scholarly journals Growth and zinc homeostasis in the severely Zn-deficient rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Giugliano ◽  
D. J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cyclic Changes

1. Male weanling rats were fed on diets either adequate (55 mg/kg), or severely deficient (0.4 mg/kg) in zinc, either ad lib. or in restricted amounts in four experiments. Measurements were made of growth rates and Zn contents of muscle and several individual tissues.2. Zn-deficient rats exhibited the expected symptoms of deficiency including growth retardation, cyclic changes in food intake and body-weight.3. Zn deficiency specifically reduced whole body and muscle growth rates as indicated by the fact that (a) growth rates were lower in ad lib.-fed Zn-deficient rats compared with rats pair-fed on the control diet in two experiments, (b) Zn supplementation increased body-weights of Zn-deficient rats given a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they maintained weight if unsupplemented, (c) Zn supplementation maintained body-weights of Zn-deficient rats fed a restricted amount of diet at a level at which they lost weight if unsupplemented (d) since the ratio, muscle mass:body-weight was lower in the Zn-deficient rats than in the pair-fed control groups, the reduction in muscle mass was greater than the reduction in body-weight.4. Zn concentrations were maintained in muscle, spleen and thymus, reduced in comparison to some but not all control groups in liver, kidney, testis and intestine, and markedly reduced in plasma and bone. In plasma, Zn concentrations varied inversely with the rate of change of body-weight during the cyclic changes in body-weight.5. Calculation of the total Zn in the tissues examined showed a marked increase in muscle Zn with a similar loss from bone, indicating that Zn can be redistributed from bone to allow the growth of other tissues.6. The magnitude of the increase in muscle Zn in the severely Zn-deficient rat, together with the magnitude of the total losses of muscle tissue during the catabolic phases of the cycling, indicate that in the Zn-deficient rat Zn may be highly conserved in catabolic states.

scholarly journals Growth and body weight of free-range reindeer in western Alaska

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg L. Finstad ◽  
Alexander K. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Average Body

Total body weight of 9749 reindeer calves and 4798 adult reindeer were measured from 1984 to 1999 on the Seward Peninsula, western Alaska, USA. Growth rates of male and female calves, and annual growth patterns of adults were determined. Male calves grew faster than female calves. Reproductive females were lighter than non-reproductive females during summer but there was no effect of reproduction on average body weights the following winter. Adult males age 3-5 were heavier during summer than winter. Castrated males weighed the same as uncastrated males in summer, but were significantly heavier in winter, and did not display the large annual fluctuations in weight typical of reproductive males and females. Growth rates were higher and body weights greater in this herd than many other cir-cumpolar reindeer populations. We suggest these kinds of physiological indices should be used to monitor the possible effects of spatial and temporal variation in population density and to evaluate changes in herding practices.

scholarly journals Hyperhomocysteinemia Induced by Methionine Excess is Effectively Suppressed by Betaine in Geese

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1642
Author(s):  
Zhi Yang ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Jinjin Yang ◽  
Xiaoli Wan ◽  
Haiming Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Myocardial Apoptosis ◽  
Serum Homocysteine ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Similar Body

The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of excess Methionine (Met) on the growth performance, serum homocysteine levels, apoptotic rates, and Bax and Bcl-2 protein levels in geese and to study the role of Bet (betaine) in relieving excess Met-induced hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). In this study, 150 healthy male 14-day-old Yangzhou geese of similar body weight were randomly distributed into three groups with five replicates per treatment and 10 geese per replicate: the control group (fed a control diet), the Met toxicity group (fed the control diet +1% Met), and the Bet detoxification group (fed the control diet +1% Met +0.2% Bet). At 28, 49, and 70 d of age, the geese in the Met toxicity group had significantly lower body weights than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The serum homocysteine levels in geese at 70 d of age in the detoxification group were significantly lower than those in the Met toxicity group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, Met significantly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis rates, while Bet reduced them. In conclusion, our results suggest that excess methionine reduces body weight induced by myocardial apoptosis, and Bet can be used to effectively lower plasma homocysteine levels.

scholarly journals Effect of reduced dietary zinc intake on carbohydrate and Zn metabolism in the genetically diabetic mouse (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+)

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Southon ◽  
Z. Kechrid ◽  
A. J. A. Wright ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

1. Male, 4–5-week-old, genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ db/db) and non-diabetic heterozygote litter-mates (C57BL/KsJ db/+)were fed on a diet containing 1 mg zinc/kg (low-Zn groups) or 54 mg Zn/kg (control groups) for 27 d. Food intakes and body-weight gain were recorded regularly. On day 28, after an overnight fast, animals were killed and blood glucose and insulin concentrations, liver glycogen, and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations were determined.2. The consumption of the low-Zn diet had only a minimal effect on the Zn status of the mice as indicated by growth rate, food intake and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations. In fact, diabetic mice fed on the low-Zn diet had a higher total food intake than those fed on the control diet. The low-Zn diabetic mice had higher fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen levels than their control counterparts. Fasting blood insulin concentration was unaffected by dietary regimen.3. A second experiment was performed in which the rate of loss of 65Zn, injected subcutaneously, was measured by whole-body counting in the two mouse genotypes over a 28 d period, from 4 to 5 weeks of age. The influence of feeding low-Zn or control diets was also examined. At the end of the study femur and pancreatic Zn and non-fasting blood glucose levels were determined.4. All mice fed on the low-Zn diet showed a marked reduction in whole-body 65Zn loss compared with those animals fed on the control diet. In the low-Zn groups, the loss of 65Zn from the diabetic mice was significantly greater than that from heterozygote mice. This difference was not observed in the control groups. Blood glucose levels were elevated in the low-Zn groups. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.5. The present study demonstrates an adverse effect of reduced dietary Zn intake on glucose utilization in the genetically diabetic mouse, which occurred before any significant tissue Zn depletion became apparent.

The body composition of growing sheep during milk feeding, and the effect on composition of weaning at various body weights

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Milk Feeding

SummaryThirty-four (13♂, 21♀) entire cross-bred lambs were suckled on reconstituted, spray-dried cows' milk from 2 days of age for varying periods of time up to 18 weeks before being weaned on to solid food or slaughtered to determine chemical composition. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was also estimated from the tritiated water (TOH) space at 3-weekly intervals during milk feeding, at intervals of 5–8 weeks subsequently and at slaughter. Comparison between. TOH estimates and whole body analysis confirmed the accuracy of the previously-derived prediction equations.The relationship between each of the various body components and body weight for individual sheep during milk feeding was described by a ‘bent’ (non-rectangular) hyperbola. There were no substantial differences between animals in either the position or slope of the lower asymptote nor in the slope of the upper asymptote. There were, however, substantial differences in the point of intersection of the two asymptotes both within and between sexes. The mean intersection points for males and females were 17·7 and 14·4 kg body weight respectively.Sheep weaned at body weights of 11–16 kg subsequently followed the previously defined pattern of growth. Weaning at higher body weights (21–34 kg, body fat not less than 5·5 kg) resulted initially in both fat and/or body weight loss. In the final fattening phase of growth early- and late-weaned sheep of the same sex had similar body composition but females were fatter than males.

REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Average Body

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.

scholarly journals The effects of severe zinc deficiency on protein turnover in muscle and thymus

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Giugliano ◽  
D.J. Millward
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Zinc Deficient Diet ◽  
Cyclic Changes

1. Measurements have been made of protein turnover, RNA and DNA in thymus and skeletal muscle from rats fed on a zinc-deficient diet (ZD) for 10 and 17 d, in pair-fed controls (CI) and in muscle from rats fed on the ZD diet for 24 d and then fed on restricted amounts of the deficient diet with (RIZS) or without (RIZD) Zn supplementation, for 8 d.2. In thymus the ZD diet induced a loss of DNA and protein which was not observed with the CI rats. Accumulation of RNA was less affected but protein synthesis was reduced.3. In muscle the accumulation of DNA and protein was slowed by the ZD diet, particularly in glycolytic muscles compared with oxidative muscles, and Zn supplementation increased DNA and protein.4. Protein synthesis and RNA concentrations were reduced in the ZD rats compared with the CI rats, but Zn supplementation at constant restricted food intake did not increase protein synthesis. Muscle protein synthesis per unit RNA varied markedly in the ZD rats after 10 d when the characteristic cycling of the food intakes and body-weight was most pronounced, the highest values being observed in the anabolic phase of the cycle although these were less than values for well-fed controls. The variability was inversely correlated with the plasma Zn levels. The extent of the variability was much less after 17 d and was not apparent in the food-restricted ZD animals.5. Protein degradation in muscle, assessed as the difference between overall and net protein synthesis, was faster in the ZD rats compared with the CI rats and fluctuated considerably, partly accounting for the cyclic changes in muscle after 10 d, and was entirely responsible after 17 d. The concentration of muscle-free 3-methylhistidine and its urinary excretion rate indicated inconsistent results which could not be satisfactorily interpreted.6. Plasma insulin was reduced in the ZD rats compared with the CI rats and was insensitive to food intake in contrast to urinary corticosterone excretion which was inversely correlated with the cyclic changes in body-weight and food intake. Furthermore, adrenalectomized rats exhibited increased mortality and reduced cycling of body-weight and food intake.7. Thus Zn deficiency impairs growth by a combination of (a) reduced food intake, (b) a reduced anabolic response to food due to a reduced capacity for protein synthesis and reduced activation of protein synthesis, possibly reflecting impaired insulin secretion, and (c) an increased catabolic response to the reduced intake in which corticosterone may play a role.

scholarly journals Maternal nutrient restriction in guinea pigs as an animal model for studying growth-restricted offspring with postnatal catch-up growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (5) ◽  
pp. R647-R654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Nevin ◽  
Evan Formosa ◽  
Yohei Maki ◽  
Brad Matushewski ◽  
Timothy R. H. Regnault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Impact

We determined the impact of moderate maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in guinea pigs with fetal growth restriction (FGR) on offspring body and organ weights, hypothesizing that FGR-MNR animals will show catch-up growth but with organ-specific differences. Guinea pig sows were fed ad libitum (Control) or 70% of the control diet from 4 weeks preconception, switching to 90% at midpregnancy (MNR). Control newborns >95 g [appropriate for gestational age (AGA); n = 37] and MNR newborns <85 g (FGR; n = 37) were monitored until neonatal (~25 days) or adult (~110 days) necropsy. Birth weights and body/organ weights at necropsy were used to calculate absolute and fractional growth rates (FRs). FGR-MNR birth weights were decreased ~32% compared with the AGA-Controls. FGR-MNR neonatal whole body FRs were increased ~36% compared with Controls indicating catch-up growth, with values negatively correlated to birth weights indicating the degree of FGR leads to greater catch-up growth. However, the increase in organ FRs in the FGR-MNR neonates compared with Controls was variable, being similar for the brain and kidneys indicating comparable catch-up growth to that of the whole body and twofold increased for the liver but negligible for the heart indicating markedly increased and absent catch-up growth, respectively. While FGR-MNR body and organ weights were unchanged from the AGA-Controls by adulthood, whole body growth rates were increased. These findings confirm early catch-up growth in FGR-MNR guinea pigs but with organ-specific differences and enhanced growth rates by adulthood, which are likely to have implications for structural alterations and disease risk in later life.

Growth patterns in sheep: the effects of weight losses on compensatory growth and feed intake in Corriedale sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Butler-Hogg ◽  
N. M. Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYThe growth and feed intakes of Corriedale wether sheep when grown from 30 to 50 kg body weight by five different growth paths are described.Group A (control) grew continuously (fed ad libitum). After reaching ca; 40 kg body weight, group B and C animals lost 21% of their initial body weight over 9 and 18 weeks and at 122 and 63 g/day, respectively, and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight. Group D and E animals were ca. 50 kg body weight when weight loss was imposed and they lost body weight at similar rates (125 and 157 g/day) respectively. Animals in group D lost 34% of their initial body weight over 18 weeks and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight (the same as groups B and C). Group E animals lost 23% of their initial body weight over 9 weeks to begin realimentation at 35 kg body weight. Except during periods of weight loss, animals were fed ad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in all groups which had lost weight, with early recovery growth rates 1·6–1·8 times higher than control sheep of the same weight.Rate of body-weight loss did not induce any significant differences in response to realimentation but results (groups B and C) suggest that the more rapid the loss, the more rapid will recovery be during realimentation. When sheep at different body weights lost the same proportion of their initial body weights, the heavier sheep (group E) attained final slaughter weight quicker than the lighter sheep (group B). When the proportion of body weight lost to reach a particular lower body weight was varied (groups B and D), the greater weight loss was associated with higher and more persistent growth rates during realimentation.After weight loss, ad libitum dry-matter intake was significantly lower during the first 10 kg of gain during realimentation in all treatment groups (B, C, D, E) than in control group A. There were no differences between treatment groups in recovery of dry-matter intake.Gross efficiency in all treatment groups was higher than in the control group A during the first 10 kg of recovery of body weight, but it then declined rapidly. This increase in gross efficiency was considered to be due to a combination of increased growth rates, reduced feed intakes and lower maintenance requirements. When the complete growth paths from 30 to 50 kg were considered, there were no significant differences in total feed consumed by the sheep following the five different growth paths.

Effect of flame roasting of dietary grains on the performance of leghorn hens

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M.G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights

Two experiments examined the effect on the performance of Leghorn hens given diets containing flame-roasted grains from 140 to 490 d of age. In exp. 1, the inclusion of barley, corn and wheat roasted at 121, 119 and 149 °C, respectively, had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on productive performance. Experiment 2 contained a factorial arrangement of treatments that involved two sources of dietary barley (non-roasted or flame-roasted at 154 °C), two methods of milling (hammer or roller) and two dietary protein levels (15 or 18%). Hens given the diets that contained roasted barley had lower (P < 0.01–0.001) 490-d body weights, egg production, early egg weight (196 d) and number of extra large sized eggs, and higher (P < 0.05–0.01) feed conversion, monetary returns, interior egg quality and number of medium sized and grades B and C eggs than those fed the non-roasted barley control diet. Mortality, the number of large-sized eggs and egg weights, feed conversion and the occurrence of blood spots were higher (P < 0.05–0.001) while the number of medium-sized eggs was lower (P < 0.05–0.001) when the hens were fed roller compared with hammer-milled grains. Hens given the 18% protein-containing diets had higher (P < 0.05–0.01) 490 d body weight, egg production, monetary returns and numbers of small sized and grades B and C eggs, but lower (P < 0.05) mortality than those receiving the diets that contained 15% protein. Key words: Flame roasting, dietary grains, Leghorn hens

The relative importance of heredity and environment in body weight increments at different ages in Australian Merino sheep.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Australian Merino

The growth rates between 5 and 11 months, and 11 and 17 months, of 284 ewe lambs born in the spring of 19.51, and 269 born in the autumn of 1952, were analysed. The growth rates were calculated as the differences between the logarithms of the successive body weights. The analysis of the data indicated that: (i) there is a negative correlation between the two growth rates due to environment in the two different periods; (ii) the genetic correlation between the two growth rates is zero, and it therefore appears that there are different sets of growth genes operating during the two periods of growth; (iii) the heritability for the first and second periods of growth is 0.27 and 0.31 in one group and 0.04 and 0.22 in the other group respectively. Environment therefore plays a greater part in causing variation in the growth rates than does heredity.

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