Research of transition processes in the operation of reclamation pumping stations

Abstract This paper presents the results of field studies carried out on existing pressure systems with pumping stations. The considered field experiments were carried out on a closed irrigation system, which includes a pumping station with a water intake, a closed irrigation pipeline network and sprinklers. On this system, field studies of transient processes were carried out with the simultaneous shutdown of all pumping units simulating emergency power outages of the motors, and with shutdown of one of the units simulating the automatic operation of the station. The presented results make it possible to carry out practical calculations of transient processes for pumping stations with different water supplies, heads, capacities, diameters and lengths of pressure pipelines and shockproof devices.

Download Full-text

Effect of parallel connection of pumping units on operating costs of pumping station

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20199705014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 ◽

pp. 05014 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nazir Ikramov ◽

Eduard Kan ◽

Mirasil Mirzoev ◽

Takhir Majidov

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Operating Mode ◽

Operating Costs ◽

Hydraulic Calculation ◽

Parallel Operation ◽

Capital Costs ◽

Pumping Stations ◽

Pressure Pipeline ◽

Large Irrigation ◽

Pumping Units

In Uzbekistan, as well as in many other countries of the world, pumping units operate in parallel into a common pressure pipeline at some pumping stations of the irrigation system. This was done mainly to save on the capital costs of the pipeline. Analysis and hydraulic calculation of the existing large irrigation pumping stations with pumping units operating in parallel showed that at some of them the conditions of parallel operation of pumping units were impaired. As a result, a negative hydraulic process arises, in the form of self-induced vibrations of the water flow in the pipeline, which leads to various damage and deformation of the pressure pipeline and pipeline supports. The calculations showed that with different modes of pumping units operating together, the power consumption at the Amu-Bukhara-1 and Namangan pumping stations, accounting for one unit increases by 0.72 ... 6.53%, and at the Amu-Bukhara-2 and Amu-Zang-2 pumping stations, this index, on the contrary, decreases by 0.32 ... 1.67%. Therefore, a properly selected operating mode of parallel-connected pumping units will lead to a decrease in operating costs, i.e. decrease in the prime cost of raised water.

Download Full-text

Irrigation pumping stations according to the hydraulic and operational indicators of pumping units

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126403074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 264 ◽

pp. 03074

Author(s):

Makhmudjon Mamajanov ◽

Bakhtiyor Uralov ◽

Marina Li ◽

Eshmatboy Qalqonov ◽

Panji Nurmatov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Hydraulic Resistance ◽

Field Studies ◽

Flow Path ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Pumping Stations ◽

Pressure Pipeline ◽

Axial Pumps ◽

Suction Line ◽

Pumping Units

The paper presents the conditions and the degree of reduction of water supply and pressure of pumping stations (PS) depending on the hydraulic resistance of the water-supply channels and structures of the PS and other various factors. And also, the results of studies of the hydraulic and operational modes of water-supplying machine channels and structures of irrigation pumping stations are presented. Analyzing the operating conditions of the pumping units, it was found that the reasons for the decrease in their operating parameters are the following: a) an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the suction line due to sediment deposition in the intake chamber, as well as due to siltation and clogging of the PS suction pipeline; b) an increase in hydraulic resistance due to the accumulation of air at elevated points of the pressure pipeline, in particular, on the crest of the siphon outlet of the PS; c) a decrease in the hydraulic efficiency of pumping units due to an increase in the surface roughness of the parts of the flow path, it due to the effect of solid abrasive particles entering through the suction line of the PS. Also, the work presents the results of complex laboratory and field studies to study the intensity of wear of the elements of the flow path of centrifugal and axial pumps. The alternating pulsating load leads to an increase in the force of interaction of the hydroabrasive flow with the surface of the chamber and increases its wear by 10%, and also reduces the productivity of the pumping unit to 9%.

Download Full-text

Drip Irrigation and Stand Establishment Affect Yield and Quality of Cantaloupe

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.545d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 545d-545

Author(s):

D.I. Leskovar ◽

J.C. Ward ◽

R.W. Sprague ◽

A. Meiri

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Silty Clay ◽

Dry Land ◽

Stand Establishment ◽

Yield And Quality

Water pumping restrictions of high-quality irrigation water from underground aquifers is affecting vegetable production in Southwest Texas. There is a need to develop efficient deficit-irrigation strategies to minimize irrigation inputs and maintain crop profitability. Our objective was to determine how growth, yield, and quality of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. cv. `Caravelle') are affected by irrigation systems with varying input levels, including drip depth position and polyethylene mulch. Stand establishment systems used were containerized transplants and direct seeding. Field experiments were conducted on a Uvalde silty clay loam soil. Marketable yields increased in the order of pre-irrigation followed by: dry-land conditions, furrow/no-mulch, furrow/mulch, drip-surface (0 cm depth)/mulch, drip-subsurface (10-cm depth)/mulch, and drip-subsurface (30 cm depth)/mulch. Pooled across all drip depth treatments, plants on drip had higher water use efficiency than plants on furrow/no-mulch or furrow/mulch systems. Transplants with drip-surface produced 75% higher total and fruit size No. 9 yields than drip-subsurface (10- or 30-cm depth) during the first harvest, but total yields were unaffected by drip tape position. About similar trends were measured in a subsequent study except for a significant irrigation system (stand establishment interaction for yield. Total yields were highest for transplants on drip-subsurface (10-cm depth) and direct seeded plants on drip-subsurface (10 and 30 cm depth) with mulch.

Download Full-text

Evaluating the Impact of Two Generalist Predators on the Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata Population Density

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12040321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 321

Author(s):

Stefan Cristian Prazaru ◽

Giulia Zanettin ◽

Alberto Pozzebon ◽

Paola Tirello ◽

Francesco Toffoletto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Field Studies ◽

Generalist Predators ◽

Predator Species ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Orius Majusculus ◽

Limited Effectiveness ◽

Pest Outbreaks ◽

The Impact

Outbreaks of the Nearctic leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata represent a threat to vinegrowers in Southern Europe, in particular in North-eastern Italy. The pest outbreaks are frequent in organic vineyards because insecticides labeled for organic viticulture show limited effectiveness towards leafhoppers. On the other hand, the naturally occurring predators and parasitoids of E. vulnerata in vineyards are often not able to keep leafhopper densities at acceptable levels for vine-growers. In this study, we evaluated the potential of two generalist, commercially available predators, Chrysoperla carnea and Orius majusculus, in suppressing E. vulnerata. Laboratory and semi-field experiments were carried out to evaluate both species’ predation capacity on E. vulnerata nymphs. The experiments were conducted on grapevine leaves inside Petri dishes (laboratory) and on potted and caged grapevines (semi-field); in both experiments, the leaves or potted plants were infested with E. vulnerata nymphs prior to predator releases. Both predator species exhibited a remarkable voracity and significantly reduced leafhopper densities in laboratory and semi-field experiments. Therefore, field studies were carried out over two growing seasons in two vineyards. We released 4 O. majusculus adults and 30 C. carnea larvae per m2 of canopy. Predator releases in vineyards reduced leafhopper densities by about 30% compared to the control plots. Results obtained in this study showed that the two predators have a potential to suppress the pest density, but more research is required to define appropriate predator–prey release ratios and release timing. Studies on intraguild interactions and competition with naturally occurring predators are also suggested.

Download Full-text

To the issue of energy efficiency of using frequency-controlled centrifugal pump units

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201817003017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 03017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexey Dmitriev ◽

Vyacheslav Gerasimov

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Centrifugal Pump ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Point Of View ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Variable Frequency Drive ◽

Automatic Control Systems ◽

Efficient Management ◽

Pumping Stations ◽

Pumping Units

The expediency of using a variable frequency drive for pumping units was repeatedly proved both from the point of view of the economic component and the technological one. However, the construction of automatic control systems for the operating parameters of pumping stations is mainly based on maintaining the pressure setpoint and does not include monitoring the efficiency of the aggregates working in the group and, the more so, its regulation. In this paper, an algorithm is developed for the energy efficient management of centrifugal pump units, which allows not only maintaining the pressure setpoint, but also optimizing their efficiency.

Download Full-text

Effect of Irrigation System and Soil Conditioners on Growth and Essential Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Cultivated in Egypt

10.20944/preprints202007.0748.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elsayed Omer ◽

Saber Hendawy ◽

Abdel Nasser ElGendy ◽

Alberto Mannu ◽

Giacomo L. Petretto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Water Saving ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Research Station ◽

Soil Conditioners ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis L

A relevant improvement of the cultivar conditions of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in desert areas was achieved by a specific combination between irrigation system and soil conditioner. A drastic reduction of water employment was obtained without affect the quality of the plants, determined by monitoring growth parameters and essential oil characteristics. In particular, the effect of surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems and different soil conditioners on growth parameters, yield, and essential oil constituents of rosemary plant was assessed. Field experiments at the Agricultural Research Station (Al-Adlya farm), SEKEM group Company, El-Sharkiya Governorate, Egypt, conducted over the two seasons revealed the effectiveness of the subsurface irrigation system in obtaining better performances, especially in terms of water saving. The combination of subsurface irrigation and the conditioner Hundz soil with bentonite showed the maximum mean values of growth characters compared with other soil amendments during both seasons. The possibility to employ a water-saving irrigation system as the subsurface one without any drawback in the resulting plants was also explored in terms of molecular composition. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil extracted from plants growth under different irrigation conditions revealed a comparable composition in both cases. The goodness of the most performing system was also confirmed by the comparable yield of the essential oil.

Download Full-text

The watching eyes effect on charitable donation is boosted by fewer people in the vicinity

Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science ◽

10.5178/lebs.2016.52 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

Ryo Oda ◽

Ryota Ichihashi

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Charitable Giving ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Studies ◽

Prosocial Behaviors ◽

Charitable Donation ◽

Charitable Donations ◽

Large Groups

Previous field experiments have found that artificial surveillance cues facilitated prosocial behaviors such as charitable donations and littering. Several previous field studies found that the artificial surveillance cue effect was stronger when few individuals were in the vicinity; however, others reported that the effect was stronger in large groups of people. Here, we report the results of a field study examining the effect of an artificial surveillance cue (stylized eyes) on charitable giving. Three collection boxes were placed in different locations around an izakaya (a Japanese-style tavern) for 84 days. The amount donated was counted each experimental day, and the izakaya staff provided the number of patrons who visited each day. We found that the effect of the stylized eyes was more salient when fewer patrons were in the izakaya. Our findings suggest that the effect of the artificial surveillance cue is similar to that of “real” cues and that the effect on charitable giving may weaken when people habituate to being watched by “real” eyes.

Download Full-text

Validity and Reliability of Socio-Cognitive Determinants of Water Intake Questionnaire in Kidney Stones Patients

10.21203/rs.2.12175/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh ◽

Farzad Jalilian ◽

Halimeh Fatahi ◽

Laleh Solaimanizadeh ◽

Abdollah Saadatfar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Consistency ◽

Water Intake ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Field Studies ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Theoretical Assumptions ◽

Cognitive Determinants ◽

Intra Class Correlation Coefficient

Abstract Background Developing a valid and reliable questionnaire is an important step in field studies. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric propertiesof the socio-cognitive determinants of water intake questionnaire behaviors among patients with kidney stones in the west of Iran.Methods Construct items were elicited from interviews with kidney stones patients, experts and socio-cognitive items pool-related similar questionnaires. Internal consistency, face, content, and construct validity were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 20.0).Results Based on Eigenvalues of ≥ 1.00 and factor loadings of ≥ 0.40, five determinants were extracted. The calculated Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value was 0.697. The socio-cognitive determinants of water intake questionnaires were found to have acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of determinants between 0.65-0.85) and the theoretical assumptions for face, content, and construct validities were confirmed. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of socio-cognitive determinants was high (ICC between 0.810 - 0.911). Overall, the five studied socio-cognitive determinants explained 73.83% of the variance in the proposed model.Conclusions The socio-cognitive determinants of water intake questionnaire were revealed to have an acceptable psychometric evaluation. The questionnaire could be used to predict or explain water intake behavior in order to develop programs to increase water intake behavior among kidney stones patients.

Download Full-text

Optimizing Sowing Depth of Tef for Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions: From Laboratory to Field Studies

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10121983 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1983

Author(s):

Shiran Ben-Zeev ◽

Shane Kerzner ◽

Onn Rabinovitz ◽

Yehoshua Saranga

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Field Studies ◽

Field Trials ◽

Eragrostis Tef ◽

Sowing Depth ◽

New Crops ◽

Different Depths ◽

Plant Emergence ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Mediterranean Conditions

Developing new crops adapted to arid conditions is a promising approach to meet the increasing demand for food production under expanding aridity. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a C4 cereal crop cultivated mainly in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and known for its high resilience to stressful environments. Due to their tiny size, tef seeds are traditionally sown by broadcasting and lightly covering with soil. Under semiarid Mediterranean conditions, a deeper sowing may guarantee seedling establishment while saving on irrigation water. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the effects of sowing depth on tef emergence, development, lodging, and productivity. Tef seeds were sown at different depths in test tubes and pots, and in two field experiments. In tubes and pots, time from sowing to emergence increased about twofold and emergence rate decreased in the deepest sowing (3 cm) treatment compared to controls (0 cm). In the pot and field trials, deep sowing (3 cm) significantly reduced plant height, shoot and root biomass, and lodging. Sowing depths of 1–2 cm allowed successful plant establishment while not exacting penalties on plant emergence or development; hence this range appears to be optimal for sowing irrigated tef.

Download Full-text

The fate of detergent surfactants in sewer systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0248 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (7) ◽

pp. 321-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. Matthijs ◽

G. Debaere ◽

N. Itrich ◽

P. Masscheleyn ◽

A. Rottiers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Alcohol ◽

Half Life ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Sewage Treatment ◽

Field Studies ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Alcohol Ethoxylate ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

Laboratory Findings

The fate of detergent surfactants in the sewer can be studied both in laboratory tests and in field experiments. The laboratory studies can be used to determine the rate of disappearance of a test molecule as a function of residence time and estimate its half-life in a given habitat. In addition, important information can be obtained on the mechanism of degradation. Field studies can determine the actual environmental concentrations of surfactants in raw sewage which can then be compared with the expected concentration based on consumption volumes. The difference between the measured and predicted concentration provides an estimate for the disappearance of the test chemical during its travel in the sewer and confirms the results of the laboratory tests. This paper focuses on the fate of a number of important representative anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants, in the sewer. The results of laboratory die-away studies showed that, in general, the half-life for disappearance in the sewer was in the order of hours for Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylate (AE), Fatty Alcohol Ethoxy Sulphate (AES) and Di-Ethyl-Ester Di-methyl-Ammonium Chloride (DEEDMAC). These laboratory findings for AES were confirmed by monitoring actual raw sewage reaching municipal sewage treatment plants. In addition, a field study demonstrated that the concentration of glucose amides (GA) is considerably reduced during its travel in the sewer. These complementary laboratory and field studies provide key information for the safety assessment of surfactants. They demonstrate that the concentration of surfactants can be significantly reduced in the sewer resulting in a rapid reduction of the environmental loading, which is particularly important in environmental situations where inadequate or no sewage treatment exists.

Download Full-text