour of the superficial lymph nodes differs from that of the thymus gland during the various phases of life of the mouse. In male and female Strong A mice the thymus gland regresses with age, but the superficial lymph nodes do not. During pregnancy the thymus undergoes an accelerated temporary regression, but regenerates soon after the end of the lactation period (earlier in non-lactating post-partum females). The superficial lymph nodes show a lesser temporary regression which, however, does not become evident until after parturition. Their regeneration occurs after the lactation period, and after a corresponding period in non-lactating post-partum females. The difference in behaviour of the thymus and of the superficial lymph nodes is probably an indication of the greater sensitivity of the thymus to the increased output of adrenocortical hormones which occurs during pregnancy. Repeated injections of cortisone acetate into the intact animal induce a response in the thymus gland and superficial lymph nodes similar to that evoked by pregnancy.

scholarly journals Experimental diet based on the foods listed in the Family Budget Survey is more detrimental to growth than to the reflex development of rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Figueiredo Carvalho ◽  
Meury Kétteryn Monteiro Evangelista da Costa ◽  
Gisélia de Santana Muniz ◽  
Raul Manhães de Castro ◽  
Elizabeth do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Physical Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Reflex Control ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the pregnancy and lactation performances of rats fed an experimental diet based on the foods listed in the Family Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar) 2002/2003 and the impact of said diet on the growth and development of the pups until weaning. METHODS: Wistar (n=12) rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (control group, n=6) fed a commercial chow (Labina®, Brazil) and an experimental group (n=6) fed the Family Budget Survey diet during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. All animals had free access to food and water during the entire study period. RESULTS: The Family Budget Survey diet increased the duration of pregnancy (control group=21.00±0.00; POFG=21.57±0.55, p=0.025) and made the dams lose weight during the lactation period (control group=27.92±18.47g; POFG=-15.66±16.90g). The Family Budget Survey group presented low food, energy and nutrient intakes during pregnancy, which became even lower during lactation. Pups from Family Budget Survey dams presented lower body weight at weaning (control group=52.38±4.49g; POFG=39.88±2.78g, p=0.001) and lower nose-to-anus length (control group= 117.37±0.64mm; POFG=125.62±0.96mm, p=0.001). However, some physical milestones and reflexes occurred earlier, such as the placing response reflex [control group= 12.00 (9.00-15.00) days; POFG=9.50 (9.00-14.00) days] aerial righting reflex [control group=18.00 (17.00-20.00) days; POFG=16.00 (13.00-18.00) days] and unfolding of the external ear [control group=3.00 (3.00-3.00) days; POFG=2.00 (2.00-3.00) days]. CONCLUSION: The Family Budget Survey diet seems to be more detrimental to the physical growth of the pups than to their brain growth, according to the assessed reflexes and physical milestones and measures. This may be due to the low protein content of the diet for rat reproduction and growth combined with adequate fat and essential fatty acid contents. Providing an adequate amount of protein to the Family Budget Survey diet may normalize pup growth.

scholarly journals Perilaku Harian Monyet Hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) pada Masa Kebuntingan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
ANDRE PASETHA ◽  
DYAH PERWITASARI FARAJALLAH ◽  
. GHOLIB
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
International Union ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic primates in Sulawesi is the most endangered macaque species that has been categorized as critically endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology in associated with the behavioral during pregnancy. The data is important to support a management and breeding programs such as pregnancy diagnostic and conservation program in this species. The research aimed was to study the behavior of the crested macaques during pregnancy. Observations were performed on the 10 adult females of the group of Rambo 1 (R1) which has been habituated at Tangkoko-Batuangus Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and recorded using instantanaeous sampling on females during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and after parturition (lactation). During five months observations, a total of 393.63 observation hours were recorded. The results showed that daily activities of the M. nigra during menstrual cycling were dominated by feeding (26.60%), foraging (15.95%), and locomotion (16.16%). Daily activities during pregnancy was dominated by feeding (27.03%), foraging (16.37%), and resting (13.45%), whereas after parturition (lactation) period is dominated by resting (26.12%), foraging (19.51%), and feeding (14.98%). The resting was the most activity in the end of pregnancy and few day after parturition. The diets were collected successfully composed of the fruits (34 species), arthropods (3 species, 2 families, 4 orders), fungi (4 genus), and plants (5 species). Climate was influenced on the composition of the diet, especially on fruit and arthropods. In conclusion, the activity budgets were different during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, especially feeding, foraging, locomotion, and resting. 

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