Do Hind Wing Eyespots of Caligo Butterflies Function in Both Mating Behavior and Antipredator Defense? (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan D Crees ◽  
Phil DeVries ◽  
Carla M Penz
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Antipredator Defense ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract In general, butterfly ventral hind wing eyespots are considered to play a role in predator–prey interactions. These eyespots are prominent wing pattern elements in Brassolini butterflies, and they vary in size, position, and number across taxa. Female Caligo Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) appear to use the large eyespots of lekking males as a mate-locating cue, but female Opsiphanes Doubleday, 1849 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) do not because males patrol to find mates. These behaviors led us to predict that male Caligo should have larger eyespots than females, but eyespot size would not differ between sexes in Opsiphanes. Our analyses supported these predictions. As displacement of the eyespots to the center of the wing might make them more conspicuous, we asked if eyespot position and size covaried across the Brassolini phylogeny. While we found a positive association between position and size, the relationship of these two variables contained significant phylogenetic signal. Two Brassolini species show strong sexual dimorphism where females converge on the color pattern of sympatric species of Caligo. Their ventral hind wing eyespots are much larger than those of close relatives, approximating those of Caligo, and further reinforcing the importance of ventral hind wing eyespots as a visual signal in this group of butterflies. Importantly, our results suggest that, in addition to antipredation defense, ventral hind wing eyespots can function in mating activities, and consequently they might be evolving under both natural and sexual selection in Caligo butterflies.

scholarly journals Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4551
Author(s):  
Kehong Fang ◽  
Yuna He ◽  
Yuehui Fang ◽  
Yiyao Lian
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Weighing Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

This study aims to examine association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS), 2010–2012. All participants recruited in this study aged 7–18 years old and provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24 h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to define overweight/obesity, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to define abdominal obesity. Sodium intake showed association with risk of overweight/obesity assessed by BMI in the highest tertile group with OR of 1.48 (95%CI 1.13–1.94) and 1.89 (95%CI 1.33–2.67) for WHtR. After adjusted for gender, age, household income, area, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, and fiber intake, the relationship between sodium intake and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity are not changed. The same results were founded in subjects aged 10–18 years old. Our results reveal a positive association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy consumption.

scholarly journals A new species of Pseudancistrus from the Rio Caroni Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1731 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN W. ARMBRUSTER ◽  
DONALD C. TAPHORN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Dorsal Plate ◽  
Stream Capture ◽  
Especie Nueva ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
A New Species

Pseudancistrus reus is a new species from the Río Caroní (Río Orinoco drainage) of Venezuela known from two individuals. It differs from all other Pseudancistrus by having a color pattern consisting of alternating dark and light bars. In addition, it differs from all except P. genisetiger and P. papariae by having an incomplete mid-dorsal plate row and from P. genisetiger and P. papariae by having 18 contiguous mid-dorsal plates vs. 14 plates, a plateless break and then two more plates at the end of the caudal peduncle. The type locality of P. reus was submerged by the construction of the Caruachi dam, and is also the only known locality of the gymnotiform Sternarchorhynchus gnomus, making it imperative that the conservation status of these and other potential Caroní endemics be assessed. Pseudancistrus reus is the first species of Pseudancistrus sensu stricto from the Orinoco. Although the relationship of the species to other Pseudancistrus is unknown, P. reus may have gained access to the Orinoco either via stream capture between the Caroní and the Rio Uraricoera (Rio Branco – Rio Negro drainage) or via stream capture between the Caroní and either the Cuyuní or Mazaruni Rivers (Essequibo River drainage).key word: Siluriformes, Loricariidae, taxonomySe describe como especie nueva Pseudancistrus reus del río Caroní (cuenca del río Orinoco) en Venezuela, basada en dos ejemplares. Difiere de todas los demás Pseudancistrus en tener un patrón de pigmentación que consiste de barras claras alternando con oscuras. Además, difiere de todas los demás, menos P. genisetiger y P. papariae en tener la fila medio-dorsal de placas incompleta, y de P. genisetiger y P. papariae difiere en tener 18 placas medio-dorsales contiguas vs. 14 placas seguidas por una zona sin placas y luego dos placas más en el pedúnculo caudal). La localidad típica de P. reus fue sumergida por las aguas del embalse Caruachi. Ese sitio es también la localidad típica de Sternarchorhynchus gnomus, haciéndolo imprescindible evaluar el estado de conservación de estas dos especies más las otras endémicas del bajo Caroní. Pseudancistrus reus es la primera especies de Pseudancistrus sensu stricto de la cuenca del río Orinoco. Aunque desconocemos las relaciones con otras Pseudancistrus, P. reus puede haber ganado acceso al Caroní vía la captura de caños en las cabeceras del río Uraricoera-Branco-Negro o del río Cuyuní o Mazaruni, afluentes del río Essequibo.

scholarly journals The Association of Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels with Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts: Results of a Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of the UK Biobank

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Tucker ◽  
Sonia Sawant ◽  
Hannah McDonald ◽  
Kerry-Anne Rye ◽  
Sanjay Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Valid Data ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of

Background and aims: There is some evidence of a cross-sectional, and possibly causal, relationship of lipid levels with leukocyte counts in mice and humans. This study investigates the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship of blood lipid and lipoprotein levels with leukocyte counts in the UK Biobank cohort. Methods: The primary cross-sectional analysis included 417,132 participants with valid data on lipid measures and leukocyte counts. A subgroup analysis was performed in 333,668 participants with valid data on lipoprotein(a). The longitudinal analysis included 9,058 participants with valid baseline and follow-up data on lipid and lipoprotein levels and leukocyte counts. The association of lipid and lipoprotein levels with leukocyte counts was analysed by multivariable linear regression. Results: Several relationships were significant in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. After adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic and other confounding factors a higher eosinophil count was associated with lower HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteinA-I concentration (p<0.001). Higher triglycerides levels were associated with higher total leukocyte, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte and neutrophil counts (all p<0.01). A higher lymphocyte count was associated with a higher apolipoprotein B level (p<0.001). In the longitudinal analysis lipoprotein(a) was inversely associated with basophil count in men but not women (p<0.001). Conclusion: Triglyceride levels demonstrate a robust positive association with total and differential leukocyte counts suggesting they may be directly involved in leuokogenesis. However, unlike in murine models, the remainder of these relationships are modest which suggests that cholesterol and lipoproteins are minimally involved in leukogenesis in humans.

Exploring the relationship of human–nature interaction and mindfulness: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sahni ◽  
Jyoti Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nature Relatedness ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nature Experience

History is replete with examples where humans have sought refuge in nature for psychological restoration. In this cross-sectional study we explore the relationship of nature experience and mindfulness. Nature experience is assessed through “nature in the neighbourhood”, “frequency of visit” to nature-rich spaces, as well as one's inherent connection with nature described as “nature relatedness”. The study sample consisted of 334 Indian adults. The findings from this study show that frequency of visit to nature-rich spaces has a significant positive association with mindfulness. The hierarchical regression analysis suggests an interaction effect of “nature relatedness” in the association of the presence of nature rich spaces in the neighbourhood, frequency of visit as well as mindfulness. Interestingly, when childhood experiences were explored they had a significant association with “nature relatedness” and mindfulness. The evidence from this research suggests that nature experience may find its application as one of the mindfulness techniques prescribed for self-management of mental health problems.

Health-related life events in patients with somatic symptom disorders: A case control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaswamy Reddy ◽  
Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi ◽  
Geetha Desai ◽  
Narayana Manjunatha ◽  
Srinivas Guruprasad
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Somatic Symptom ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The positive association between adverse life events and somatoform disorders is a consistent observation. But no systematic studies have evaluated the relationship between health-related life events (HLEs) in patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD)/somatoform disorders. Aim: To examine the nature and relationship of HLE in patients with SSD and to assess the correlates of HLE. Methods: A total of 50 adult patients with SSD and 50 matched healthy controls from a Neuropsychiatric hospital were recruited. Sociodemographic interview, scale for assessment of somatic symptoms (SASS), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and a semi-structured interview schedule to gather information on HLE were used. Results: Patients in the SSD group had a significantly higher number of total HLE in general (4.72 ± 2.63, 3.36 ± 1.92; p = .004), major HLE (1.48 ± 1.45, 0.68 ± 0.94; p = .006), during their lifetime in comparison to controls. Infections, trauma, non-communicable diseases and reproductive system–related diseases were the more common types of HLE in SSD group. Conclusion: Our findings may implicate a role of major HLE of patients and HLE of their family members in the pathophysiology of SSD.

Menstrual characteristics, bleeding and other non-pelvic-pain symptoms in women presenting with severe endometriotic disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Robert Markham ◽  
Georgina M Luscombe ◽  
Frank Manconi ◽  
Ian S Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Pain Symptoms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Detailed Nature

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the detailed nature of menstrual characteristics, bleeding and other symptoms in women with and without endometriosis. Pelvic pain symptoms in this cohort have been reported elsewhere. Method: This is a self-administered cross-sectional study and was conducted using a structural questionnaire. A total of 737 women completed the study: women with endometriosis (n = 529) and with no current gynaecological complaint, ‘control’ (n = 208). Results: Some of the key findings in this study included significant differences between the control and endometriosis subjects in terms of bleeding symptoms, increased length and heaviness of menses, rectal and bladder bleeding, infertility and obstetric complications which were all more common in the endometriosis group. Other symptoms found to have a highly significant positive association with endometriosis included abdominal bloating, low resistance to infection, fatigue, increased urinary frequency, diarrhoea and constipation (p < 0.000). Data were cross-tabulated to examine the association of a number of symptoms to each other. The relationship of symptoms to a range of psychosocial factors was investigated to determine how the effects of endometriosis impacted on the life of subjects. Most women reported that endometriosis sometimes or often interfered with daily aspects of their life. Conclusion: The range of non-pain symptoms in women with endometriosis was generally much more diverse and extensive than recognised by most clinicians.

Identifying Nonphysical Intimate Partner Violence in Relationships: The Role of Beliefs and Schemas

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiara Minto ◽  
Barbara M. Masser ◽  
Winnifred R. Louis
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Romantic Jealousy ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Relationship Of

While substantial research has been conducted on intimate partner violence (IPV), comparatively little research has examined peoples’ perceptions of which behaviors comprise this form of abuse. Early identification of IPV is critical to ending abuse, however, forms of IPV that typically occur earlier in a relationship (e.g., nonphysical abuse) may not be core components of peoples’ mental frameworks (schemas) of IPV and may therefore be less commonly identified as abusive. To explore this, in Study 1 participants from an Australian University ( N = 86) separately described the relationships with IPV and nonphysical IPV. Analyses identified control, power imbalance, stereotypical gender dynamics (male perpetrator, female victim), physical abuse, and having a low socioeconomic status abuser as common components of participants’ IPV schema when not prompted with type of abuse. However, participants largely failed to describe nonphysical IPV behaviors, suggesting limited awareness of the specific behaviors that constitute abuse. To explore this in Study 2, participants from an Australian University ( N = 305) were asked to categorize a range of specific behaviors (including physically abusive, nonphysically abusive, and nonabusive behaviors) as definitely, maybe, or never abusive. Drawing on the known positive association between gender and romantic beliefs with the experience of abuse, we also assessed the relationship of identification of IPV behaviors to these beliefs. Moderated multilevel modeling showed that nonphysical IPV behaviors were generally perceived as less abusive than physical IPV behaviors. In addition, stronger endorsement of romantic jealousy was associated with evaluating nonphysical IPV as less abusive. However, romantic jealousy beliefs were not significantly associated with the perceived abusiveness of physical IPV behaviors. Findings support the conclusion that individuals’ IPV schemas contribute to a failure to identify nonphysical IPV behaviors as abusive, and this is particularly true for people who more strongly endorse romantic jealousy.

scholarly journals Snap-jaw morphology is specialized for high-speed power amplification in the Dracula ant, Mystrium camillae

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 181447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrick J. Larabee ◽  
Adrian A. Smith ◽  
Andrew V. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Mantis Shrimp ◽  
Power Amplification ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Insight Into

What is the limit of animal speed and what mechanisms produce the fastest movements? More than natural history trivia, the answer provides key insight into the form–function relationship of musculoskeletal movement and can determine the outcome of predator–prey interactions. The fastest known animal movements belong to arthropods, including trap-jaw ants, mantis shrimp and froghoppers, that have incorporated latches and springs into their appendage systems to overcome the limits of muscle power. In contrast to these examples of power amplification, where separate structures act as latch and spring to accelerate an appendage, some animals use a ‘snap-jaw’ mechanism that incorporates the latch and spring on the accelerating appendage itself. We examined the kinematics and functional morphology of the Dracula ant, Mystrium camillae , who use a snap-jaw mechanism to quickly slide their mandibles across each other similar to a finger snap. Kinematic analysis of high-speed video revealed that snap-jaw ant mandibles complete their strike in as little as 23 µsec and reach peak velocities of 90 m s −1 , making them the fastest known animal appendage. Finite-element analysis demonstrated that snap-jaw mandibles were less stiff than biting non-power-amplified mandibles, consistent with their use as a flexible spring. These results extend our understanding of animal speed and demonstrate how small changes in morphology can result in dramatic differences in performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Perceived Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Men Residing in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelitta M. Britt-Spells ◽  
Maribeth Slebodnik ◽  
Laura P. Sands ◽  
David Rollock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Relationship Of

Research reports that perceived discrimination is positively associated with depressive symptoms. The literature is limited when examining this relationship among Black men. This meta-analysis systematically examines the current literature and investigates the relationship of perceived discrimination on depressive symptoms among Black men residing in the United States. Using a random-effects model, study findings indicate a positive association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black men ( r = .29). Several potential moderators were also examined in this study; however, there were no significant moderation effects detected. Recommendations and implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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