A review on Extraction of alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera Embryos and Leaves for Production of Dietary Supplement

Abstract Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) commonly distributed in low-lying and flooded areas like Southern Vietnam provides flowers, leaves, seeds, embryos, and edible rhizomes. All parts of the plant show good pharmacokinetic properties, especially lotus embryos and leaves. Studies have shown that lotus plums and leaves have many bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, in which alkaloids are one of mainly bioactive compound kinds. So that, there are many studies investigating extraction methods that increase the amount of alkaloid from lotus leaves, embryos. There are some conventional extract methods such as soak, heat reflux, Soxhlet, etc… and some modern extract methods as microwave, ultrasounds, enzyme assisted, supercritical fluids (S-CO2). At present, lotus leaves, embryos and their bioactivities can have application potential in the supplementary food such as protect-liver, anti-neurotic, etc.. The aim of this paper is to review a variety of develop methods used in the alkaloid extraction from lotus embryos, leaves. Besides, this study also introduces some pharmacokinetic properties of alkaloid which can use in functional foods.

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Optimisation of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) press residue extraction using a combination of pectolytic enzyme and ultrasound treatments

Journal of Berry Research ◽

10.3233/jbr-210722 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

L. Klavins ◽

E.P. Puzule ◽

J. Kviesis ◽

M. Klavins

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Food Waste ◽

Economic Value ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽

Skin Cell ◽

Pectolytic Enzymes ◽

Application Potential ◽

Berry Skins ◽

Valuable Compounds

Blueberries are one of the most popular and widely consumed berries, they are usually consumed fresh, dried or processed into juice. During the production of juices large quantities of berry press residues are generated, which are an industrial by-product and they accumulate as food waste. Optimal management of this industrial fruit by-product could help in utilising berry press residues with the purpose to valorise and add economic value. Blueberry press residues consist of skins and seeds which hold valuable compounds with antioxidant activity –polyphenolics. To facilitate the objective of bioactive compound release, the cell walls must rupture. Pectolytic enzymes could be used to degrade the structural polysaccharides of the berry skin cell wall, thus releasing the contents of the cells into the extraction medium. The physical characteristics of berry skins allows the use of pectolytic enzymes for the disruption of cells; however, the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis could be further improved using ultrasound. In this study the combined effects of enzyme and ultrasonic treatments were evaluated and optimised using the Response Surface Methodology approach in order to increase the release of polyphenolic compounds (especially anthocyanins). The optimised method was further tested to evaluate the application potential of enzyme and ultrasound treatment to prepare blueberry or lingonberry juice with increased antioxidant activity and more vibrant colour. The obtained results provide an optional method of berry press residue valorisation to produce higher quality juice or extract bioactive compounds from this type of food-waste.

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The Effect of Emulsifying Protein and Addition of Condensed Tannins on n-3 PUFA Enriched Emulsions for Functional Foods

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9111589 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1589

Author(s):

Susana Cofrades ◽

Alba Garcimartín ◽

Joaquín Gómez-Estaca ◽

Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz ◽

Beatriz Herranz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Rheological Behaviour ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Sodium Caseinate ◽

Protein Isolate ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Structural Reinforcement

This paper examines the effect of the type of the emulsifying protein (EP) (sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein isolate (WPI)) on both oil-in-water liquid-like emulsions (Es) and the corresponding cold gelled emulsions (GEs), and also the effect of addition of carob extract rich in condensed tannins (T). The systems, intended as functional food ingredients, were studied in various different respects, including rheological behaviour, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion with determination of the release of non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPA) from T, antioxidant activity and lipolysis. EP significantly affects the rheological behaviour of both Es and GEs. T incorporation produced a structural reinforcement of GEs, especially in the case of SC. The digests from Es displayed a higher antioxidant activity than those from GEs. T lipase inhibition was observed only in the formulations with WPI. Our results highlight the importance, in the design of functional foods, of analyzing different variables when incorporating a bioactive compound into a food or emulsion in order to select the better combination for the desired objective, owing to the complex interplay of the various components.

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Recrystallization of tubules from natural lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on a Au(111) surface

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.2.30 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 261-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sujit Kumar Dora ◽

Klaus Wandelt

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Nelumbo Nucifera ◽

The Self ◽

Tubule Formation ◽

First Results ◽

Substrate Properties ◽

Lotus Leaves ◽

Natural Wax

We present here the first results on the self-assembly of tubules of natural wax from lotus leaves on a single crystal Au(111) surface. A comparison of the tubule growth on Au(111) to that on HOPG is discussed. Although the tubule formation on both Au(111) and HOPG takes place on an intermediate wax film which should mask the substrate properties, the tubule orientations differ. In contrast to a vertical tubule orientation on HOPG, the tubules lie flat on Au(111). Taking into account the physical properties of HOPG and Au(111), we put forward a hypothesis which can explain the different tubule orientations on both substrates.

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RECENT STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING SOLUBILITY AND ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF PIPERINE

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2021v13i4.41596 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

HULWA SALSABILA ◽

LILI FITRIANI ◽

ERIZAL ZAINI

Keyword(s):

Crystal Engineering ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Hybrid Nanoparticles ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Particle Size Reduction ◽

Main Compound ◽

Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽

Potential Benefits

Piperine, the main bioactive compound found in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), has long been used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This compound has remarkable potential pharmacological properties, including being anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective. Recent studies have reported piperine activity as an antiviral against SARS-CoV-2, which caused COVID-19. Nevertheless, the clinical use of piperine is still limited, due to its poor water solubility and bioavailability; therefore, various approaches have been developed in order to solve these limitations. This review summarises recent studies (i.e. uploaded to electronic databases in the last 10 y) regarding strategies that have been investigated to improve piperine’s solubility and pharmacokinetic properties, using ‘piperine’, ‘solubility’, ‘bioavailability’, and ‘formulation’ as keywords. Articles that have focused on piperine as the main compound were selected and sorted based on their modification and formulation types. Studies reported various approaches: from derivatives and analogue synthesis, crystal engineering, complexation, particle size reduction (micro-and nanonisation), and lipid-and polymer-based drug delivery systems, to inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles. This review also highlights limitations and challenges for these approaches and encourages further studies to optimise piperine’s potential benefits.

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Extraction optimisation and lipid-lowering activity of Auricularia heimuer polysaccharides

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/146/2020-cjfs ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xianghui Kong ◽

Yinpeng Ma ◽

Yu Pan ◽

Wei Jiang ◽

Dingjin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Process Optimisation ◽

Molecular Weight Range ◽

Lowering Activity

Assessments of molecular weight distribution and activity/efficacy of Auricularia heimuer polysaccharides (AAP) are of substantial significance for its extraction process optimisation. In the present study, single-factor orthogonal test and response surface methodology were employed to optimise extraction conditions of AAP. Furthermore, a rat hyperlipidaemia model was established to compare the lipid-lowering activity of polysaccharides obtained by three extraction methods. Conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were optimised as pH 5.0, 1% cellulase, 2.5% substrate concentration and enzymolysis time of 1.5 h, leading to an up to 31.8% polysaccharide yield and 89.13% of polysaccharides within the molecular weight range of 5 000 Da to 10 000 Da. The results of animal experiments showed that the lipid-lowering activity of enzymolysis-extracted polysaccharides was significantly higher than that of water- and ultrasonic-extracted ones (P < 0.01). So the present study revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis-extracted polysaccharides showed the strongest hypolipidaemia activity, providing a basis for the development of A. heimuer-based functional foods and drugs.

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Curcumin Extraction, Isolation, Quantification and Its Application in Functional Foods: A Review With a Focus on Immune Enhancement Activities and COVID-19

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.747956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Soubhagya Tripathy ◽

Deepak Kumar Verma ◽

Mamta Thakur ◽

Ami R. Patel ◽

Prem Prakash Srivastav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Food ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Review Paper ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Unknown Species ◽

New Knowledge ◽

Immune Enhancement ◽

Immune Booster

An entirely unknown species of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in December 2019. COVID-19 has already affected more than 180 million people causing ~3.91 million deaths globally till the end of June 2021. During this emergency, the food nutraceuticals can be a potential therapeutic candidate. Curcumin is the natural and safe bioactive compound of the turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plant and is known to possess potent anti-microbial and immuno-modulatory properties. This review paper covers the various extraction and quantification techniques of curcumin and its usage to produce functional food. The potential of curcumin in boosting the immune system has also been explored. The review will help develop insight and new knowledge about curcumin's role as an immune-booster and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. The manuscript will also encourage and assist the scientists and researchers who have an association with drug development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals to develop curcumin-based formulations.

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Preparation of Hydroxytyrosol by Acid Hydrolysis from Olive Leaves

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8090159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Yujie Wang ◽

Siyuan Luo ◽

Jieling Luo ◽

Jipeng Qu ◽

Shiling Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrochloric Acid ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Hydrochloric Acid Concentration ◽

Macroporous Resin ◽

Olive Leaves ◽

Ultrasonic Time ◽

Optimal Extraction Condition

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is the main bioactive compound in olive leaves. However, olive leaves contain a lower level of HT and the extraction process of HT was rarely optimized. In this study, compared with two extraction methods, ultrasound was found to have a positive effect on improving the yield of HT. Therefore, ultrasound was used to assist hydrolysis of hydrochloric acid to extract HT from olive leaves. Response surface method and macroporous resins were applied to optimize the extraction process as well as enrichment of HT. The results showed that ultrasonic extraction time had a significant effect on the yield and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained: ultrasonic time was 120 min, hydrochloric acid concentration was 1.60 mol/L and the liquid-to-material ratio was 60.00 mL/g. Under the optimal extraction condition, the yield of HT was 14.11 ± 0.12 mg/g. NKA-Ⅱ macroporous resin was proved to be a suitable resin to enrich HT from extraction solution. The optimal condition for enriching HY was 250 mL of loading solution at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with 40 mL volume of 75% ethanol–eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The concentration of HT changed from 2.27% to 9.25% after enrichment by macroporous resin.

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Optimization of Preparation and Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of Celastrol-Encapsulated Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles in the Rat

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24183271 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 3271 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Onyeabor ◽

Paik ◽

Kovvasu ◽

Ding ◽

Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silk Fibroin ◽

High Performance ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Rat Plasma ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽

Precision And Accuracy

Celastrol (CL), a bioactive compound isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, has demonstrated bioactivities against a variety of diseases including cancer and obesity. However, its poor water solubility and rapid in vivo clearance limit its clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, nanotechnology has been employed to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Nanoparticles made of biological materials offer minimal adverse effects while maintaining the efficacy of encapsulated therapeutics. Silk fibroin (SF) solution was prepared successfully by extraction from the cocoons of silkworms, and a final concentration of 2 mg/mL SF solution was used for the preparation of CL-loaded SF nanoparticles (CL-SFNP) by the desolvation method. A stirring speed of 750 rpm and storage time of 20 h at −20 °C resulted in optimized product yield. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of CL in rat plasma in terms of selectivity, linearity, intra-/inter-day precision and accuracy, and recovery. No interference was observed in rat plasma. Linearity in the concentration range of 0.05–5 µg/mL was observed with R2 of 0.999. Precision and accuracy values were below the limit of acceptance criteria, i.e., 15% for quality control (QC) samples and 20% for lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) samples. Rats were given intravenous (IV) administration of 1 mg/kg of pure CL in PEG 300 solution or CL-SFNP. The pharmacokinetic profile was improved with CL-SFNP compared to pure CL. Pure CL resulted in a maximum concentration (Cmax) value of 0.17 µg mL−1 at 5 min following administration, whereas that for CL-SFNP was 0.87 µg mL−1 and the extrapolated initial concentrations (C0) were 0.25 and 1.09 µg mL−1, respectively, for pure CL and CL-SFNP. A 2.4-fold increase in total area under the curve (AUC0-inf) (µg h mL−1) was observed with CL-SFNP when compared with pure CL. CL-SFNP demonstrated longer mean residence time (MRT; 0.67 h) than pure CL (0.26 h). In conclusion, the preparation of CL-SFNP was optimized and the formulation demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to CL in solution following IV administration.

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Alkaloids Components and Pharmacological Activities of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) Leaves

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315508666180614123802 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

Yuyan Ren ◽

Xu Yao ◽

Junhui Xiao ◽

Xing Zheng ◽

Na Ouyang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Asia ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Nelumbo Nucifera ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Lotus Leaves

Lotus leaves are the main medicinal parts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, which is widely distributed in East Asia, especially in China. It contains a variety of chemical activation components. Among them, alkaloids are considered to be the most relevant ingredient for its bioactivity. This article mainly introduces the structure of alkaloids isolated from Lotus leaves and their pharmacological activities, such as anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, anti-diabetic activities.

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Pectic polysaccharide from Nelumbo nucifera leaves promotes intestinal antioxidant defense in vitro and in vivo

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d1fo02354c ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chao Huang ◽

Xi Peng ◽

De-Jiang Pang ◽

Juan Li ◽

Berit Smestad Paulsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Antioxidant Property ◽

Nelumbo Nucifera ◽

Defense System ◽

Pectic Polysaccharide ◽

Intestinal Diseases ◽

Lotus Leaves

A pectic polysaccharide NNLP-I-I from lotus leaves exhibited antioxidant property through regulating Nrf2-mediated intestinal antioxidant defense system, which will be valuable for its further applications on the treatments of intestinal diseases.

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