scholarly journals Effect of the width of cut tobacco on the quality of slim cigarette

2021 ◽  
Vol 1748 ◽  
pp. 062060
Author(s):  
Yunchuan Zhao ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Qiao ◽  
Jian Zhao ◽  
Qun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cut Tobacco

scholarly journals Modern technologies for utilizing tobacco wastes

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
A. G. Mirgorodskaya ◽  
M. V. Shkidyuk ◽  
N. N. Matyukhina ◽  
T. A. Don
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Tobacco Production ◽  
Taste Evaluation ◽  
Cut Tobacco ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Modern Technologies

The problem of utilization or recycling industrial tobacco wastes is an important problem for tobacco industry. Economically preferable way for utilizing industrial tobacco wastes (tobacco scrap) is production smokeless products and hookah blends as wastes are utilized without special treatment. Monitoring of humidity and fractional composition of cut tobacco taken from tobacco rod/cigarette spoilage (tobacco scrap) is carried. Its long-term storage leads to increasing scrap and dust quantity. Researches on utilizing tobacco scrap for sniff and hookah blend production, which are considered to be less harmful compared to cigarettes, were carried. Chemical composition of American type tobacco and scrap was defined. Nicotine content varies from 0.9 to 2.4% and carbohydrates content – from 5.6 to 9.6%. Experimental samples of hookah blend were produced and their organoleptic and taste evaluation were carried. It was found that utilization of tobacco scrap is economically efficient for hookah blend production, as quality of final product made of leaf tobacco and tobacco scrap is similar. Experimental samples of sniff tobacco were produced in order to discover possibility of utilization industrial tobacco scrap for manufacturing this product. Consumer’s properties of sniff tobacco were evaluated by 100 points tasting protocol. This technology for sniff tobacco production from tobacco scrap allows manufacturing product of good quality, decreasing technological operations, rejecting stages of tobacco selection and its cutting and as the result decreasing cost of final product. The results of the research on utilizing tobacco scrap for hookah blend and sniff tobacco production proves optimality of recycling the tobacco wastes.

scholarly journals Relationships between the Mean Leaf Area of Threshed Leaf and the Mean Fibre Length of Cut Tobacco Made from it/Beziehungen zwischen der mittleren Blattfläche von Partien entrippten Blattgutes und der mittleren Faserlänge daraus hergestellten Schnittabaks

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Flesselles ◽  
M. Gayet
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Fibre Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cut Tobacco

AbstractAn important characteristic of the cut smoking tobacco is the length of the fibres. The manufacturer strives for a large mean fibre length in order to prevent the content of short tobacco from becoming too great in the course of further processing. It is important that the quality of the leaf be checked, and mainly the mean area of the strips, because this parameter is closely related to fibre length. The suitability of the leaf for the production of a cut tobacco with long fibres is designated by the so-called QV (quality relationship); the fibre distribution is characterized by the SI (sieve index). Investigations were carried out with tobacco of various provenances. The investigation and calculation methods used are described, the results given and discussed. The result shows a very good correlation between the QV and the SI. Also evident is a dependence of the content of unacceptable stem particles in the cut tobacco (URt) on the content of the stem particles "R'' (diameter more than 2.5 mm) in the threshed leaf.

scholarly journals Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Tembakau Rajangan pada Kelompok Tani Tegal Suci Desa Yangapi Kecamatan Tembuku Kabupaten Bangli

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
I GEDE WIRATHAMA BHASKARA PUTRA ◽  
I NYOMAN GEDE USTRYANA ◽  
IDA AYU LISTIA DEWI
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Cut Tobacco

Cut Tobacco Business Development Strategy in the Farmers Group of TelagaSuci, Village of Yangapi Sub-District of Tembuku Regency of BangliThis study aimed to find out alternative of cut tobacco business development strategyin the Farmers Group of Telaga Suci, Village of Yangapi, to identify how thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the cut tobacco businessdevelopment at the Farmers Group ofTelaga Suci, Yangapi village. It was seen fromthe internal environment to find out the strengths and weaknesses, and the externalaspects to determine the opportunities and threats.The research location was in theFarmers Group of Telaga Suci, Village of Yangapi. The key informants in thisresearch were seven people. The key informants were determined deliberatelybecause the internal environment and the external environment of the cut tobaccobusiness in the Farmers Group ofTelaga Suci, of Yangapi Village was alreadyknown. This study used three kinds of analysis: analysis of the internal environment,external environment analysis and SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, threats).The cut tobacco business in the Farmers Group ofTelaga Sucihas been able to utilize the strength to overcome the weaknesses and to take theopportunity to address the threat. It was obtained five alternative strategies, namely:providing guidance to the group on how to manage the business and providingassistance of production facilities, development-oriented agribusiness to attractconsumers by utilizing the financial institution to increase capital, promotion topenetrate the wider market, making the rules of the group to overcome theconversionof farmland, and to improve the quality of tobacco in order to compete with othergroups of tobacco.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

The Current Situation in Chemical Stabilization of Biological Materials

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
John H. Luft
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Chemical Stabilization ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Radio Telescopes

With information processing devices such as radio telescopes, microscopes or hi-fi systems, the quality of the output often is limited by distortion or noise introduced at the input stage of the device. This analogy can be extended usefully to specimen preparation for the electron microscope; fixation, which initiates the processing sequence, is the single most important step and, unfortunately, is the least well understood. Although there is an abundance of fixation mixtures recommended in the light microscopy literature, osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde are favored for electron microscopy. These fixatives react vigorously with proteins at the molecular level. There is clear evidence for the cross-linking of proteins both by osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde and cross-linking may be a necessary if not sufficient condition to define fixatives as a class.

Resistance Monitor and Control for Vacuum Evaporation of Metals and Carbon

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe ◽  
J. Michael Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Variable Resistor ◽  
Quality Of Results ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Evaporation Source ◽  
And Control ◽  
At Will

We have designed and built an electronic device which compares the resistance of a defined area of vacuum evaporated material with a variable resistor. When the two resistances are matched, the device automatically disconnects the primary side of the substrate transformer and stops further evaporation.This approach to controlled evaporation in conjunction with the modified guns and evaporation source permits reliably reproducible multiple Pt shadow films from a single Pt wrapped carbon point source. The reproducibility from consecutive C point sources is also reliable. Furthermore, the device we have developed permits us to select a predetermined resistance so that low contrast high-resolution shadows, heavy high contrast shadows, or any grade in between can be selected at will. The reproducibility and quality of results are demonstrated in Figures 1-4 which represent evaporations at various settings of the variable resistor.

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