scholarly journals Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1370-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kozeta Miliku ◽  
Qing Ling Duan ◽  
Theo J Moraes ◽  
Allan B Becker ◽  
Piushkumar J Mandhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Medium Chain

ABSTRACT Background Fatty acids are a vital component of human milk. They influence infant neurodevelopment and immune function, and they provide ∼50% of milk's energy content. Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize the composition of human milk fatty acids in a large Canadian birth cohort and identify factors influencing their variability. Methods In a subset of the CHILD cohort (n = 1094), we analyzed milk fatty acids at 3–4 mo postpartum using GLC. Individual and total SFAs, MUFAs, and n–3 and n–6 PUFAs were analyzed using SD scores and principal component analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1-rs174556) and 2 (FADS2-rs174575) genes. Results Fatty acid profiles were variable, with individual fatty acid proportions varying from 2- to >30-fold between women. Using PCA, we identified 4 milk fatty acid patterns: “MUFA and low SFA,” “high n–6 PUFA,” “high n–3 PUFA,” and “high medium-chain fatty acids.” In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with DHA and the “high n–3 PUFA” pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1-rs174556 had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n–6). Independent of selected dietary variables and genetic variants, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid (18:2n–6) and total n–3 PUFAs. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFAs, the “high medium-chain fatty acid” pattern, and lower total MUFAs. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, delivery mode, or infant sex. Conclusions This study provides unique insights about the “normal” variation in the composition of human milk fatty acids and the contributing dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors. Further research is required to assess implications for infant health.

scholarly journals Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Dietary, Genetic, Sociodemographic and Environmental Factors in the CHILD Cohort (P08-114-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kozeta Miliku ◽  
Qing Ling Duan ◽  
Theo J Moraes ◽  
Allan B Becker ◽  
Puishkumar Mandhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Fatty Acid Patterns

Abstract Objectives Human milk fatty acids impact infant growth and development, and their composition is highly variable. We aimed to characterize milk fatty acid composition in a large pregnancy cohort and identify factors that influence their variability. Methods Among 1094 mothers from the CHILD cohort, we analyzed milk collected at 3–4 months postpartum. Fatty acids were measured by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Individual fatty acids, total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), n3 and n6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA and n6-PUFA) were analyzed as standard deviation scores and using principal components analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in genes encoding fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1 rs174556) and FADS2 (rs174575). Results Using PCA, we identified four milk fatty acid patterns: ‘MUFA and low SFA’, ‘high n6-PUFA’, ‘high n3-PUFA’ and ‘high medium-chain fatty acids’. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with docosohexanoic acid and the “high-n3-PUFA” pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1 rs174556 (C > T) had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA). Independent of dietary and genetic factors, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid and total n3-PUFA. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by the FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFA and ‘high medium-chain fatty acid’ pattern, and lower total MUFA. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, smoking, delivery mode, or infant sex. Conclusions These results suggest that a combination of diet, genetics, sociodemographic, health and environmental factors influence human milk fatty acid patterns. Together, these factors explained about 25% of the variation observed in n3-PUFAs and n6-PUFAs and about 10% of the variation observed in SFAs and MUFAs. Implications of these findings for maternal and infant health requires further research. Funding Sources Manitoba Medical Service Foundation; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba; CIHR; AllerGen.

scholarly journals Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda P. Siziba ◽  
Leonie Lorenz ◽  
Bernd Stahl ◽  
Marko Mank ◽  
Tamas Marosvölgyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Log Ratio ◽  
Over Time

The lipid fraction of human milk provides the infant with the fatty acids that are necessary for optimal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk at three time points during lactation and its change over time using appropriate statistical methods. Human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers at 6 weeks (n = 706), 6 months (n = 483), and 12 months (n = 81 with all three time points) were analyzed. Centered log-ratio (clr) transformation was applied to the fatty acid data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear model-based repeated measure analysis were used to assess changes over time. The total lipid content was significantly higher at 6 months (β = 0.199, p < 0.029) and 12 months of lactation (β = 0.421, p < 0.001). The constituents of C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-3 were lower at 6 months (p < 0.001). Four distinct sub-compositional fatty acid groups were only identified at 12 months of lactation. The inclusion of small fatty acids of small constituent size in the analysis resulted in a shift in the balance between fatty acid constituents. Human milk fatty acid composition during prolonged lactation is different from that of human milk during a short duration of lactation. Our findings support the hypothesis that a combination of multiple fatty acids is important in fatty acid profiling beyond the presentation of individual fatty acids. Furthermore, the high variability of small fatty acids warrants attention because a compositional analysis may show more pronounced changes.

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) concentrations in human milk consumed by infants born at different gestational ages and the variations in concentration during lactation stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1869-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Dai ◽  
Tinglan Yuan ◽  
Xinghe Zhang ◽  
Qin Zhou ◽  
Huiya Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids (4:0, 6:0 and 8:0) are naturally occurring in human milk triacylglycerol and are present in highest amounts in mature full-term infant milk (1.47 ± 0.66 mg g−1 fat).

Influence of canola oil on the fatty acid profile in goats’ milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Okine ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. Mir ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Four Levels

Four Alpine does were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding canola oil at four levels: 0, 2, 4 and 6% on milk fatty acid profile. The sum of C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 (hypercholesterolemic fatty acids) decreased linearly and C18:0 + C18:1: C16:0 (indicator of cholesterolemic tendency of fat source) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increased canola oil intake. Key words: Goat, milk, fatty acids, canola oil

scholarly journals A novel polymorphism in the oxytocin receptor encoding gene (OXTR) affects milk fatty acid composition in Italian Mediterranean river buffalo

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Cosenza ◽  
Nicolò P P Macciotta ◽  
Anna Nudda ◽  
Angelo Coletta ◽  
Luigi Ramunno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
River Buffalo ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Mediterranean River

The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin and the complex oxytocin–oxytocin receptor plays an important role in the uterus during calving. A characterisation of the river buffalo OXTR gene, amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis is presented. The DNA regions of the OXTR gene spanning exons 1, 2 and 3 of ten Mediterranean river buffalo DNA samples were analysed and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. We focused on the g.129C > T SNP detected in exon 3 and responsible for the amino acid replacement CGCArg > TGCCys in position 353. The relative frequency of T allele was of 0·257. An association study between this detected polymorphism and milk fatty acids composition in Italian Mediterranean river buffalo was carried out. The fatty acid composition traits, fatty acid classes and fat percentage of 306 individual milk samples were determined. Associations between OXTR g.129C > T genotype and milk fatty acids composition were tested using a mixed linear model. The OXTR CC genotype was found significantly associated with higher contents of odd branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA) (P < 0·0006), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA n 3 and n 6) (P < 0·0032 and P < 0·0006, respectively), stearic acid (C18) (P < 0·02) and lower level of palmitic acid (C16) (P < 0·02). The results of this study suggest that the OXTR CC animals might be useful in selection toward the improvement of milk fatty acid composition.

scholarly journals Infant intake of fatty acids from human milk over the first year of lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon R. Mitoulas ◽  
Lyle C. Gurrin ◽  
Dorota A. Doherty ◽  
Jillian L. Sherriff ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids

Despite the importance of human milk fatty acids for infant growth and development, there are few reports describing infant intakes of individual fatty acids. We have measured volume, fat content and fatty acid composition of milk from each breast at each feed over a 24h period to determine the mean daily amounts of each fatty acid delivered to the infant from breast milk at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of lactation in five women. Daily (24h) milk production was 336·60 (sem 26·21) and 414·49 (sem 28·39) ml and milk fat content was 36·06 (sem 1·37) and 34·97 (sem 1·50) g/l for left and right breasts respectively over the course of the first year of lactation. Fatty acid composition varied over the course of the day (mean CV 14·3 (sd 7·7) %), but did not follow a circadian rhythm. The proportions (g/100g total fatty acids) of fatty acids differed significantly between mothers (P<0·05) and over the first year of lactation (P<0·05). However, amounts (g) of most fatty acids delivered to the infant over 24h did not differ during the first year of lactation and only the amounts of 18:3n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 delivered differed between mothers (P<0·05). Mean amounts of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 delivered to the infant per 24h over the first year of lactation were 2·380 (sd 0·980), 0·194 (sd 0·074), 0·093 (sd 0·031) and 0·049 (sd 0·021) g respectively. These results suggest that variation in proportions of fatty acids may not translate to variation in the amount delivered and that milk production and fat content need to be considered.

scholarly journals Determination of genetic effects and functional SNPs of bovine HTR1B gene on milk fatty acid traits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyue Cao ◽  
Lijun Shi ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Bo Han ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Haplotype Blocks ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
Flanking Region

Abstract Background: Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) on milk fatty acid traits in Chinese Holstein cows revealed, the SNP, BTB-01556197, was significantly associated with C10:0 at genome-wide level (P = 0.0239). It was located in the down-stream of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene that has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Hence, we considered it as a promising candidate gene for milk fatty acids in dairy cattle. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the HTR1B gene had significant genetic effects on milk fatty acid traits.Results: We re-sequenced the entire coding region and 3,000 bp of 5' and 3' flanking regions of HTR1B gene. A total of 13 SNPs was identified, containing one in 5' flanking region, two in 5' untranslated region (UTR), two in exon 1, five in 3' UTR, and three in 3' flanking region. By performing genotype-phenotype association analysis with SAS9.2 software, we observed that 13 SNPs were significantly associated with medium-chain saturated fatty acids such as C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 (P < 0.0001 ~ 0.042). With Haploview 4.1 software, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was performed that two haplotype blocks formed by two and ten SNPs were observed. Haplotype-based association analysis indicated that both haplotype blocks were strongly associated with C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 as well (P < 0.0001 ~ 0.0071). With regards to the missense mutation in exon 1 (g.17303383G>T) that reduced amino acid change from alanine to serine, we predicted that it altered the secondary structure of HTR1B protein with SOPMA. In addition, we predicted that three SNPs in promoter region, g.17307103A>T, g.17305206T>G and g.17303761C>T, altered the binding sites of transcription factors (TFs) HMX2, PAX2, FOXP1ES, MIZ1, CUX2, DREAM, and PPAR-RXR by Genomatix. Of them, luciferase assay experiment further confirmed that the allele T of g.17307103A>T significantly increased the transcriptional activity of HTR1B gene than allele A (P = 0.0007).Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings provided first evidence that the HTR1B gene had significant genetic effects on milk fatty acids in dairy cattle.

Effects of common dietary fatty acids on milk yield and concentrations of fat and fatty acids in dairy cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. R. Dorea ◽  
L. E. Armentano
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Total Milk

The objective of the present article was to summarise the effects of five common dietary fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3) on the major milk fat groups (<C16, C16 and C18). Forty published papers were reviewed to evaluate the effect of adding free fat or oil supplements rich in C16 and C18 fatty acids on the response of milk fat secretion and composition. From those 40 studies, 21 were used to investigate the effect of total dietary concentration of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 on milk secretion or concentrations of milk <C16, C16 and C18 fatty acid groups. The results indicated that C16 supplementation increased total milk fatty acids, mainly by increasing milk C16 yield, without affecting milk <C16 and C18 yield. Supplements rich in unsaturated fatty acid decreased total milk fatty acid by inhibiting secretion of milk fatty acids shorter than C18, with linoleic acid being the most inhibitory. Mixtures of feed fatty acid (C16:0 + C18:0 and C16:0 + C18:1) did not significantly affect total milk fatty acid yield. According to regression of milk C16 yield on dietary fatty acid, endogenous C16 contributes ~80% of total milk C16, but this proportion varies with the level and type of dietary fatty acid fed. Milk mid-infrared analysis can be used to routinely measure the presence of milk <C16 fatty acid, the concentration of which provides a good indicator of inhibition of milk fatty acid secretion. In contrast, measurement of total milk fat content is less effective as a diagnostic tool due to the masking effect of the exogenous supply of C16 and C18 dietary fatty acids.

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