Ethics and aesthetics are one

Babel ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-263
Author(s):  
Virginia Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Cultural Mediators ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fundamental Values

Abstract In the post-modern world where thinking of pluralism and relativism is prevalent (Honeysett 2002), fundamental values such as respect for life pertinent to the health and welfare of humanity should remain unchanged in order to preserve the culture from corrosion. In this paper, through examining creativity in translation and creative writing (Zawawy 2008; Perteghella and Loffredo 2006), macro- and micro- strategies of translating a Chinese prose into an English play will be discussed, with the aim to explore the notion, “creativity is culturally variable” (Carter 2016) in literary translation. I would concur with Ludwig Wittgenstein who stated, “ethics and aesthetics are one” (1961), and argue that genres and forms of expression might vary in cross-cultural translation, semantic content and message should still be unaltered. Literary translators can act as cultural mediators to advocate peace. So to “develop an understanding of translation strategies and of the vital role that creativity plays throughout the translation/interpreting process” (Levý in Beylard-Ozeroff, Králová and Moser-Mercer 1998) can help translators build bridges rather than promote violence, to foster diversity rather than divisiveness. As such, I would explore how a translator can translate cultures with respect, integrity and creativity in the midst of tensions, confrontations and conflicts due to misunderstandings linguistically and culturally. As Vezzaro (2010: 10) put it, “to come closer to feeling compassion, which is what writing and translating is ultimately all about.” This will call for efforts to translate texts with faithfulness and the right degree of creativity (Grassilli 2014), making good decisions at individual levels and beyond. This will also require cultural understanding and collaboration at national and even international levels.

Cross-cultural literary translation strategies within a Maltese bilingual context

Babel ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-168
Author(s):  
Kenneth Grima
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Useful Flow ◽  
Culture Bias

Abstract The process of literary translation includes the source culture-specific elements that constitute an integral part of the source text. This paper aims to identify and analyse various translation strategic processes that could be adopted in translating cultural factors within the parameters of a Maltese bilingual, but not necessarily bicultural, context. Each of the suggested strategic procedures is presented in useful flow-chart formats, varying from source language/source culture to target language/target culture bias approach in order to keep cultural losses to a minimum whilst maximising cultural gains and, therefore, to make the transformation of the source text into the target text successful. Such flow-charts are aimed to provide the literary translator with a rapid means of achieving an adequate and satisfying suggested solution for a quality cross-cultural transposition of the cultural elements encountered within a bilingual context. In certain instances, it is also suggested that some strategies are used concurrently with others. To achieve this aim, an extended practical translation exercise by the author himself is used. This paper also helps to strengthen further both the level of research in narrative translation studies in general, and the research done in Maltese narrative literary translation from a cultural point of view.

scholarly journals THE LAW AS VALUE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (88) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Baikovs
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fundamental Values

The paper deals with the category of “values”, the right as a value, and fundamental values of law; including freedom, justice, and equality are analyzed.The relevance of the research is determined not only by the apparent lack of exploration of the problem but also by the fact that the value of right and legal values determine direction and meaning, as well as the content of the rules of law, which is their normative expression, and, ultimately, appearing as a kind of basis for the legal culture, the source of the legal consciousness’s formation and establishing a legal order, ensuring the efficiency of legal regulations due to the using the embodiment in reality of freedom, justice, equality.Legal norms themselves acquire the importance of values and become the subject of evaluation. Among values themselves, which act as an ideal justification of the rules of law, the rules of law themselves and assessments, on the one hand, there are not only close ties but also mutual transitions. Therefore, both their interrelated explanations and differentiation are necessary.In this regard, the role and importance of rights and of the abovestated legal values, including the historically-legal aspect, their historical conditionality are disclosed, the semantic content and the importance in the establishment of the legitimacy regime are analyzed, the points of view expressed in the  research literature on the nature of legal values, signs, hierarchy,  the role in social and normative regulation are considered, the difference between value and the object of value or good is emphasized.

scholarly journals Dethroning Dante: Skopostheorie in Action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Timothy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Seamus Heaney ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
English Translations ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Rhyme Scheme ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The Right

<p>Dante’s Commedia has been translated into English more than one hundred times. As a result, there are plenty of opposing opinions on how best to translate Dante’s masterwork. One can mimic Dante’s rhyme scheme (terza rima), utilize a more conventional English metre or rhyme scheme, or resort to a prose translation that abandons any attempt to reproduce Dante’s poetics. It is the purpose of this study to demonstrate that all of these are, in the right context, appropriate translation strategies; no platonic ideal translation strategy exists. To provide a more tolerant approach to translations of Dante’s poetry, I employ a translation theory called Skopostheorie (skopos theory). This theory argues that each translation has its own unique purpose (skopos); there are any number of (valid) strategies available to the translator. This theory is often seen as extreme, providing the translator with too much freedom to manipulate the text. Accordingly, this thesis first makes a case for the application of Skopostheorie in literary translation, attempting to defend it against its critics. Second, this essay exhibits how the theory may be applied in practice. To demonstrate its application, I look at three very different English translations of the first canto of Dante’s Inferno published during the 1990s. These translations are by Seamus Heaney (1993), Steve Ellis (1994), and Robert M. Durling (1996). In doing so, I hope to identify the various approaches of these translators, to demonstrate the breadth of options available to translators of Dante’s capolavoro, and to add to the discourse on the reception of Dante in the English-speaking world.</p>

scholarly journals Translation and Stylistics: A Case Study of Tawfiq al-Hakeem’s “Sparrow from the East”

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Muna Alhaj-Saleh Salama Al-Ajrami ◽  
Esra’a Mujahed Al-Muhiesen
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Having a background in major linguistic disciplines gives the translator a better understanding of the text, which leads to producing a more adequate and accurate translation of the text. This study aims at showing the problems that translators encounter in the translation of literary texts. It also shows the relationship between translation and novel stylistics. This study is based on translating a novel titled “Sparrow from the East” by Tawfiq Al-Hakeem. The text was translated by the researchers from Arabic into English. The researchers also came into three major challenges in terms of syntax, lexis, and stylistic. As a result of this study, the researchers used several translation strategies to overcome those problems and concluded to the fact that stylistics has a vital role in literary translation.

scholarly journals Dethroning Dante: Skopostheorie in Action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Timothy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Seamus Heaney ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
English Translations ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Rhyme Scheme ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The Right

<p>Dante’s Commedia has been translated into English more than one hundred times. As a result, there are plenty of opposing opinions on how best to translate Dante’s masterwork. One can mimic Dante’s rhyme scheme (terza rima), utilize a more conventional English metre or rhyme scheme, or resort to a prose translation that abandons any attempt to reproduce Dante’s poetics. It is the purpose of this study to demonstrate that all of these are, in the right context, appropriate translation strategies; no platonic ideal translation strategy exists. To provide a more tolerant approach to translations of Dante’s poetry, I employ a translation theory called Skopostheorie (skopos theory). This theory argues that each translation has its own unique purpose (skopos); there are any number of (valid) strategies available to the translator. This theory is often seen as extreme, providing the translator with too much freedom to manipulate the text. Accordingly, this thesis first makes a case for the application of Skopostheorie in literary translation, attempting to defend it against its critics. Second, this essay exhibits how the theory may be applied in practice. To demonstrate its application, I look at three very different English translations of the first canto of Dante’s Inferno published during the 1990s. These translations are by Seamus Heaney (1993), Steve Ellis (1994), and Robert M. Durling (1996). In doing so, I hope to identify the various approaches of these translators, to demonstrate the breadth of options available to translators of Dante’s capolavoro, and to add to the discourse on the reception of Dante in the English-speaking world.</p>

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

TRANSLATION AS MENTAL INTERPRETATION ACTIVITY IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Svitlana Gruschko
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Language

In the article the phenomenon of translation is regarded as mental interpretation activity not only in linguistics, but also in literary criticism. The literary work and its translation are most vivid guides to mental and cultural life of people, an example of intercultural communication. An adequate perception of non-native culture depends on communicators’ general fund of knowledge. The essential part of such fund of knowledge is native language, and translation, being a mediator, is a means of cross-language and cross-cultural communication. Mastering another language through literature, a person is mastering new world and its culture. The process of literary texts’ translation requires language creativity of the translator, who becomes so-called “co-author” of the work. Translation activity is a result of the interpreter’s creativity and a sort of language activity: language units are being selected according to language units of the original text. This kind of approach actualizes linguistic researching of real translation facts: balance between language and speech units of the translated work (i.e. translationinterpretation, author’s made-up words, or revised language peculiarities of the characters). The process of literary translation by itself should be considered within the dimension of a dialogue between cultures. Such a dialogue takes place in the frame of different national stereotypes of thinking and communicational behavior, which influences mutual understanding between the communicators with the help of literary work being a mediator. So, modern linguistics actualizes the research of language activities during the process of literary work’s creating. This problem has to be studied furthermore, it can be considered as one of the central ones to be under consideration while dealing with cultural dimension of the translation process, including the process of solving the problems of cross-cultural communication.

Anti-System Politics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hopkin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Term Result ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

Recent elections in the advanced Western democracies have undermined the basic foundations of political systems that had previously beaten back all challenges—from both the Left and the Right. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency, only months after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, signaled a dramatic shift in the politics of the rich democracies. This book traces the evolution of this shift and argues that it is a long-term result of abandoning the postwar model of egalitarian capitalism in the 1970s. That shift entailed weakening the democratic process in favor of an opaque, technocratic form of governance that allows voters little opportunity to influence policy. With the financial crisis of the late 2000s, these arrangements became unsustainable, as incumbent politicians were unable to provide solutions to economic hardship. Electorates demanded change, and it had to come from outside the system. Using a comparative approach, the text explains why different kinds of anti-system politics emerge in different countries and how political and economic factors impact the degree of electoral instability that emerges. Finally, it discusses the implications of these changes, arguing that the only way for mainstream political forces to survive is for them to embrace a more activist role for government in protecting societies from economic turbulence.

scholarly journals Cultural mediators are needed to fulfill Right to health for all

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Magnusson ◽  
I-Z Jama
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Mediators ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Planner

Abstract The Right to health framework supports available, accessible and acceptable health care of high quality for all (AAAQ). Health of migrants often worsen in the new country. AAAQ may be hindered by poverty, discrimination, health cares' shortcomings and misunderstandings, respectively. Advocating for marginalised groups' Right to health include action. Interventions based on shared influence, participation and control need to be launched. Cultural mediators (CM), i.e. persons that are knowledgeable in both cultures and with networks in migrant groups help overcome lingual problems, lack of trust and uneven power relations. This resource needs to be further examined. How can a CM strengthen AAAQ in a public health setting? Women with Somalian origin living in an underserved neighborhood in Sweden contacted the Public Health Unit of a local hospital, asking for support for a health focused group-activity. Weight loss after delivery was a primary concern. Women gathered monthly 2018-19. The objective was to support healthy life style habits drawing on issues raised by the women. The intervention was conducted by group talks, led by the CM and a public health planner. Methods were based on Social Cognitive Theory focusing on self-efficacy. The CM recruited women, helped them to find the venue, encouraged them to trust the public health planner and broadened perspectives to include female genital mutilation, children's food, how to seek care and workforce issues. Trust developed over time. 70 women participated. Reported gains were raised awareness of ones' rights, increased self-efficacy in relation to food, physical activity and how to support children to a healthy life style. Support for a healthy lifestyle was made more available, accessible and acceptable by the cooperation with the CM, as was the quality of the support. A CM bridges distances regarding spoken language, trust and cultural understanding. S/he puts forward perspectives and needs from the group in question Key messages The Right to health framework highlights areas that need to be in focus when advocating for health equity. Health care workers in settings with many migrants should strive to include cultural mediators in planning, execution and evaluation of interventions.

scholarly journals Mussolini Predicted a Fascist Century: How Wrong Was He?

Fascism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Benito Mussolini ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right ◽  
Wide Community

In the entry on ‘Fascism’ published in 1932 in the Enciclopedia Italiana, Benito Mussolini made a prediction. There were, he claimed, good reasons to think that the twentieth century would be a century of ‘authority’, the ‘right’: a fascist century (un secolo fascista). However, after 1945 the many attempts by fascists to perpetuate the dreams of the 1930s have come to naught. Whatever impact they have had at a local level, and however profound the delusion that fascists form a world-wide community of like-minded ultranationalists and racists revolutionaries on the brink of ‘breaking through’, as a factor in the shaping of the modern world, their fascism is clearly a spent force. But history is a kaleidoscope of perspectives that dynamically shift as major new developments force us to rewrite the narrative we impose on it. What if we take Mussolini’s secolo to mean not the twentieth century, but the ‘hundred years since the foundation of Fascism’? Then the story we are telling ourselves changes radically.

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