The origins and development of Shetland dialect in light of dialect contact theories

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McColl Millar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Founder Effect ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Shetland dialect, the northernmost Scots variety, is something of a conundrum. Although most of its features place it at the end of the Northern Scots dialect continuum, some lexical, phonological and structural features resemble characteristics of more southerly Scots dialects; in particular those of the east central counties and the North-East. This essay approaches this problem from the point of view of recent work on new dialect formation, demonstrating that many of the features associated with this phenomenon — koinéisation, focussing, and the founder effect, among others — can be postulated for the development of Shetland dialect. Because this new dialect was formed further back in time than those previously studied, the pattern of development is rather more complex and difficult to describe than for those formed in the 19th century; moreover, the developing Scots dialect was for a lengthy period in contact with its close relative Norn in the islands. Because of the latter’s associations with local identity, indeed, we could see this as a further founder effect. The essay demonstrates that present-day Shetland dialect was formed in the early 19th century from the supraregional koiné of the original 16th and 17th century Scots-speaking settlers and the heavily Norn-influenced Scots of the first and second generations of islanders who no longer had Norn as a mother tongue.

scholarly journals Mesoscale Morphological Changes of Nearshore Sand Banks since the Early 19th Century, and Their Influence on Coastal Dynamics, Northern France

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa Latapy ◽  
Arnaud Héquette ◽  
Nicolas Pouvreau ◽  
Nicolas Weber ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Robin-Chanteloup
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Nearshore Zone ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Shoreline Evolution ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sand Bank ◽  
Tidal Sand

Tidal sand banks are common along the coast of northern France facing the North Sea, where they form linear shore-parallel or slightly oblique sand bodies from shallow coastal areas to depths of tens of meters. Hydrographic surveys have been carried out since the 1830s for mapping the seabed of the coastal zone. An analysis of the bathymetry evolution shows significant morphological changes have occurred across the shoreface since the early 19th century, largely due to cross-shore and longshore sand bank migration. Our results show that nearshore sand banks mainly migrated onshore and gained sediment, especially during the 20th century; acting as temporary sediment sinks, which can in turn serve as sand sources for providing sediment to the coast. Alongshore, the migration and elongation of sand banks can be related to tidal asymmetry that is mostly directed to the east-north-east in the region. Shore-perpendicular movement can likely be explained by the action of shore-normal storm-waves in the nearshore zone after their refraction over shallow offshore sand banks. A seaward displacement of sand banks was also observed. This may be related to the combined action of waves and tidal currents which can induce erosion on one side of the bank, decreasing its width, and eventually leading to its seaward migration. Our observations point out that some nearshore sand banks respond to the action of currents and waves, and interact between each other via feedback morphodynamic processes induced by sand bank morphological changes. The substantial morphologic changes that affected the nearshore zone of northern France during the last centuries probably had large impacts on coastal hydrodynamics and associated shoreline evolution.

scholarly journals MUTUAL RELATIONS OF COMMUNITIES OF SOUTH-WESTERN DAGESTAN WITH GEORGIA AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18th - EARLY 19th CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
Ramazan S. Abdulmajidov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The present article reveals the history of relations between the south-western unions of communities of Dagestan and the Kingdom of Kakheti in the second half of the 18th - early 19th century. It is established that political and economic contacts between them, due to mutual cooperation, were generally of a peaceful and good-neighbourly nature. In the second half of the 18th century there was a significant strengthening of military-political and cultural ties between Georgia and Dagestan. The arrival of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in the early 19th century not only shifted the balance of military and political forces in the region, but also radically changed the nature of trade and economic relations between Dagestan and Georgia. In this regard, the main attention is paid to the processes that began after the loss of Georgian statehood, when the border Dagestan communities tried to negotiate with the new authorities. Furthermore, the author reveals the policy of Dagestan feudal rulers, whom the unions of Dagestan communities saw as intermediaries in their relations with the Russian Empire. On the basis of numerous sources, both already published and identified by the author in the Central historical archive of Georgia, the article considers the most important events that took place in the region during the study period. According to the author, before the appointment of A. P. Ermolov to the Caucasus, St. Petersburg did not rush to assert its power there, content at first with "external signs of citizenship" of the highlanders. With the arrival of the latter, who pursued the policy on the well-known principle of "divide and conquer", the trade and economic blockade of the highlanders of Western Dagestan increased significantly, leading to their subsequent active participation in the people's liberation movement of the highlanders of the North-East Caucasus in the 20-50s' of the 19th century..

Past Verses Present; Metamorphosis in Different Spheres of Guwahati: A Study of Srutimala Duara’s Mindprints of Guwahati

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ankita Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
River Bank ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The City ◽  
Beautiful City

Guwahati derives its name from the Assamese word “Guwa” means areca nut and “Haat” means market. However, the modern Guwahati had been known as the ancient Pragjyotishpura and was the capital of Assam under the Kamrupa kingdom. A beautiful city Guwahati is situated on the south bank of the river Bramhaputra. Moreover, It is known as the largest city in the Indian state of Assam and also the largest metropolis in North East India. It has also its importance as the gateway to the North- East India. Assamese and English are the spoken languages in Guwahati.  In 1667, the Mogul forces were defeated in the battle by the Ahom forces commanded by Lachut Barphukan. Thus, in a sense Guwahati became the bone of contention among the Ahoms, Kochas and the Moguls during the medieval period.  Guwahati the administrative headquarters of Lower Assam with a viceroy or Barbhukan was made by the Ahom king.  Since 1972 it has been the capital of Assam. The present paper will discuss the changes happened in Guwahati over the period of late 1970s till the present time. It will focus on the behavior of people, transformed temples, Panbazar of the city, river bank of Bramhaputra, old Fancy Bazaar, chaotic ways, festivals and seasons including a fifth man made season etc. It will also deal how over the years a city endowed with nature’s gifts and scenic views, has been changing as “a dirty city”. Furthermore, it will also present the insurgencies that have barged into the city. The occurrence of changes will be discussed through the perspective and point of view of Srutimala Duara as presented in her book Mindprints of Guwahati.

THE NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX AS AN INDICATOR OF DYNAMICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haddad Amar ◽  
Beldjazia Amina ◽  
Kadi Zahia ◽  
Redjaimia Lilia ◽  
Rached-Kanouni Malika
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aleppo Pine ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Pine Trees

Mediterranean ecosystems are considered particularly sensitive to climate change. Any change in climatic factors affects the structure and functioning of these ecosystems and has an influence on plant productivity. The main objective of this work is to characterize one of the Mediterranean ecosystems; the Chettaba forest massif (located in the North-East of Algeria) from a vegetation point of view and their link with monthly variations using Landsat 8 satellite images from five different dates (June 25, 2017, July 27, 2017, August 28, 2017, October 15, 2017). The comparison of NDVI values in Aleppo pine trees was performed using analysis of variance and the use of Friedman's non-parametric test. The Mann-Kendall statistical method was applied to the monthly distribution of NDVI values to detect any trends in the data over the study period. The statistical results of NDVI of Aleppo pine trees indicate that the maximum value is recorded in the month of June, while the lowest values are observed in the month of August where the species studied is exposed to periods of thermal stress.

Three new species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida: Dorvilleidae) from a whale-fall in the North-East Atlantic

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2228 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELENA WIKLUND ◽  
ADRIAN G. GLOVER ◽  
THOMAS G. DAHLGREN
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Organic Carbon Flux ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time ◽  
Complex Organic

Three new Ophryotrocha species are described from sites with high levels of organic carbon flux including a whale-fall at 125 m depth off the Swedish coast and sediment sampled at 104 m depth beneath a fish farm in a Norwegian fjord. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear gene H3 and the mitochondrial genes COI and 16S using MrBayes and Maximum Likelihood analyses show that Ophryotrocha eutrophila sp. nov. is a close relative to Ophryotrocha puerilis, while Ophryotrocha craigsmithi sp. nov. falls together with Palpiphitime lobifera, and Ophryotrocha scutellus sp. nov. occur within the 'hartmanni' clade. The genus Ophryotrocha is in our study monophyletic only if the genera Iphitime and Palpiphitime are included. Two representatives of Ophryotrocha previously described from anthropogenically-enriched sediments are here reported for the first time in very high abundance from a naturally occurring habitat. We suggest that whale falls are important habitats for the evolution of ecosystem services such as the degradation of complex organic compounds.

scholarly journals Pandemics in the past Eight Centuries: A Sociological Appraisal

SIASAT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi ◽  
Muhammad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Household Members

The present article intends to reflect the appearance of different pandemics in different periods from sociological point of view. Earlier pandemics used to appear without being able to control them; at the historical times without medications, hospitals, motor vehicles, without communications etc. Millions of people died because of spreading unknown diseases such as flu, cholera, black death, plague and the like. Estimates show that the first 15 events killed over 85 million people. Plague in Italy during some years in the 17th century perished many people vs the least of facilities within reach. Similarly, great plague in Spain in mid 17th century took the lives of a large number of people. Great plague of London also in the second half of the 17th century killed more than 100,000 of citizens. Such events not only directly killed older household members, but created bad lives and deprivation for the younger remaining members in such households. Many of such children had to resort to orphanages. Cholera outbreak also appeared in early 19th century in India, Russia and Africa leaving behind a great number of deaths. The flu pandemic at the end of 19th century killed many people. Many countries came to know more on influenza since then. The outbreak of Coronavirus in 2020 is the worst very widespread and global affecting and infecting many people in all corners of the world. Coronavirus pandemic is wide spreading without being prevented. Despite all the existing facilities, it is killing more than the earlier pandemics in terms of time and space. As education and understanding of people are currently higher than before, they highly feel distressed and disordered.    

scholarly journals SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND BELIEVES OF THE TEA COMMUNITY OF ASSAM: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1213
Author(s):  
Gyanshree Dutta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
North East India ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
The 19Th Century

India is a co-habitation of different casts, socio-cultural, religious groups of people. It is also observed in Assam, the state in the North-East India. It should be noted that the state of Assam has a reputation worldwide in the field of tea production. Since the beginning of tea production in Assam in the 19th century, the Tea Community social group of Assam has been formed with a large number of people working hard in the tea gardens. In this way tea farmers living in Assam since 19th century have become an independent community with their own social and cultural characteristics. The Tea Community of Assam has a lot of individual Characteristics in the socio-cultural aspects. This study attempts to discuss their social folk customs and believes.

scholarly journals SUCCESSION OF COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA: LAW AND PRACTICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Irina V. Potkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Government ◽  
Civil Laws

The article deals with some issues of elaboration of the most important part of civil laws connected with property relations in the field of entrepreneurship. In the early 19th century, Russia was in the process of forming corporate legislation, which put the empire on a par with the advanced Western European countries from this point of view. That fact contributed to the broader development of entrepreneurship, which could legally be carried out in various forms. At the same time, work was carried out on the improvement of such a legal category as the institution of property, on rethinking and generalization of the previous national experience. The legislative activity of the government in the second half of the 19th century focused on the problems of adapting the current norms of law to the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of the country, as well as filling the gaps caused by the abolition of serfdom. The article shows the implementation of legal norms in everyday commercial life using the typical examples of some Russian and foreign joint-stock companies. Ultimately, Russia’s legislation was brought in line with the norms in force in this area in Western European countries. Based on the factual material, contained in various published sources and archival documents, the author concludes that Russian laws created favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity and ensured the protection of the property rights of merchants and manufacturers, allowing them to maintain succession in business legal relationship.

scholarly journals Once More on the Etymology of the Russian Word Mazurik ‘Cheater’ (in Light of the Cultural and Linguistic Image of Mazur in Slavic Traditions)

Slovene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-448
Author(s):  
Elena L. Berezovich ◽  
Valeria S. Kuchko
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Source Language ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Different Origin

The article proves the hypothesis of the origin of the Russian colloquial word mazurik as deriving from the name of the Polish ethnographic group mazury ‘Mazurs’—inhabitants of Mazovia (in central and south-eastern Poland) as well as immigrants from this area to other places, mainly in the north-east. This hypothesis had previously been stated in the literature, but it had not been demonstrated rigorously. The authors show that the word mazurik is included in the big semantic word family that is derived from mazur, by studies focused on nationwide usage and through dialects. Using data from the lexical system and from folklore, the linguistic portrait of the Mazurs in the Russian tradition is reconstructed, and it is compared with linguistic stereotypes of the Mazurs in the source language (Polish) and the languages of peoples in close contact with the Mazurs (Ukrainian and Belarusian). The main features of these portraits are the same in these languages, and they create a negative image of the Mazur in the Slavic tradition, making the “Polish” etymological version semantically legitimate. In addition, the authors prove this hypothesis from the point of view of word formation, linguogeography, and sociolinguistic characteristics of the words under consideration. It is noted that the derivatives of the word family derived from mazur are attracted to the lexemes which have similar form and meaning but different origin, in particular, to derivatives of the verb mazatʹ and the words murza and zamurzannyi. The article contains an overview with commentary of hypotheses about the origin of the Russian mazurik existing in Slavic etymological literature.

scholarly journals Catalan ethnoflora: a meta-analytic approach to life forms and geographic territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Airy Gras ◽  
Montse Parada ◽  
Joan Vallès ◽  
Teresa Garnatje
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
New Approach ◽  
North East ◽  
Plant Life Forms ◽  
The North ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Large Distribution

Abstract Background Catalonia (in the north east of the Iberian Peninsula) is among the most prospected territories in Europe, from the ethnobotanical point of view. The aim of the present paper is to undertake a global analysis in the area considered, including plants, plant life forms, and ethnobotanical data within a physiographic and geographic framework. Methods Data from 21 ethnobotanical prospection areas in Catalonia were collected, analyzed, and compared, with the focus on plant life forms and geographic divisions. Results A total of 824 taxa constitute the Catalan ethnoflora, and 316 of them are shared by the six physiographic zones recognized in Catalonia. When three major geographic areas are considered (Pyrenean, inland, and littoral), 394 taxa have been reported in only one out of the three areas. Concerning life forms, phanerophytes and chamaephytes together, i.e., those taxa present all through the year, are the most cited (37.12%). Conclusions This first study constitutes a new approach to ethnobotanical data analysis. The results show the particular importance of plants with a large distribution area and plants with available biomass throughout the year. Apart from this, other kind of plants, e.g., those present in only one territory, are of interest for its originality and sometimes for the local significance.

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