scholarly journals Estimation of impurity release from planar liquid surface in plasma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2145 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
N Somboonkittichai
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Net Pressure

Abstract A liquid metallic surface exposed to a plasma interacts with ions and electrons numerously. The surface becomes charged. Subsequently, the electric field is formed via the balance of incoming ion and electron currents. The kinetic energies and the momentum of the incoming ions and electrons are transferred to the surface. This is enhanced by the self-generated electric field and gives rise to notable pressures and energy fluxes on the surface. By adopting several plasma and liquid parameters to the physical models, the time evolution of the surface temperature can be characterized with the net energy flux, the net pressure, and the net impurity outgoing flux. The study suggests that electron temperature and ion mass significantly govern, but the ion to electron temperature ratio does not, the trend of the surface temperature. Besides, it is found that at long elapsed time at which evaporation becomes strong, the energy and impurity fluxes reduce in conjunction with the rate of change of the surface temperature lessens.

High-speed isotachophoresis. Analytical aspects of the steady-state longitudinal temperature profiles

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbyněk Ryšlavý ◽  
Petr Boček ◽  
Miroslav Deml ◽  
Jaroslav Janák
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Electric Field Intensity ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Longitudinal Temperature ◽  
Continuous Character

The problem of the longitudinal temperature distribution was solved and the bearing of the temperature profiles on the qualitative characteristics of the zones and on the interpretation of the record of the separation obtained from a universal detector was considered. Two approximative physical models were applied to the solution: in the first model, the temperature dependences of the mobilities are taken into account, the continuous character of the electric field intensity at the boundary being neglected; in the other model, the continuous character of the electric field intensity is allowed for. From a comparison of the two models it follows that in practice, the variations of the mobilities with the temperature are the principal factor affecting the shape of the temperature profiles, the assumption of a discontinuous jump of the electric field intensity at the boundary being a good approximation to the reality. It was deduced theoretically and verified experimentally that the longitudinal profiles can appreciably affect the longitudinal variation of the effective mobilities in the zone, with an infavourable influence upon the qualitative interpretation of the record. Pronounced effects can appear during the analyses of the minor components, where in the corresponding short zone a temperature distribution occurs due to the influence of the temperatures of the neighbouring zones such that the temperature in the zone of interest in fact does not attain a constant value in axial direction. The minor component does not possess the steady-state mobility throughout the zone, which makes the identification of the zone rather difficult.

Plane Wave Interaction with an Inhomogeneous Warm Plasma Column

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (20) ◽  
pp. 2578-2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanwal J. Parbhakar ◽  
Brian C. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Plasma Column ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Plane Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Wave Interaction ◽  
Radial Electric Field ◽  
Main Resonance ◽  
At Resonance ◽  
Warm Plasma

The interaction of a plane electromagnetic wave with an inhomogeneous warm plasma column is studied as a boundary value problem using a wave matching method. The plasma is characterized by a uniform electron temperature T and a parabolic density distribution N00 (1 − αr2/α2), where N00 is the central line density, α the inhomogeneity parameter, and a the column radius. The coupled Maxwell's and first two moment equations, assuming scalar pressure, are solved numerically without the quasi-static assumption. The resonances cannot be characterized by a single parameter; the effects of α, T, and N00 are studied separately. The resonances are located by noting that the magnitude of the scattering coefficient is unity (for a unit amplitude incident wave) at resonance. The maxima in the scattering are associated with the maxima in the coupling.It is found that the dielectric or the main resonance is a reasonably good radiator, while the plasma wave resonances (Tonks–Dattner resonances) are rather poor radiators. A detailed analysis of the radial electric field inside the plasma indicates that the main resonance is essentially a cold plasma resonance. As for the resonant frequencies, our results are in good agreement with those of Parker, Nickel, and Gould.The radial electric field at resonance inside the plasma is very sensitive to electron temperature.For the main resonance the field distribution at low electron temperature approaches that of a uniform cold plasma at resonance.

General Relations between Fields and Sources

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Richard Freeman ◽  
James King ◽  
Gregory Lafyatis
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Retarded Time ◽  
Finite Speed ◽  
Radiation Fields ◽  
Source Current ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
General Relations ◽  
Relationship Of

The general relationship of changes in source current, charge and/or position and the fields that they produce are examined in the context of the development of equations that are known as “Jefimenko’s Equations.” These expressions give the fields at a point removed from the source in terms of the charge and current distributions evaluated at the “retarded time.” In this development, the finite speed of light is shown to connect the time rate of change in source conditions to the spatial variations of the potential at the field point. Using a graphical argument, the transverse nature of radiation fields is demonstrated based on electric field lines as envisioned by Faraday.

Mobility of Hot Carriers in Germanium at 300°K

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2035-2039
Author(s):  
M. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Intensity ◽  
Electric Field Intensity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Impurity Scattering ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Hot Carriers ◽  
Ionized Impurity Scattering ◽  
Carrier Temperature ◽  
Carrier Energy

The mobility of hot electrons and holes in germanium at a lattice temperature of 300°K is calculated as dependent on carrier temperature and electric field intensity including not only the acoustical and nonpolar optical mode scattering but also the ionized impurity scattering. The Conwell theory of lattice mobility of hot carriers and the Conwell-Weisskopf theory of ionized impurity scattering are applied by taking into account the factor exp (θ/2 Te) in the average rate of change of carrier energy due to nonpolar optical interactions. The mobility is evaluated on an electronic digital computer as a function of the carrier temperature and electric field intensity for impurity concentrations 0, 4 x 1016, 2 x 1017, 1018 and 2.5 x 1019 cm-3, and also as a function of impurity concentration for low electric field intensities. The comparison of the theoretical results with the experimental data available shows a relatively good agreement.

Dynamics and applications of a microscale liquid surface interacting with an electric field

2005 ◽  
Vol 583 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Matsuura ◽  
Hiromitsu Furukawa ◽  
Tamio Tanikawa ◽  
Makoto Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Liquid Surface

Critical Electric Field of InGaN p-i-n Solar Cell

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 1168-1172
Author(s):  
Der Yuh Lin ◽  
Chao Yu Chi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Electric Field Effect ◽  
Type Layer ◽  
P Type

We present a study of electric field effect on the efficiency of GaN/In0.1Ga0.9N p-i-n solar cells by using the advanced physical models of semiconductor devices (APSYS) simulation program. In this study, the electric field strength and other parameters such as optimum thickness of p-type layer and efficiency of GaN/In0.1Ga0.9N p-i-n solar cells with different i-layer thicknesses have been performed. On the basis of simulating results, for a high efficiency solar cell, it is found that the optimum p-type layer concentration is above 4×1016cm-3and the suitable thickness is between 0.1 to 0.2 μm. For different i-layer thickness and p-doping concentrations, a critical electric field (Fc) has been found at 100 kV/cm. It is worth to note that when the electric field strength of i-layer below Fc value, the solar cell efficiency will dramatically decrease. Thus Fc can be seen as an index for acquiring the quality of solar device.

scholarly journals GLOBAL CHANGES IN THE SEA ICE COVER AND ASSOCIATED SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 469-479
Author(s):  
Josefino C. Comiso
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Antarctic

The trends in the sea ice cover in the two hemispheres have been observed to be asymmetric with the rate of change in the Arctic being negative at −3.8 % per decade while that of the Antarctic is positive at 1.7 % per decade. These observations are confirmed in this study through analyses of a more robust data set that has been enhanced for better consistency and updated for improved statistics. With reports of anthropogenic global warming such phenomenon appears physically counter intuitive but trend studies of surface temperature over the same time period show the occurrence of a similar asymmetry. Satellite surface temperature data show that while global warming is strong and dominant in the Arctic, it is relatively minor in the Antarctic with the trends in sea ice covered areas and surrounding ice free regions observed to be even negative. A strong correlation of ice extent with surface temperature is observed, especially during the growth season, and the observed trends in the sea ice cover are coherent with the trends in surface temperature. The trend of global averages of the ice cover is negative but modest and is consistent and compatible with the positive but modest trend in global surface temperature. A continuation of the trend would mean the disappearance of summer ice by the end of the century but modelling projections indicate that the summer ice could be salvaged if anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are kept constant at the current level.

Effect of spin–orbit coupling on the hot-electron energy relaxation in nanowires

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (32) ◽  
pp. 2050322
Author(s):  
A. L. Vartanian ◽  
A. L. Asatryan ◽  
A. G. Stepanyan ◽  
K. A. Vardanyan ◽  
A. A. Kirakosyan
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Power Loss ◽  
Continuum Theory ◽  
Energy Relaxation ◽  
Spin Orbit ◽  
Hot Electron ◽  
Electrical Field Strength

The energy relaxation of hot electrons is proposed based on the spin–orbit (SO) interaction of both Rashba and Dresselhaus types with the effect of hot phonons. A continuum theory of optical phonons in nanowires taking into account the influence of confinement is used to study the hot-electron energy relaxation. The energy relaxation due to both confined (CO) and interface (IO) optical phonon emission on nanowire radius, electrical field strength, parameters of SO couplings and electron temperature is calculated. For considered values of the nanowire radius as well as other system parameters, scattering by IO phonons prevails over scattering by CO phonons. The presence of an electric field leads to the decrease of power loss in transitions between states with the same spin quantum numbers. With the increase of the electric field strength, the influence of the Dresselhaus SO interaction on the energy relaxation rate decreases. The effect of SO interaction does not change the previously obtained increasing dependence of power loss on electron temperature. The sensitivity of energy relaxation to the electric field also through the Rashba parameter allows controlling the rate of energy by electric field.

An electron temperature model of the nMOSFETs

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2050119
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Ruohe Yao
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Temperature ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
Electron Velocity ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Hot Carrier ◽  
Carrier Effect ◽  
Hot Carrier Effect ◽  
The Impact

With the development of IC manufacturing process, the device dimensions have been on the nanoscale, while the device performance, such as the electron velocity, mobility and thermal noise, is significantly affected by the hot carrier effect. This paper proposes an electron temperature model to accurately predict the hot carrier effect. The channel transverse electric field is firstly derived by using the channel electric potential equation, taking into account the boundary conditions of the electric field. Based on the electric field equation, the energy balance equation is solved involving the impact of the temperature gradient and then the electron temperature model is established. The impact of the electron temperature on the channel mobility and of temperature gradient on the electron velocity has also been investigated. The results show that when the device enters the nanoscale, the electron mobility is more susceptible to the influence of the electric field and the electron temperature, and the impact of the temperature gradient on the velocity becomes obviously greater. The electron temperature model proposed in this paper can be applied to the performance analysis and modeling of nanosized MOSFETs.

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