scholarly journals Processes induced by tau expression in Sf9 cells have an axon-like microtubule organization.

1991 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1333-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Baas ◽  
T P Pienkowski ◽  
K S Kosik
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Sf9 Cells ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Ovarian Cells ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Uniform Polarity ◽  
Tau Expression

We have indirectly analyzed the role of tau in generating the highly organized microtubule (MT) array of the axon. Axons contain MT arrays of uniform polarity orientation, plus ends distal to the cell body (Heidemann, S. R., J. M. Landers, and M. A. Hamborg. 1981. J. Cell Biol. 91:661-673). Surprisingly, these MTs do not radiate from a single discrete nucleating structure in the cell body (Sharp, G. A., K. Weber, and M. Osborn. 1982. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 29: 97-103), but rather stop and start at multiple sites along the length of the axon (Bray, D., and M. B. Bunge. 1981. J. Neurocytol. 10:589-605). When Sf9 ovarian cells are induced to express high levels of tau protein, they develop cellular processes which are similar in appearance to axons and which contain dense arrays of MTs (Knops, J., K. S. Kosik, G. Lee, J. D. Pardee, L. Cohen-Gould, and L. McConlogue. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 114:725-734). We have analyzed the organization of MTs within these arrays, and determined it to be similar, but not identical, to the organization of MTs within the axon. The caliber, MT number, and MT density vary significantly from process to process, but on average are manyfold higher in the tau-induced processes than typically found in axons. Greater than 89% of the MTs in the processes are oriented with their plus ends distal to the cell body, and this proportion is even higher in the processes that are most similar to axons with regard to caliber, MT number, and MT density. Similar to the situation in the axon, MTs are discontinuous along the length of the tau-induced processes, and do not emanate from any observable nucleating structure in the cell body. We have also identified bundles of MTs throughout the cell bodies of the Sf9 cells induced to express tau. Similar to the MT arrays in the processes, these MT bundles are not visibly associated with any other cytological structures that might regulate their polarity orientation. Nevertheless, these bundles consist of MTs most (greater than 82%) of which have the same polarity orientation. Collectively, these results suggest that tau may play a fundamental role in generating MT organization in the axon. In particular, a key property of tau may be to bundle MTs preferentially with the same polarity orientation.

The role of tau-protein in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment in diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Matveeva ◽  
Julia Samoilova ◽  
Natalie Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Tau Protein

Dysregulation of HOX as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yeon Lee ◽  
Myoung Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Hox Protein

: HOX genes belong to the highly conserved homeobox superfamily, responsible for the regulation of various cellular processes that control cell homeostasis, from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. The abnormal expression of HOX genes is observed in various cancers, including breast cancer; they act as oncogenes or as suppressors of cancer, according to context. In this review, we analyze HOX gene expression patterns in breast cancer and examine their relationship, based on the three-dimensional genome structure of the HOX locus. The presence of non-coding RNAs, embedded within the HOX cluster, and the role of these molecules in breast cancer have been reviewed. We further evaluate the characteristic activity of HOX protein in breast cancer and its therapeutic potential.

MiRNA-145 and Its Direct Downstream Targets in Digestive System Cancers: A Promising Therapeutic Target

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yini Ma ◽  
Xiu Cao ◽  
Guojuan Shi ◽  
Tianlu Shi
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Direct Target ◽  
Potential Strategy

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the onset and development of many diseases, including cancers. Emerging evidence shows that numerous miRNAs have the potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers for cancers, and miRNA-based therapy may be a promising therapy for the treatment of malignant neoplasm. MicroRNA-145 (miR-145) has been considered to play certain roles in various cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, via modulating expression of direct target genes. Recent reports show that miR-145 participates in the progression of digestive system cancers, and plays crucial and novel roles for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning the function of miR-145 and its direct targets in digestive system cancers. We discuss the potential role of miR-145 as valuable biomarkers for digestive system cancers and how miR-145 regulates these digestive system cancers via different targets to explore the potential strategy of targeting miR-145.

Structure, Function and Interactions of Tau: Particular Focus on Potential Drug Targets for the Treatment of Tauopathies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hojjat Borna ◽  
Kasim Assadoulahei ◽  
Gholamhossein Riazi ◽  
Asghar Beigi Harchegani ◽  
Alireza Shahriary
Keyword(s):  
Tau Protein ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Potential Drug Targets

Background & Objective: Neurodegenrative diseases are among the most widespread lifethreatening disorders around the world in elderly ages. The common feature of a group of neurodegenerative disorders, called tauopathies, is an accumulation of microtubule associated protein tau inside the neurons. The exact mechanism underlying tauopathies is not well-understood but several factors such as traumatic brain injuries and genetics are considered as potential risk factors. Although tau protein is well-known for its key role in stabilizing and organization of axonal microtubule network, it bears a broad range of functions including DNA protection and participation in signaling pathways. Moreover, the flexible unfolded structure of tau facilitates modification of tau by a wide range of intracellular enzymes which in turn broadens tau function and interaction spectrum. The distinctive properties of tau protein concomitant with the crucial role of tau interaction partners in the progression of neurodegeneration suggest tau and its binding partners as potential drug targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: This review aims to give a detailed description of structure, functions and interactions of tau protein in order to provide insight into potential therapeutic targets for treatment of tauopathies.

scholarly journals Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho ◽  
Kim ◽  
Baek ◽  
Kim ◽  
Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Malignant Phenotype ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Human Cancers

Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we review how RhoGDIs control the function of Rho GTPases by regulating their spatiotemporal activity and describe the regulatory mechanisms of the dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs. We also discuss the role of RhoGDIs in cancer progression and their potential uses for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals The Role of lncRNA in the Development of Tumors, Including Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8427
Author(s):  
Beata Smolarz ◽  
Anna Zadrożna-Nowak ◽  
Hanna Romanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Ribonucleic Acids ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. The present article presents a detailed review of the latest reports and data regarding the importance of lncRNA in the development of cancers, including breast carcinoma.

scholarly journals Role of Long Non-Coding RNA Polymorphisms in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Meng Gu ◽  
Zhongze Gu ◽  
Yan-Ru Lou
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Response ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Personalized Oncology ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Genetic polymorphisms are defined as the presence of two or more different alleles in the same locus, with a frequency higher than 1% in the population. Since the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which refer to a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, their biological roles have been increasingly revealed in recent years. They regulate many cellular processes, from pluripotency to cancer. Interestingly, abnormal expression or dysfunction of lncRNAs is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases, including cancer and degenerative neurological diseases. Particularly, their polymorphisms have been found to be associated with altered drug response and/or drug toxicity in cancer treatment. However, molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, which are expected to be discovered by detailed studies of RNA–protein, RNA–DNA, and RNA–lipid interactions. In conclusion, lncRNAs polymorphisms may become biomarkers for predicting the response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Here we review and discuss how gene polymorphisms of lncRNAs affect cancer chemotherapeutic response. This knowledge may pave the way to personalized oncology treatments.

scholarly journals Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Jessica Proulx ◽  
Kathleen Borgmann ◽  
In-Woo Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Dependent Processes

The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.

scholarly journals The Role of Autophagy and lncRNAs in the Maintenance of Cancer Stem Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiri ◽  
Tala Ishola ◽  
Perla Pucci ◽  
Ricky M. Trigg ◽  
Joao Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Repair Capacity ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cellular Processes

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess properties such as self-renewal, resistance to apoptotic cues, quiescence, and DNA-damage repair capacity. Moreover, CSCs strongly influence the tumour microenvironment (TME) and may account for cancer progression, recurrence, and relapse. CSCs represent a distinct subpopulation in tumours and the detection, characterisation, and understanding of the regulatory landscape and cellular processes that govern their maintenance may pave the way to improving prognosis, selective targeted therapy, and therapy outcomes. In this review, we have discussed the characteristics of CSCs identified in various cancer types and the role of autophagy and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in maintaining the homeostasis of CSCs. Further, we have discussed methods to detect CSCs and strategies for treatment and relapse, taking into account the requirement to inhibit CSC growth and survival within the complex backdrop of cellular processes, microenvironmental interactions, and regulatory networks associated with cancer. Finally, we critique the computationally reinforced triangle of factors inclusive of CSC properties, the process of autophagy, and lncRNA and their associated networks with respect to hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and signalling pathways.

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