scholarly journals Ultrasound-Assisted Surface Modifications on Ceramic Reinforcement for Lead-Free Composite Solders : Short Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2080 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
Wai Keong Leong ◽  
Ahmad Azmin Mohamad ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus Nazeri
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Solder Matrix ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Ceramic Reinforcement

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review and examine the effect of ultrasound-assisted surface modifications of ceramic reinforcements on the properties of lead-free solders. The discussion will highlight the fundamental understanding, main parameters, configurations, and recent surface-modified ceramic reinforced composite lead-free solder developments. The review also identified and summarized the advantages, current trends, and significant findings in this field. The ultrasound-assisted surface modification was found to provide a crucial improvement on the wettability properties of molten solders as the matrix phase on the ceramic reinforcement. Further, the excellent distribution of ceramic reinforcement in solder matrix was also seen after the surface modification process. This has led to significant improvements in mechanical properties such as hardness and strength. The pinning of dislocation movement was seen as the reason for improving the mechanical properties. This positive impact in enhancing the ceramic reinforcement-solder interfacial reaction allows more explicit future research directions and opportunities for composite solder applications.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Modifications of Plant Fibres for Reinforcement in Cementitious Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ahmad ◽  
R. Hamid ◽  
S. A. Osman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cementitious Composites ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Fibre Matrix

This paper highlights the physical and chemical surface modifications of plant fibre (PF) for attaining suitable properties as reinforcements in cementitious composites. Untreated PF faces insufficient adhesion between the fibres and matrix due to high levels of moisture absorption and poor wettability. These conditions accelerate degradation of the fibre in the composite. It is also essential to reduce the risk of hydrophilic PF conditions with surface modification, to enhance the mechanical properties of the fibres. Fibres that undergo chemical and physical modifications had been proven to exhibit improved fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion in the composite and contribute to better composite mechanical properties. This paper also gives some recommendations for future research on chemical and physical modifications of PF.

scholarly journals Effect of Terbium Additions on Microstructural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Eutectic Sn-3.5Ag Pb- Free Solder for Low Cost Electronic Assembly

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Rizk Mostafa Shalaby ◽  
Fatma Elzahraa Ibrahim ◽  
Mostafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Earth Element ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solder Matrix ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electronic Assembly ◽  
Free Solder

This work methodically concentrated on the effect of a trace amount of rare earth element terbium, Tb (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt. %) on the properties of eutectic Sn-3.5 wt. %Ag were studied. The results indicated that addition of Tb rare earth can be refined the microstructure of the solder and intermetallic compound (IMC) Ag3Sn phase appeared in the solder matrix. Add a few quantity of rare earth Tb enhances the hardness and strength of eutectic Sn-Ag lead free solder joint. Also, results indicate that adding Tb to the eutectic Sn-3.5Ag remarkably enhances solderability, reliability, thermal and mechanical properties. It is also found that increasing in mechanical strength can depend on crystalline size refining in addition to some regular precipitates from IMC, Ag3Sn.

DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL LEAD-FREE SOLDER COMPOSITES USING CARBON NANOTUBE REINFORCEMENTS

2005 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. L. NAI ◽  
M. GUPTA ◽  
J. WEI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Solder Matrix ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Mechanical Properties Characterization ◽  
Made In

In this study, Sn - Ag - Cu based nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements were successfully synthesized via the powder metallurgy technique. Lead-free solder powders were firstly blended together with varying weight percentages of CNTs. The materials were then compacted, sintered and finally extruded at room temperature. The extruded materials were characterized for their microstructural, thermal and mechanical properties. The porosity of the nanocomposites was observed to increase with increasing weight percentages of CNTs, accordingly the density of the nanocomposites was reduced. Thermomechanical analysis of the solder nanocomposites showed that the use of CNTs as reinforcements decreased the average coefficient of thermal expansion of the solder matrix. Furthermore, the results of mechanical properties characterization revealed that the addition of CNTs aids in enhancing the microhardness and the overall strength of the nanocomposite solder. An attempt is made in the present study to correlate the variation in weight percentages of the carbon nanotubes with the properties of the resultant nanocomposite materials.

Effect of chemical modification on slip resistance and mechanical properties of rubber

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Mohan ◽  
Raja Sundaresan ◽  
Bhabendra Nath Das
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Surface Modified

Abstract Shoe sole material, design, tread pattern and surface modifications influence slip resistance while walking and running. Thermoplastic styrene-butadine-styrene rubber, commercially known as TPR, is one of the materials widely used as shoe soles. This type of sole is subjected to chemical treatment known as halogenation to increase adhesion characteristic with the upper. The coefficient of friction (COF) is the ratio between the horizontal force and the vertical force when tested with the help of slip resistance test equipment SATRA STM 603. It is also known that footwear outsole surface modification affects COF at the footwear floor interfaces. In this study, plain TPR shoe sole samples were surface modified by treating with 2.0 wt% trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The effect of surface modifications was studied by water contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface modified sole samples were also tested for other mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasion resistance to find out the extent of changes in those essential functional properties. It was observed that surface modification of TPR sole increased COF and reduced strength, elasticity and abrasion resistance properties. However, there was no significant change in hardness.

Mechanical Properties and Solderability of Robust Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Composite Solder

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyidah Amnah Musa ◽  
Norainiza Saud ◽  
Nurul Razliana Abdul Razak ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Composite Solder ◽  
Solder Matrix ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Electronic Application ◽  
Sintered Composite ◽  
Reliability Performance ◽  
Hardness Values

A composite solder with Sn-0.7Cu based solder was successfully fabricated via powder metallurgy routes which consist of mixing, compacting and sintering. Varying amount of activated carbon (AC) was used as reinforcement to obtain a novel lead-free composite solder. Following fabrication, the sintered composite solder was analyzed in terms of their microstructure, microhardness and solderability properties. The distribution of the various percentages of AC particles along the grain boundaries was observed. The addition of AC particles into the Sn-0.7Cu solder matrix has increased the hardness values up to 22.9%, while reducing the contact angle of composite solder up to 12.9% for a good wettability performance. As overall, addition of AC into Sn-0.7Cu based solder has indicated an enhancement of reliability performance of Sn-0.7Cu/AC composite solder for electronic application.

Effect of aluminum content on structure, transport and mechanical properties of Sn-Zn eutectic lead free solder alloy rapidly solidified from melt.

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2641-2648
Author(s):  
Rizk Mostafa Shalaby ◽  
Mohamed Munther ◽  
Abu-Bakr Al-Bidawi ◽  
Mustafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Lead Free Solder ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Mass Unit ◽  
Size Refinement ◽  
Free Solder ◽  
Lead Free Solders

The greatest advantage of Sn-Zn eutectic is its low melting point (198 oC) which is close to the melting point. of Sn-Pb eutectic solder (183 oC), as well as its low price per mass unit compared with Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag-Cu solders. In this paper, the effect of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 wt. % Al as ternary additions on melting temperature, microstructure, microhardness and mechanical properties of the Sn-9Zn lead-free solders were investigated. It is shown that the alloying additions of Al at 4 wt. % to the Sn-Zn binary system lead to lower of the melting point to 195.72 ˚C.  From x-ray diffraction analysis, an aluminium phase, designated α-Al is detected for 4 and 5 wt. % Al compositions. The formation of an aluminium phase causes a pronounced increase in the electrical resistivity and microhardness. The ternary Sn-9Zn-2 wt.%Al exhibits micro hardness superior to Sn-9Zn binary alloy. The better Vickers hardness and melting points of the ternary alloy is attributed to solid solution effect, grain size refinement and precipitation of Al and Zn in the Sn matrix.  The Sn-9%Zn-4%Al alloy is a lead-free solder designed for possible drop-in replacement of Pb-Sn solders.  

Surface Modification and its Influence on the Microstructure and Creep Resistance of Nickel Based Superalloy René 77 / Modyfikacja Powierzchniowa Oraz Jej Wpływ Na Mikrostrukture I Wytrzymałosc Na Pełzanie Odlewów Z Nadstopu Niklu Ren´E 77

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zielinska ◽  
J. Sieniawski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Cobalt Aluminate ◽  
Nickel Based Superalloy ◽  
Average Grain Size

Superalloy René 77 is very wide used for turbine blades, turbine disks of aircraft engines which work up to 1050°C. These elements are generally produced by the investment casting method. Turbine blades produced by conventional precision casting methods have coarse and inhomogeneous grain structure. Such a material often does not fulfil basic requirements, which concern mechanical properties for the stuff used in aeronautical engineering. The incorporation of controlled grain size improved mechanical properties. This control of grain size in the casting operation was accomplished by the control of processing parameters such as casting temperature, mould preheating temperature, and the use of grain nucleates in the face of the mould. For nickel and cobalt based superalloys, it was found that cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) has the best nucleating effect. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the inoculant’s content (cobalt aluminate) in the surface layer of the ceramic mould on the microstructure and mechanical properties at high temperature of nickel based superalloy René 77. For this purpose, the ceramic moulds were made with different concentration of cobalt aluminate in the primary slurry was from 0 to 10% mass. in zirconium flour. Stepped and cylindrical samples were casted for microstructure and mechanical examinations. The average grain size of the matrix ( phase), was determined on the stepped samples. The influence of surface modification on the grain size of up to section thickness was considered. The microstructure investigations with the use of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable to examine the influence of the surface modification on the morphology of ’ phase and carbides precipitations. Verification of the influence of CoAl2O4 on the mechanical properties of castings were investigated on the basis of results obtained form creep tests.

KAISER ALUMINUM ALLOY KA62

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Kaiser Aluminum

Abstract Kaiser Aluminum alloy KA62 (Tennalum alloy KA62) is a lead-free alternative to 6262. It offers good machinability and corrosion resistance and displays good acceptance of coatings (anodize response). It can be used in place of 6262 because its physical and mechanical properties are equivalent to those of 6262 (see Alloy Digest Al-361, September 1999). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: AL-362. Producer or source: Tennalum, A Division of Kaiser Aluminum.

Non-economic impact of craft brewery visitors in British Columbia: A quantitative analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrett R. Bachman ◽  
John S. Hull ◽  
Byron Marlowe
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Beer Industry ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Global Growth

The number of craft breweries in British Columbia has grown significantly in recent years,numbering over 140 in 2017. Very little is known about the effects of the craft brewery industryin British Columbia, specifically as it relates to impacts not related to brewery revenue and jobcreation. Beyond British Columbia, the craft beer industry has not empirically examined non-revenue impacts in a manner that reflects the global growth of the sector. Tourism experiences,such as those offered by craft breweries, are becoming increasingly important for resilience and sustainable growth and success of destinations. The goal of this research was to determine whovisitors to craft breweries are, how tourist and resident patrons differ, and what effects craftbreweries have on tourists who visit breweries. A 55 item survey was distributed at 11 craftbreweries in three regions in British Columbia during the summer of 2017. Results founddifferences between tourist and resident patrons in self-image congruency, age and travel partysize, but no difference in gender, education, or household income. From a tourism standpoint, itwas found that memories have a significant, positive impact on loyalty regarding the breweryand the destination. For tourists, strong connections were found between social involvement andboth authenticity and place attachment for those who were more socially involved in craft beer.Comparisons to previous research in the wine industry provide additional commentary.Implications for craft breweries, destinations, and future research in this area are discussed.

A Short Review on Structural Equation Modeling: Applications and Future Research Directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Surajit Bag
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Statistical Efficiency ◽  
Future Research Directions

The application of multivariate techniques is mainly to expand the researchers explanatory ability and statistical efficiency. The first generation analytical techniques share a common limitation i.e. each technique can examine only a single relationship at a time. Structural Equation Modeling, an extension of several multivariate techniques is the technique popularly used today can examine a series of dependence relationships simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to provide a short review on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) being used in social sciences research. A comprehensive literature review of article appearing in top journals is conducted in order to identify how often SEM theory is used. Also the key SEM steps have been provided offering potential researchers with a theoretical supported systematic approach that simplify the multiple options with performing SEM.

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