Irrigation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Increasing Demand

Abstract Crop production in many regions has been reliant on irrigation for almost as long as man has been cultivating plant life. For 6000 years, irrigation has ranked among the most powerful tools of human advancement (Postel, 1999), and by the start of the 21st century no less than 75% of the world's fresh water was in use for agricultural production (Levy and Coleman, 2014). In 2012, twenty percent of total cultivated land was under irrigation, contributing forty percent of the total food production worldwide, this represented 275 million hectares under actual irrigation with a total of 324 million hectares equipped for irrigation (FAO, 2016). Irrigation, which can be defined as 'the artificial application of water to land, soil or other growing medium for the purposes of crop growth', has become a global issue in more recent times as the increasing demand for fresh water has seen problems develop with water scarcity, quality issues and conflict over usage.

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Global Food Production

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2696
Author(s):  
Mesfin M. Mekonnen ◽  
Winnie Gerbens-Leenes
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Main Consumer ◽  
Future Population

Agricultural production is the main consumer of water. Future population growth, income growth, and dietary shifts are expected to increase demand for water. The paper presents a brief review of the water footprint of crop production and the sustainability of the blue water footprint. The estimated global consumptive (green plus blue) water footprint ranges from 5938 to 8508 km3/year. The water footprint is projected to increase by as much as 22% due to climate change and land use change by 2090. Approximately 57% of the global blue water footprint is shown to violate the environmental flow requirements. This calls for action to improve the sustainability of water and protect ecosystems that depend on it. Some of the measures include increasing water productivity, setting benchmarks, setting caps on the water footprint per river basin, shifting the diets to food items with low water requirements, and reducing food waste.

scholarly journals The Impact of Invasive Aliens Species of Plant in Dryland Crop Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3S) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Alternanthera Sessilis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Agriculture Sustainability ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

The existence of invasive alien species (IAS) in an ecosystem has become a global issue that continues to be discussed. Invasive plants led to the dominance of the crop in the fulfillment of competition for nutrients, water, light, and pollinated by pollinators. In Indonesia there are 27 IAS that is very dangerous and threatens the stability of the ecosystem. The introduction of IAS in Indonesia generally lowers production reached 20%, 1 individual IAS in the area of 0.1 m2 can reduce 57% of agricultural production. This aims to determine the introduction of IAS and its impact on agricultural. The method used is the analysis of vegetation, a literature review of national and international journals and complemented by interviews was conducted in June-October 2018 in Pacitan, East Java. Based on the research known biodiversity in the study site was (2.99) and Evenness medium (e '= 0.41) with the third-highest family Compositae (IVIs = 53.1), Poaceae (IVIs = 41.16), and Amaranthaceae (IVIs = 23.97). Cyperaceae and Compositae is the most dominant and is found throughout the agricultural types in the sites. Compositae is dominating (IVIs = 53.1). Alternanthera sessilis (IVIs = 23.97), Cyanthillium cinereum (IVIs = 1.45), and Ecinochloa colona (IVIs = 12.33). Based on the concept of IAS disturbance caused interference in terms of the type, intensity, spatial reach, frequency, and other factors are interspecific. According to the concept of disturbance the solution is control the growth and spread of IAS to save the ecosystem and agriculture sustainability.

The land resource for agriculture

1985 ◽  
Vol 310 (1144) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Productive Land

Approximately 11 % of the world’s land area is used, and in addition some 12% (at present grassland and forest) has potential for, crop production. The actual production could be greatly increased by intensification and improved farm management. Unfortunately, much land is misused or withdrawn from agriculture. Recent studies show that on a global scale all land reserves will be lost within one century, and reserves of highly productive land will be lost in twenty-five years. There are important regional differences in the productive capacity of land and in socio-economic and political conditions that determine land use and food production. All stages of methods of agricultural production which have been developed during the last ten thousand years still exist. A study of the various systems of production and types of land use reveals some interesting aspects for the future and will be discussed in the lecture.

Accounting and change trend analysis of food production water footprint in China

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyao Deng ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Zhuoyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Logarithmic Mean ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Change Trend

Abstract China is a country of agriculture, and agricultural production consumes a great deal of water. In this paper, we quantify the provincial food production water footprint (WF) in China during 1997–2011, and then analyze its change trend by the method LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index). The results indicate the following. (1) China's food production WF increased during 1997–2011 as a whole. The food production WFs at the provincial level are obviously different. (2) The main reason for the change of WF of food production in China related to the virtual water content and total food production. As for the changes of food production WFs for each province, they were not always in accordance with the total food production. For example, in Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, and other provinces, the food production WFs grew while total food production declined, thus indicating strong negative decoupling. Thus, it is necessary to take the measure of agricultural products' transportation ‘green channel’ to promote the development of domestic food trade and virtual water trade.

USE AND PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES OF AZERBAIJAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiz Tagirov ◽  
◽  
Maya Zeynalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Active Temperature

The article examines the problem of fresh water, since in terms of water supply from its own resources per capita and per 1 km2, the republic is 8 times behind Georgia, 2 times behind Armenia. Significant water consumption in Azerbaijan is caused by its arid territory with a predominance of active temperature and a lack of precipitation, which leads to intensive irrigation of crops. At the same time, artificial irrigation is used on 70% of the cultivated land.

scholarly journals Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Traditional Nutrient-Rich Cambodian Diet Food Production System Using Life Cycle Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3660
Author(s):  
Rathna Hor ◽  
Phanna Ly ◽  
Agusta Samodra Putra ◽  
Riaru Ishizaki ◽  
Tofael Ahamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Production System ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Food Production System

Traditional Cambodian food has higher nutrient balances and is environmentally sustainable compared to conventional diets. However, there is a lack of knowledge and evidence on nutrient intake and the environmental greenness of traditional food at different age distributions. The relationship between nutritional intake and environmental impact can be evaluated using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from agricultural production based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The objective of this study was to estimate the CO2 equivalent (eq) emissions from the traditional Cambodian diet using LCA, starting at each agricultural production phase. A one-year food consumption scenario with the traditional diet was established. Five breakfast (BF1–5) and seven lunch and dinner (LD1–7) food sets were consumed at the same rate and compared using LCA. The results showed that BF1 and LD2 had the lowest and highest emissions (0.3 Mt CO2 eq/yr and 1.2 Mt CO2 eq/yr, respectively). The food calories, minerals, and vitamins met the recommended dietary allowance. The country’s existing food production system generates CO2 emissions of 9.7 Mt CO2 eq/yr, with the proposed system reducing these by 28.9% to 6.9 Mt CO2 eq/yr. The change in each food item could decrease emissions depending on the type and quantity of the food set, especially meat and milk consumption.

scholarly journals Will We Soon Run Out of Water?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ghislain de Marsily
Keyword(s):  
Food Habits ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Food Deficit ◽  
The World ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Per Capita

In 2000, the World population was 6.2 billion; it reached 7 billion in 2012 and should reach 9.5 billion (±0.4) in 2050 and 11 billion (±1.5) in 2100, according to UN projections. The trend after 2100 is still one of global demographic growth, but after 2060, Africa would be the only continent where the population would still increase. The amount of water consumed annually to produce the food necessary to meet the needs varies greatly between countries, from about 600 to 2,500 m<sup>3</sup>/year per capita, depending on their wealth, their food habits (particularly meat consumption), and the percentage of food waste they generate. In 2000, the total food production was on the order of 3,300 million tons (in cereal equivalents). In 2019, about 0.8 billion inhabitants of the planet still suffer from hunger and do not get the nutrition they need to be in good health or, in the case of children, to grow properly (both physically and intellectually). Assuming a World average water consumption for food of 1,300 m<sup>3</sup>/year per capita in 2000, 1,400 m<sup>3</sup>/year in 2050, and 1,500 m<sup>3</sup>/year in 2100, a volume of water of around 8,200 km<sup>3</sup>/year was needed in 2000, 13,000 km<sup>3</sup>/year will be needed in 2050, and 16,500 km<sup>3</sup>/year in 2100. Will that much water be available on earth? Can there be conflicts related to a food deficit? Some preliminary answers and scenarios for food production will be given from a hydrologist viewpoint.

scholarly journals Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Bajan ◽  
Joanna Łukasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Energy Return On Investment

The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

scholarly journals Perchlorate and Agriculture on Mars

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Christopher Oze ◽  
Joshua Beisel ◽  
Edward Dabsys ◽  
Jacqueline Dall ◽  
Gretchen North ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Metal Availability ◽  
Metal Release ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Successful Removal ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Martian Regolith

Perchlorate (ClO4−) is globally enriched in Martian regolith at levels commonly toxic to plants. Consequently, perchlorate in Martian regolith presents an obstacle to developing agriculture on Mars. Here, we assess the effect of perchlorate at different concentrations on plant growth and germination, as well as metal release in a simulated Gusev Crater regolith and generic potting soil. The presence of perchlorate was uniformly detrimental to plant growth regardless of growing medium. Plants in potting soil were able to germinate in 1 wt.% perchlorate; however, these plants showed restricted growth and decreased leaf area and biomass. Some plants were able to germinate in regolith simulant without perchlorate; however, they showed reduced growth. In Martian regolith simulant, the presence of perchlorate prevented germination across all plant treatments. Soil column flow-through experiments of perchlorate-containing Martian regolith simulant and potting soil were unable to completely remove perchlorate despite its high solubility. Additionally, perchlorate present in the simulant increased metal/phosphorous release, which may also affect plant growth and biochemistry. Our results support that perchlorate may modify metal availability to such an extent that, even with the successful removal of perchlorate, Martian regolith may continue to be toxic to plant life. Overall, our study demonstrates that the presence of perchlorate in Martian regolith provides a significant challenge in its use as an agricultural substrate and that further steps, such as restricted metal availability and nutrient enrichment, are necessary to make it a viable growing substrate.

scholarly journals Water Scarcity and Sustainability in an Emerging Economy: A Management Perspective for Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Dianxi Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Safdar Sial ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
António José Filipe ◽  
Phung Anh Thu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
Emergency Measures

Water scarcity is rising as a global issue, because the planet earth is facing a global water crisis, which is considered something that can destroy environmental sustainability of our planet. The fact is that humanity’s demand is depleting natural resources faster than nature can replenish itself; if human habits and unsustainable use of water resources do not change, water scarcity will inevitably intensify and become a major cause of conflict among different nations of the world. The water scarcity issue is a crucial issue but unfortunately it has not received due attention in past. Pakistan, which once was a water abundant country, now facing a situation of water scarcity. Pakistan has a poor irrigation system which results 60% loss of its water; Pakistan uses more water for crop production than other countries. Likewise, the country harvests water from rainfall, rivers, snow, and glaciers. The country is facing a serious water crisis that is caused by different factors, such as changing climatic conditions, rising population, poor irrigation system, poor political will, and rapid urbanization. The water crisis of Pakistan is expected to worsen in coming years. This is a drastic situation which calls for emergency measures. With this background, the present study provides a detailed view of the water situation in the country with challenges to water management. The study also suggests some recommendations for policymakers to improve the water crisis situation in the future.

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