scholarly journals Trials of frankincense harvesting using organic stimulants

2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
S Andini ◽  
M H Ningrum ◽  
Sukadaryati
Keyword(s):  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Wood Vinegar ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Abstract Generally, frankincense resin is used as a raw material of the cosmetic and pharmacy industry and is often used as traditional rituals related to mystical things. However, the information related to the stimulant application on frankincense tapping is lacking even not available yet. This article aims to provide the initial information on frankincense tapping technic using three organic stimulants. The trials were conducted in one of the community forests in Dolog Sanggul, North Sumatera. The trees sampled were 40 with an average diameter of 17.07 cm that adjusted with the variable used. Organic stimulants used in this study were wood vinegar, galangal, and lime. The result showed a) the organic stimulant was potential to be applied in frankincense harvesting based on the productivity of produced resin; b) the application of three organic stimulants in frankincense harvesting affected the resin production compared to the control (without stimulant), and c) the resin yield varied between 0.177-1.051 gr with a harvesting period of one month. As an illustration, the resin yield of one frankincense tree averagely 0.1-0.5 kg per year with a harvesting period of 3-4 months without stimulant. The innovation of frankincense harvesting is necessary to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the stem wounding process and stimulant application.

scholarly journals DIC TEXTURING-ASSISTED ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF ACTIVE MOLECULES OF POMEGRANATE PEEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 4023-4044
Author(s):  
Karim Allaf ◽  
Khaoula Elaydi ◽  
Ibtisam Kamal ◽  
Ahmed Bedoui
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Effective Diffusivity ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Accelerated Solvent Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phenol Compounds ◽  
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

The current work discusses the use of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) as a pretreatment texturing stage intensifying phenolic compound extraction from South Tunisian Punicagranatum L. peels in both cases of conventional and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) allowed identifying the effects of DIC processing parameters on the yields of Total Phenol Compounds (TPC), Total Flavonoid (TF), Condensed Tannins (CT), and Hydrolysable Tannins (HT), and antioxidant capacities via 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity and ß-carotene-linoleic acid as responses. Comparative methods were used to evaluate DIC-textured and Raw samples. The results obtained confirmed that appropriate DIC-texturing improved both kinetic and yield of bioactive compound extraction using ASE from Punicagranatum L. peels. Extraction kinetics was studied through Coupled Washing-Diffusion CWD model. The effective diffusivity was identified and quantified ranged from 0.27 to 8.22 against 0.4710-10 m2s-1 for DIC textured and raw material (RM), respectively. DIC swelling enabled solid vegetal material matrix to expand and be more adapted to mass transfer thus increasing extractability of the phenol compounds. Scanning Electron Microscope SEM showed that DIC generated pores with an average diameter of 50 µm.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Infrared Performance of SiB6 Powder through “Chemical Oven” Self-Propagating Combustion

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Shuang Shuang ◽  
Fengxia Yang ◽  
Zhiwei Li ◽  
Jiangtao Li ◽  
Xiangmin Meng
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Integral Intensity ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Maximum Reaction

SiB6 powders were prepared by the “chemical oven” method from Si and B powders. Here combustion with acid pickling “two-step” mode replaces the traditional synthesis method which helps to avoid severe condition of high temperature and high pressure. It could realize maximum reaction temperature to about 2000°C, and the whole process just needs ∼30 s. The average diameter of products is ∼10 μm. And the raw material Si and B are ∼3 μm and ∼20 μm, respectively. The infrared emissivity of products was evaluated by UV-vis spectrum with absorption band around 250∼2500 nm. All five samples show higher emissivity over UV-visible light range with lower emissivity over near-infrared range. Typically, the sample’s Si/B ratio of 1 : 1 shows highest integral intensity for about 0.85 compared with other molar ratios. It can be used as a more simple and effective method to obtain infrared ceramic SiB6 with high emissivity.

scholarly journals Bracelet from an Elunino burial at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
I.A. Valkov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Trace Analysis ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article studies a stone bead bracelet found in an Early Bronze Age burial of the Elunino archaeological culture during the excavation of the Teleut Vzvoz-I burial ground (heterogeneous in time) in the south of Western Siberia (Forest-Steppe Altai). According to a series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, the Elunino burial ground at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site was used in the 22nd–18th centuries BC. The artefact under study was found in double burial No. 16 of the indicated burial ground, on the wrist of an adult (gender is not established). The bracelet in-cludes 66 stone beads, as well as one stone base. This piece of jewellery is unique in terms of technique, as well as the sacral meaning embedded in it. The ornament found on the beads bears no analogies to those discovered in the well-known Bronze Age archaeological sites of Western and Eastern Siberia. The present publication con-siders the morphological and raw material characteristics of the bracelet, as well as the specifics of its production and use. In this study, trace analysis was performed, i.e. the analysis of macro- and micro-traces left on the sur-face of the item as a result of its production and subsequent use. All traces were examined using an MBS-10 stereoscopic microscope at a magnification of ×16–56. It was found that some of the beads in the bracelet were made of serpentinite. The nearest sources of this stone are at least 250–300 km away from Teleut Vzvoz-I. The beads are made by counter-drilling, drilling of blind holes, polishing and grinding. This find is unique due to orna-mental compositions found on several beads in the form of oblique notches on side faces. The extremely small size of the beads (average diameter of 3.3 mm; average thickness of 1.4 mm) makes the pattern invisible to the naked eye. Thus, it is concluded that the ornament had a sacred meaning, and the bracelet itself served as an amulet. Despite no finds of ornamented bracelets dating back to the Bronze Age in Western Siberia and adjacent territories, typologically the bracelet bears analogies to the antiquities of the Okunevo culture, the Yamna cultural and historical community, as well as in the materials of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Gonur Depe (Turk-menistan). The study of the bracelet demonstrates the relevance of performing trace analysis of such items from other archaeological sites.

scholarly journals Biochar Technology as a Go Green Movement in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustan Pari
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Wood Vinegar ◽  
Terra Preta ◽  
Coconut Shells

Charcoal has long been known by the community in its use either as energy sources or for agriculture/forestry-related aspects.  Beginning from the discovery of the so-called Terra Preta, the role of charcoal in improving soil fertility and enhancing its productivity at agriculture as well as forestry lands has attracted remarkable attention internationally ever since.  Raw material for charcoal can be wood or other ligno-cellulosic stuffs (e.g. coconut shells, oil-palm shells, rice husks, wood sawdust, nut shells, etc).  Technology in charcoal manufacture commonly employed by the community comprises heaping-kiln, drum kiln, and dome-shaped kiln systems.  Such manufacture technology is simply carbonizing the ligno-cellulosic stuffs inside the kiln into charcoal.  The charcoal yield usually ranges about 20-25% (w/w), implying that as much 75-80% of the stuffs is lost as smoke that further escape to the air.  Environment concerns arise since such escaped smoke can pollute the atmosphere and hence contribute to the global warming.  Measures are urgently needed to reduce the amount of such escapes among others, as developed by the Center for Research and Development on Forestry Engineering and Forest Products Processing (CRDFEFPP, Indonesia) by cooling the smoke, during the carbonization of ligno-cellulosic stuffs, thereby condensing it into liquid smoke (popularly called as wood vinegar). Through intensive and tedious researches, it is found out that the wood vinegar (as charcoal by-product) could effectively function as bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers.  Meanwhile, application of charcoal to the seedlings of forestry plant species reveals positive responses as shown by the increase in biomass weight of those plants on other positive plant-growth aspects (e.g. stem height and diameter).  Likewise, the use of charcoal combined with compost (i.e. organic fertilizer that results from bio-conversion of biomass stuffs) could enhance as much 2-3 times the production of vegetables plants as the control (untreated plants).  This in all strongly indicates the charcoal and wood-vinegar manufacture entirely called as essentially the bio-char technology, can convert biomass stuffs (previously regarded as not or less useful) into value-added or more useful products (charcoal and wood vinegar).

scholarly journals Implementasi Monitoring Suhu dan Kelembaban pada Budidaya Jamur Tiram dengan IOT

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Yuli Wibowo ◽  
Febriansah Eka Prasetyadana ◽  
Bertung Suryadharma
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Temperature Parameter

Oyster mushroom commodity has been widely used as raw material for processed food products, monitoring of temperature and humidity intensively, the quality will be well maintained. Monitoring at Rumah Jamur Barokah full 24 hours, so it will be difficult if done manually. This is the reason why it is necessary to design monitoring tools in maintaining the ideal temperature and humidity with the concept of the Internet of Things. This research aims to design temperature and humidity monitoring tools (IoT), and how much the increase value of time efficiency and effectiveness after the tool is implemented. The blackbox testing method is performed for performance feasibility testing, by comparing thermo-hygrometers and sensors. The result of the tool performance test at the temperature parameter obtained an error value 0.33 0C and the DHT22 tolerance limit ± 0.5 0C. In the humidity parameter obtained an error of 1.8% RH and the DHT22 tolerance limit ± 2% RH, so the DHT22 sensor feasible to use. In the analysis of efficiency calculation obtained a result of 77.95% for improved time efficiency. In the analysis of the quality effectiveness value of oyster mushrooms is less than ideal, getting an increase in value by 143% to 163%. Keywords: blackbox testing, cultivation, internet of things (iot), monitoring, oyster mushroom

scholarly journals MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF EXTRUDING BUCKWHEAT TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Tarabayev ◽  
K Baigenzhinov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modeling And Optimization ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Rational Process

This article discusses the possibility of mathematical modeling andoptimization of parameters of the process of buckwheat. As a result of the research,a regression equation was obtained, which allows to predict the optimal extrusionparameters of buckwheat and reduce the number of experiments. Extrusionprocessing is one of the most attractive methods of processing grain crops to obtainsemi-finished products. The efficiency and effectiveness of the use of this equationis proved in laboratory conditions. The influence of all factors was studied duringthe extrusion of buckwheat grain, pressure, temperature, processing time andhumidity of the feedstock on the yield of blasted cereal, the content of watersoluble substances, the swelling and density of the extruded raw material. Amathematical model of the process of extrusion of buckwheat grain made itpossible to find rational process parameters allowing to obtain extrudates with highconsumer properties.

scholarly journals Determining the conversion factors for selected lengths of medium-sized pine and spruce wood in the S2 group

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Joanna Witkowska ◽  
Krzysztof Jodłowski
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Round Wood ◽  
General Director

Abstract The aim of the study was to verify the commonly used conversion factors, their realignment and adaptation to current requirements for wood group S2. Our re-evaluation was based on medium-sized pine and spruce wood between 1 m and 3 m long, with an upper diameter of 5 cm to 24 cm without bark. Measurements were carried out on individual raw material pieces (rollers) as well as entire stacks. In total, 1092.026 steres of pine wood and 482.430 steres of spruce wood from five different forest districts were measured. The conversion factors for both pine and spruce were observed to be generally lower than those currently used in PN-D-95000-2002 and the directives of the General Director of State Forests regarding technical requirements on medium-sized round wood. We also confirmed the dependence between the value of the conversion factor and the average diameter of the roller in the stack, although this was not consistently statistically significant due to the influence of a multitude of factors that potentially cancel each other out. The differences of conversion factors obtained for the S2A and S2B groups suggest that more extensive research for pine and spruce wood as well as the development of separate conversion factors is necessary. However, developing appropriate conversion factors for wood of the S2A group (S2AC and S2AP), especially pine wood, will be challenging due to the large range of diameters and curvature permitted by the regulations.

Carbon nanotubes produced from rubber fruit shell activated carbon

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140003
Author(s):  
Suhdi ◽  
Sheng-Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Two Peaks

This study used rubber fruit shells (RFS) as raw material for making carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs were carried out by hydrothermal process at low-temperature after carbonization and chemical activation was done. This experiment succeeded in obtaining a bundle of MWCNT (Multi-Wall Nanotube) from the raw material of RFS. The results of characterization using SEM and TEM showed that the resulting CNTs were not homogeneous in diameter, ranging from 13 to 455 nm, with an average diameter of about 179 nm. XRD was used to identify crystallographic structure; it has two peaks 2[Formula: see text] at around 26.0 and 44.0, index to 002 and 101 reflections hexagonal graphite diffraction of the MWCNTs. This study can provide an alternative inexpensive raw material and a simple method to obtain carbon nanotubes.

Silicon Carbide Whiskers Synthesized by Double-Heating Technique

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1294-1296
Author(s):  
Ru Zhao ◽  
Chang Hong Dai ◽  
Yi Cui ◽  
Zu Wei Song
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Silicon Carbide Whiskers ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Lower Temperature

A new technique of mass-producing silicon carbide whiskers at a low cost is introduced in this paper. Silicon carbide whiskers are synthesized by double-heating technique with the activated carbon and silica gel as raw material and CoCl2 as catalyst. The results indicate that the silicon carbide whiskers with the average diameter of 0.2μm, length of 10-50μm and high content of 81% can be obtained at a lower temperature of 1300°C and a shorter time of 1.5h. Compared with the conventional heating, the double-heating technique is suitable for realizing the scaled production because of the lower whiskerssynthesizing temperature, shorter reaction time and greater output.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PYROLYSIS HEATING RATE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WOOD VINEGAR FROM EUCALYPTUS UROGRANDIS AND MIMOSA TENUIFLORA

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcio César Dantas de Medeiros ◽  
Alexandre Santos Pimenta ◽  
Renata Martins Braga ◽  
Tatiane Kelly de Azevedo Carnaval ◽  
Pedro Nico Medeiros Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Wood Vinegar ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquids ◽  
Mimosa Tenuiflora

ABSTRACT Among the parameters used in the biomass carbonization process, the heating rate is one of the most important. The objective of the present work was to assess the influence of different heating rates on the chemical composition of wood vinegar (WV) from two wood species. Dried disks of Eucalyptus grandis and Mimosa tenuiflora wood were used as raw material. Carbonization runs were carried out in a laboratory muffle furnace at three heating rates (0.7, 1.0 and 1.4 °C/min), with 10 runs at each heating rate, reaching 450 °C. Yields of charcoal, pyrolysis liquids and gases were determined for all carbonization conditions. Crude pyrolysis liquid from each wood species and each heating rate was bi-distilled, yielding purified WV samples. These samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to obtain qualitative and semi-quantitative data. Results showed that lower heating rates produce higher yields of charcoal, while higher heating rates lead to higher yields of pyrolysis liquids and gases. Totals of 57 and 42 chemical compounds were identified in the WV of Eucalyptus and Mimosa, respectively, divided into the following groups: alcohols, ketones, furans and pyrans, and phenolic compounds. In general, higher heating rates led to greater contents of furans and pyrans and lower concentrations of phenolic compounds.

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