A mathematical model of the systemic circulatory system with logistically defined nervous system regulatory mechanisms

The vaccination for the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is undergoing its final stages of analysis and testing. It is an impressive feat under the circumstances that we are on the verge of a potential breakthrough vaccination. This will help reduce the stress for millions of people around the globe, helping to restore worldwide normalcy. In this review, the analysis looks into how the new branch of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) came into the forefront of the world like a pandemic. This review will break down the details of what COVID-19 is, the viral family it belongs to and its background of how this family of viruses alters bodily functions by attacking vital human respiratory organs, the circulatory system, the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. This review also looks at the process a new drug analogue undergoes, from (i) being a promising lead compound to (ii) being released into the market, from the drug development and discovery stage right through to FDA approval and aftermarket research. This review also addresses viable reasoning as to why the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may have taken much less time than normal in order for it to be released for use.

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The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z68-049 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 321-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. A. Alikhan

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Digestive System ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

The Body ◽

Internal Anatomy ◽

Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽

Digestive Tube ◽

Thoracic Ganglia ◽

Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

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Organogenesis

Developmental Biology and Larval Ecology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 80-112

Author(s):

Günther Loose ◽

Günter Vogt ◽

Mireille Charmantier-Daures ◽

Guy Charmantier ◽

Steffen Harzsch

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Heart Development ◽

Digestive System ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Muscular Tissue ◽

Organ Systems ◽

Organ Specific ◽

Mode Of Development

This chapter reviews the development of the major organ systems in crustaceans, including musculature, nervous system, circulatory system, digestive system, osmoregulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, and sensory organs. It describes the morphological unfolding of these organ systems, which generally follows cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation in the course of ontogeny. Particular emphasis is given to the organ-specific temporal dynamics of development, the onset of functionality, and possible correlations with developmental mode, life history, and ecology. The anatomy and cellular characteristics of developing organs are generally better investigated than aspects of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Investigations in different crustaceans revealed that the speed of development of the various organ systems varies considerably within an individual and between species. As a rule of thumb, anlagen of the nervous tissue, muscular tissue, digestive system, and excretory organs appear first, followed by the circulatory system. Osmoregulatory organs are formed later. The reproductive organs are the last to emerge and to become functional. The mode of development, behavior, and ecology of the postembryonic stages seem to be major determinants that influence the speed differences of organogenesis. This is reflected by timing differences in development of the digestive system between directly and indirectly developing representatives or species with or without lecithotrophic larvae. Other features of the dynamics of organogenesis suggest evolutionary constraints, such as the delayed development of the nervous system in postnaupliar, relative to naupliar, segments in some species. Mechanistic constraints may be involved in heart development and development of nontransitory osmoregulatory organs.

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Mathematical Model for Assessing a Single Autonomic Nervous System Index in Express Diagnostics of Thyroid Function

10.1007/978-3-030-85540-6_138 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1077-1081

Author(s):

Irina Kurnikova ◽

Natalia Zabrodina ◽

Ramchandra Sargar ◽

Artyom Yurovsky ◽

Marina Aleksandrova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Nervous System ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Autonomic Nervous

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Delayed development of specific thyroid hormone-regulated events in transthyretin null mice

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00216.2012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 304 (1) ◽

pp. E23-E31 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Julie A. Monk ◽

Natalie A. Sims ◽

Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska ◽

Roy E. Weiss ◽

Robert G. Ramsay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Wild Type ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Delayed Growth

Thyroid hormones (THs) are vital for normal postnatal development. Extracellular TH distributor proteins create an intravascular reservoir of THs. Transthyretin (TTR) is a TH distributor protein in the circulatory system and is the only TH distributor protein synthesized in the central nervous system. We investigated the phenotype of TTR null mice during development. Total and free 3′,5′,3,5-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (T4) and free 3′,3,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) in plasma were significantly reduced in 14-day-old (P14) TTR null mice. TTR null mice also displayed a delayed suckling-to-weaning transition, decreased muscle mass, delayed growth, and retarded longitudinal bone growth. In addition, ileums from postnatal day 0 (P0) TTR null mice displayed disordered architecture and contained fewer goblet cells than wild type. Protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from P0 and P14 TTR null mice were higher than in age-matched wild-type mice. In contrast to the current literature based on analyses of adult TTR null mice, our results demonstrate that TTR has an important and nonredundant role in influencing the development of several organs.

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Total Effective Vascular Compliance of a Global Mathematical Model for the Cardiovascular System

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13101858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1858

Author(s):

Morena Celant ◽

Eleuterio F. Toro ◽

Lucas O. Müller

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Cardiovascular System ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Loop Model ◽

Infusion Test ◽

Total Blood ◽

Hyperbolic Pde ◽

Vascular Compliance ◽

Arteries And Veins ◽

Effective Vascular Compliance

In this work, we determined the total effective vascular compliance of a global closed-loop model for the cardiovascular system by performing an infusion test of 500 mL of blood in four minutes. Our mathematical model includes a network of arteries and veins where blood flow is described by means of a one-dimensional nonlinear hyperbolic PDE system and zero-dimensional models for other cardiovascular compartments. Some mathematical modifications were introduced to better capture the physiology of the infusion test: (1) a physiological distribution of vascular compliance and total blood volume was implemented, (2) a nonlinear representation of venous resistances and compliances was introduced, and (3) main regulatory mechanisms triggered by the infusion test where incorporated into the model. By means of presented in silico experiment, we show that effective total vascular compliance is the result of the interaction between the assigned constant physical vascular compliance and the capacity of the cardiovascular system to adapt to new situations via regulatory mechanisms.

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Microcirulatory changes caused by experimental light induced desynchronosis

Regional blood circulation and microcirculation ◽

10.24884/1682-6655-2017-16-1-43-48 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. N. Ivanov ◽

O. V. Zlobina ◽

K. I. Zhurkin ◽

A. D. Nikolashkina ◽

I. O. Bugaeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Male Rats ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Structural Defects ◽

Moderate Increase ◽

Skin Perfusion ◽

Flow Modulation ◽

Light Mode

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of disability and mortality in Russia, which determines the topicality of investigations devoted to risk factors of their development and progression. Considering the complex physiological regulatory mechanisms of the circulatory system, that cause circadian changes of its functioning, light-induced desynchronosis may act as one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of light desynchronosis on the microcirculation in white rats. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 20 white male rats, which were divided into two groups: experimental - 10 rats exposed to the change light-mode and control - animals in natural light-mode. Microcirculation was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Main results. At the stage of temporary mismatch (the first day of the experiment) microcirculation disorders were mild and manifested by a moderate increase in myogenic tone, which did not lead to significant perfusion shifts. The decrease of skin perfusion was found at the stage of regulatory violations of light-induced desynchronosis, that was accompanied by changes of both passive and active flow modulation mechanisms intensity. Skin perfusion decrease was maintained up to 21st day of the experiment and at the stage of structural defects was accompanied by a marked inhibition of the total blood flow modulation due to reduction of endothelial, myogenic, cardiac and respiratory oscillations. Conclusions. Light-induced desynchronosis causes the microcirculatory disturbances occurrence and gradually development in association with violation of neurogenic and myogenic microvascular tone, as well as endothelial dysfunction. The progression of these disorders reflects its negative influence on the circulatory system regulatory mechanisms that suggests consideration of light-induced desynchronosis as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

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HEART RATE VARIABILITY OF STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT PROFILES OF MOTOR DOMINATION DURING EXAM

Vestnik of Samara University Natural Science Series ◽

10.18287/2541-7525-2012-18-3.1-203-209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3.1) ◽

pp. 203-209

Author(s):

A.I. Lukina

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Nervous System ◽

Activity Coefficient ◽

Spectral Power ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Wave Parameters ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Heart Rate Fluctuations ◽

Sympathetic Nervous

It is established hat changing of parameters of student’s electrocardiogram during the exam are shown by shortening of the intervals RR, QT, PQ, and the complex QRS, thus expressiveness of reactions dominates in sample of lefthanders and ambidexters. The values of wave parameters of heart rate variability, including spectral power of heart rate ﬂuctuations in diﬀerent frequency ranges, increase in left-handers, while ambidexterity and right handed down. The values of statistical indices of HRV, including SDNN, RMSSD and mode cardio intervals in students during the exam are reduced, and also to a greater extent, and ambidexterity for lefties. These changes corresponded to increasing trend of the index and the activity coeﬃcient Baevsky sympathetic nervous system, indicating a greater intensity of regulatory mechanisms in individuals with left proﬁle of motor domination.

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Blood glucose regulating hormones and their physiological and biochemical roles

Journal of Experimental Sciences ◽

10.25081/jes.2020.v11.6570 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

Maqsuduulah Mujtahid

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Normal Level ◽

Endocrine System ◽

The Body ◽

Regulatory Mechanisms ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Multicellular Organisms ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

Regulation and coordination of different body organs is important in multicellular organisms. Hormones and the nervous system participate in this synchronization. Hormones are the compounds and chemical messengers produced by cells, glands, or special tissues called the endocrine system and released into the bloodstream. In addition to the hormones, blood is consist of proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, etc. Blood sugar is glucose which produces energy in the body. Regular blood glucose levels vary at different ages and exceed 120-170 mg / dl. It is harmful and even fatal to increase or decrease it from the normal level, so the concentration of glucose dissolved in plasma was subject to tight regulation and various regulatory mechanisms were developed thereon. Hormones cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline, and glucocorticoids are the major regulators. These substances are tracked regularly to prevent blood glucose from rising and dropping. Insulin consists of hyperglycemia, as well as other hormones. The mechanism by which it affects the metabolism of the food (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) prevents hypoglycemia in several respects.

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Integrative neuromechanics of crawling in D. melanogaster larvae

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.11031 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Cengiz Pehlevan ◽

Paolo Paoletti ◽

L Mahadevan

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Nervous System ◽

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Hierarchical Models ◽

Sensory Feedback ◽

Body Movement ◽

Force Production ◽

Neural Dynamics ◽

Heterogeneous Environment ◽

Cellular Processes

Locomotion in an organism is a consequence of the coupled interaction between brain, body and environment. Motivated by qualitative observations and quantitative perturbations of crawling in Drosophila melanogaster larvae, we construct a minimal integrative mathematical model for its locomotion. Our model couples the excitation-inhibition circuits in the nervous system to force production in the muscles and body movement in a frictional environment, thence linking neural dynamics to body mechanics via sensory feedback in a heterogeneous environment. Our results explain the basic observed phenomenology of crawling with and without proprioception, and elucidate the stabilizing role that proprioception plays in producing a robust crawling phenotype in the presence of biological perturbations. More generally, our approach allows us to make testable predictions on the effect of changing body-environment interactions on crawling, and serves as a step in the development of hierarchical models linking cellular processes to behavior.

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