On the syntax of spoken French

Revue Romane ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Sabio
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Syntactic Description ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Language Description

Abstract This paper gives an account of the research carried out by the Groupe Aixois de Recherche en Syntaxe (GARS, Aix-Marseille University), in the field of spoken French description. Our framework explicitly states the need for two independent but related levels of grammatical description, namely the microsyntactic and macrosyntactic levels. Elaborating a twofold model has allowed us to propose a descriptive method differing from traditional sentence-based analyses, which raise considerable difficulties, especially in the domain of spoken language description. Regarding the “maximal-units” of syntactic description, our framework suggests that two different kinds of units should be postulated: Government-Units and Utterance-Units. The paper illustrates the distinction between the micro- and macro-syntactic components by introducing examples mostly drawn from spoken French corpora.

scholarly journals PEMEROLEHAN MORFEM ANAK USIA 2 TAHUN SAMPAI 2 TAHUN 6 BULAN (THE MORPHEME ACQUISITION OF 2 UP TO 2 YEARS OLD AND A HALF KIDS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Sri Mauliani Zulkifli
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Child Speech ◽  
Descriptive Method

AbstractThe Morpheme Acquisition of 2 Up to 2 Years Old and a Half Kids. The study waslimited in the scope of his language skills, especially in the morpheme children at age 2years to 2 years 6 months. In addition, some parents are still many do not keep up withher well-spoken language development in behavior and development. This study useda qualitative descriptive method. The study was done in order to determine the form ofmorphemes the child, the child form of words that are strung together in a sentence oneword to two word sentences at age 2 years to 2 years 6 months. The research data is amorpheme; free and bound. Techniques used in data collection is provocation, tapping,see the good involved, records and technical notes. The data generated is 150 childrenand 15 free morpheme bound morpheme. Obtained free morphemes more children thanthe bound morpheme. (1) being acquired morpheme children at age 2 years to 2 years6 months, a free morpheme and bound morpheme, (2) form morpheme obtained free ofchildren at age 2 years to 2 years 6 months, (3) form bound morpheme obtained bychildren at age 2 years to 2 years 6 months, and (4) morpheme form obtained from thespeech one word or two-word utterances. Children’s ability to obtain the child’s morphemeto be assembled into one-word utterances and the utterances of two words, even capableof using morpheme as child speech in everyday language.Keywords: free morphemes, bound morphemes, speech.AbstrakPemerolehan Morfem Anak Usia 2 Tahun sampai 2 Tahun 6 Bulan. Penelitian inidibatasi pada ruang lingkup keterampilan berbahasa anaknya khususnya pada morfemanak yang pada usia 2 tahun sampai 2 tahun 6 bulan. Selain itu, masih banyak sebagianorang tua tidak mengikuti perkembangan anaknya baik perkembangan bahasanyadalam bertutur dan perkembangan tingkah lakunya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodedeskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui wujudmorfem anak, wujud kata yang dirangkai anak pada kalimat satu kata menjadi kalimatdua kata pada usia 2 tahun sampai 2 tahun 6 bulan. Data penelitian ini berupa morfem;bebas dan terikat. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah pancingan,sadap, simak libat cakap, rekam dan teknik catat. Data yang dihasilkan anak adalah150 morfem bebas dan 15 morfem terikat. Morfem bebas lebih banyak diperoleh anakdaripada morfem terikat. (1) wujud morfem yang diperoleh anak pada usia 2 tahunsampai 2 tahun 6 bulan, berupa morfem bebas dan morfem terikat; (2) wujud morfembebas yang diperoleh anak pada usia 2 tahun sampai 2 tahun 6 bulan; (3) wujudmorfem terikat yang diperoleh anak pada usia 2 tahun sampai 2 tahun 6 bulan; dan(4) wujud morfem yang diperoleh dari ujaran satu kata atau ujaran dua kata.Kemampuan anak dalam memperoleh morfem bebas dan morfem terikat dari ujaran164satu kata dan ujaran dua kata, bahkan mampu menggunakan morfem sebagai ujarananak dalam bahasanya sehari-hari.Kata-kata kunci: morfem bebas, morfem terika

Constructions in language description

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Schultze-Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Intonation Units ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Language Description

This paper addresses some rarely-discussed theoretical and methodological issues in the application of a monostratal, construction-based linguistic model to language description. Constructions, in this approach, are defined as complex, schematic signs which are non-compositional, i.e. which have to be learned in a way which is similar to lexical items. In principle, the construction-based model is well suited to language description, since constructions which are specific to a language can be dealt with in the same framework as constructions which are common cross-linguistically. Yet, identifying a construction and distinguishing it from a compositional combination of signs, or from a formally and functionally related construction, is not always a straightforward task in descriptive practice. This is particularly true for spoken language, where the interaction of prosody and grammar has to be taken into account. I will propose here that gestalt-based constructions or G-Constructions, for which coherence is ensured by contiguity and prosodic means, should be distinguished from R-Constructions, where a relational element is responsible for the coherence of the construction, and which may therefore be distributed among two (or more) intonation units. These issues are illustrated by applying a construction-based description to various multi-predicate expressions in the Australian language Jaminjung.

scholarly journals IMPLIKATUR PERCAKAPAN DALAM TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI DI PASAR HEWAN WAGE TULAKAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
NFN Hestiyana
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Market Wage ◽  
Interrogative Sentence ◽  
Descriptive Method

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implikatur percakapan yang digunakan oleh penjual dan pembeli dalam transaksi jual beli di Pasar Hewan Wage Tulakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data  dalam penelitian ini adalah  bahasa  lisan yang  dituturkan oleh penjual dan pembeli yang sedang melakukan transaksi jual beli di Pasar Hewan Wage Tulakan. Dalam penyediaan data digunakan metode simak, baik simak libat cakap atau simak bebas libat cakap dan  teknik catat. Pada tahap analisis data, tuturan antara penjual dan pembeli diklasifikasikan berdasarkan penggunaan implikatur percakapan. Setelah dilakukan penelitian secara mendalam, pada saat transaksi jual beli berlangsung antara penjual dan pembeli sering menggunakan implikatur percakapan. Bentuk implikatur percakapan yang digunakan, yaitu: implikatur percakapan dalam kalimat perintah, implikatur percakapan dalam kalimat berita, dan implikatur percakapan dalam kalimat tanya.Kata kunci: Pragmatik, implikatur percakapan, kalimat perintah, kalimat berita, kalimat tanya Abstract: This study aimed to describe conversational implicatures used by the seller and the buyer in the sale and purchase transactions in the Market Wage Animal Tulakan. This research uses descriptive method with qualitative approach. Sources of data in this study is the spoken language spoken by sellers and buyers who are buying or selling in the Market Wage Animal Tulakan. In the method of providing data used refer to, either proficient or refer see involved capably and techniques involved free record. At this stage of data analysis, speech between the seller and the buyer are classified based on the use of conversational implicature. After in-depth research, at the time of sale and purchase transactions take place between sellers and buyers often use conversational implicature. Forms of conversational implicatures used: conversational implicatures order to form a sentence, the sentence shaped conversational implicature news, and conversational implicatures shaped interrogative sentence.Key words: Pragmatics, conversational implicature, imperative sentences, sentence news, interrogative sentence

Towards a comparative semiotics of pointing actions in signed and spoken languages

Gesture ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Signed Languages ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Contextual Elements ◽  
Language Description

Co-speech pointing actions have been under-analysed or ignored in language description and linguistic theory and this has led to an over-interpretation of their role and status in signed languages as signs belonging to particular grammatical classes, such as pronouns, determiners, and locatives. I argue that the pointing signs found in signed languages are not fundamentally different from the pointing actions found in the composite utterances of spoken languages in their face-to-face mode. I show how pointing signs and pointing actions are both symbolic indexical signs (signs that have partly conventional elements and partly contextual elements and are thus hybrids of conventional and non-conventional signs). I conclude that pointing signs are not a fundamentally different kind of phenomena when they occur in signed language composite utterances (so-called ‘linguistic’ pointing) compared to when they occur in spoken language composite utterances (so-called ‘gestural’ pointing).

scholarly journals TATAKRAMA BAHASA SUNDA DALAM KOMUNIKASI LISAN MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG JEMO KABUPATEN SUMEDANG

LOKABASA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Sri Rizki Wulandari ◽  
Yayat Sudaryat ◽  
Hernawan Hernawan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cellular Phone ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Village ◽  
Descriptive Method

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan tatakrama dalam komunikasi lisan masyarakat yang berada di Kampung Jémo, Desa Nagrak, Kecamatan Buahdua, Kabupaten Sumedang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui serta mendeskripsikan tatakrama bahasa Sunda, dalam komunikasi lisan masyarakat Kampung Jémo Desa Nagrak Buahdua Kabupaten Sumedang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Tehnik yang digunakan adalah tehnik observasi dan wawancara. Adapun instrumen yang digunakan adalah pedoman wawancara dengan dilengkapi alat perekam berupa ponsel. Hasilnya: (1) sebagian besar masyarakat Kampung Jémo mengetahui tentang tatakrama bahasa Sunda, tetapi tidak menggunakannya dalam percakapan sehari-hari; (2) kontéks situasi dalam pemakaian tatakrama bahasa Sunda, dilakukan dalam situasi santai dan formal. Jika diberi pertanyaan mengunakan bahasa Sunda, umumnya (42,10%) menjawab menggunakan bahasa Sunda yang halus; dan (3) tahapan kata yang dipakai oleh masyarakat Kampung Jémo, lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa kasar (41,1%). Hal ini menunjukan jika masyarakat mengetahui tatakrama bahasa Sunda, tetapi tidak digunakan dalam pembicaraan sehari-hari, dan lebih banyak menggunakan bahasa kasar.AbstractThe background of this research is to know and describe the etiquette of the society live in Jemo village in Nagrak, the district of Buahdua in Sumedang regency, in spoken communication. The purpose of this research is to know and describe the etiquette of sundanese language in spoken language used by Jemo villagers in Nagrak, the village of Sumedang regency. This research paper uses descriptive method and the data were gained through observation and interview. The instrument of this research was in the form of interview that was recorded through cellular phone. The results are: (1) The majority of Jemo villagers know the etiquette of Sundanese language, but they do not use it in their daily conversation; (2) the context of Sundanese language etiquette is applied in the formal and informal situation. If they are asked by using Sundanese language, generally (42,10%) they answer it in polite Sundanese language.; and (3) the word’s phase used by jemo villagers are rude utterance. In the data analysis, there are (41,1%) of the rude utterance spoken by them. So, the result shows that people know the etiquette of Sundanese language, but they do not apply it in their daily conversation, They tend to speak the rude utterance

scholarly journals SATIRE LANGUAGE STYLE BY BU TEJO IN THE SHORT FILM “TILIK”

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270
Author(s):  
Nawang Asri Ayuningtyas ◽  
Sulis Triyono
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Short Film ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
The Public ◽  
Language Style ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Language Styles ◽  
Descriptive Method

The use of satire language style by a film creator aims to convey meaning to the public. This study aims at analyzing the use of satire language styles used by Bu Tejo in a short film entitled "Tilik." This research used a qualitative descriptive method. The object of this research is satire utterances spoken by Bu Tejo in the film "Tilik." The data collection techniques in this study used observation, listening, and note-taking techniques. The results demonstrate three types of satire languages used by Bu Tejo in the film “Tilik": cynicism, irony, and sarcasm. It is also found that cynicism is the most spoken language than sarcasm. The study highlights that the use of satire language uttered by Bu Tejo aims to convey ideas and perspectives related to problems occurring in society and express dissatisfaction.

scholarly journals PENANDA KALA ABSOLUT DALAM BAHASA MAKASSAR (Absolute Tense Markers in Makassarese Language)

Kandai ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
NFN Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Research Results ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Descriptive Method

Bahasa Makassar, sebagaimana bahasa daerah di Sulawesi Selatan pada umumnya, juga mengenal penanda kala yang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari oleh masyarakat pendukungnya. Penelitian ini membahas kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, khususnya mengenai ciri-ciri kala, identifikasi bentuk kala, dan makna yang diungkapkan.  Tujuan penelitian memperoleh deskripsi yang memadai tentang pernyataan kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, yang diungkapkan secara leksikal, beserta makna yang dikandung oleh pernyataan kala absolut tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan beberapa tahapan, yaitu (1) pengumpulan data dengan menerapkan teknik wawancara langsung dan seterusnya dengan narasumber kemudian mencocokan dengan bahasa yang dikuasai oleh peneliti sebagai penutur bahasa Makassar, lalu merekam dan mencatat hasil wawancara tersebut, (2) pengolahan data, pertama-tama dilakukan transkripsi data dari bahasa lisan ke bahasa tulis, lalu diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna yang dikandungnya, dan (3) tahap penganalisisan data. Data yang sudah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menerapkan teknik distribusi untuk menguji keterangan letak antara leksem yang satu dengan leksem yang lainnya, berdasarkan waktu yang ditunjukkan. Sumber data diperoleh dari bahasa lisan dan bahasa tertulis. Bahasa lisan diperoleh dari narasumber (informan) dan bahasa tertulis yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dan buku-buku yang relevan dengan penelitian ini sebagai sumber acuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanda kala absolut dibentuk dari adverbia temporal yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk leksikal.The language of Makassarese, as well as regional language in South Sulawesi in general, also recognizes the markers used in conversations by the support community. This study discusses the absolute tense in Makassar language, especially regarding the characteristics of tense, tense identification, aspect, and modalities; as well as form, and meaning expressed. The purpose of this study to obtain an adequate description of the absolute tense makers in Makasarese language, which is expressed lexically, along with the meaning contained in the absolute tense markers. This research uses descriptive method with several techniques. (1) Data is collected by recording the direct interview with language informant then the data collected is matched with the language mastered by the researcher as a native speaker of Makassarese language.(2) The data is then transcribed is the analyzed; based on the from spoken language to written language; the it is classified according to the form and the meaning it contains. (3) The data is then analyzed based on the time it is designated. The data is collected from spoken and written languages. Oral language is derived from informants and written language is obtained from research results and books relevant to this research, i.e. as references. The results show that absolute tense markers are found in the form of temporal adverbs expressed in lexical forms.

What Do We Want Them To Be When They Grow Up?

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Lyn Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss ◽  
Learning To Listen

Abstract Learning to listen and speak are well-established preludes for reading, writing, and succeeding in mainstream educational settings. Intangibles beyond the ubiquitous test scores that typically serve as markers for progress in children with hearing loss are embedded in descriptions of the educational and social development of four young women. All were diagnosed with severe-to-profound or profound hearing loss as toddlers, and all were fitted with hearing aids and given listening and spoken language therapy. Compiling stories across the life span provides insights into what we can be doing in the lives of young children with hearing loss.

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