scholarly journals Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1997A

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-234
Author(s):  
Michael S. Howell ◽  
Jack T. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
The North ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract Insecticides were evaluated at the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center in Verona, Mississippi, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by fifty feet long. Insecticides applied in-furrow at planting on 12 May were applied with belt-cone applicators (Temik, Orthene, and Thimet treatments). On 15 Jul CGA-293343 5 FS was mixed with liquid fertilizer for one treatment, and knifed into the soil approximately 2 inches from the row. Five plants/plot were collected at random by cutting plants at ground level with scissors and gently placing them into Ziploc bags for transport to the lab. Thrips were than washed off the samples onto filter paper and were counted. Adults were identified to species under dissection microscope. During the evaluation, there was a total of 10.81 inches of rainfall, and adequate rainfall continued throughout the growing season. Yield (lb seed cotton/acre) was determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot, and calculating yield based on measurement of the actual area picked.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Non-Transgenic Cotton, 1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Michael S. Howell ◽  
Jack T. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
High Clearance

Abstract Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 8 and 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi at 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant). Aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Throughout the growing season, there was ad-equate rainfall for crop development. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dimilin and Benlate for Soybean Insect Pest and Disease Control, 1991

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-250
Author(s):  
M. O. Way ◽  
N. G. Whitney ◽  
R. G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing). Plots were planted 4 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. Immediately after planting, plots were treated with 2 pt Dual + 1 qt Roundup + % pt Scepter per acre. Soybeans emerged 10 Jun. On 16 Aug (when plants were R2—3 and insect pest populations were beginning to increase) treatments were applied to 4 rows of a plot using a Solo backpack sprayer. Finished spray volume was 20 gal/acre. Immediately before application and 5, 12, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d after this initial application, plots were sampled for insects. Each sample consisted of shaking soybean plants along 9 ft of row over a vertical beat sheet. Insects were shaken and brushed from the vertical beat sheet into a plastic bag which was frozen for later inspection of the contents. One sample (9 ft of sampled row) was taken in each plot on each sample date. On 9 Sep (when soybeans were R5) a second application of Benlate was made to all treatments with Benlate (thus, after all treatments were applied, treated plots were exposed to a single application of Dimilin and/or a double application of Benlate). On the same dates plots were sampled for insects, 15 leaflets (5 each from top, middle, and bottom third of canopy) were randomly removed from each plot and taken to a laboratory where estimates of % defoliation were recorded by comparing leaflets with templates of leaflets of known defoliation. From time of initial application to the last sample date 5.26 inches of rain was recorded. On 21 and 29 Oct plots were visually rated for cercospora leaf blight and anthracnose disease severity, respectively. At maturity 120 ft of row in each plot were harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by DMRT.

scholarly journals Control of Rice Water Weevil With Fipronil in A Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture–Eup Study, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-297
Author(s):  
M.O. Way ◽  
R.G. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Rice Water ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Experimental Use

Abstract The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 4 treatments. Plot size was 3 acres. On 26 Mar, plots were fertilized by air with 55-40-0 at 56 lb nitrogen/acre. Fertilizer was in-corporated with a “Do-all” on the same day. On 27 Mar, a designated plot was treated with Fipronil 80 WG at 0.0325 lb (AI)/acre using a large (11 nozzle, tip size80015, 50 mesh screens), 2 person, hand-held spray boom pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 10.6 gpa. Following application, the treatment was incorporated with a spike-tooth harrow. On 27 Mar, plots were drill-planted (7.5 inches between rows) with fipronil-treated or untreated seed at 90 lb/acre. Seed was treated with fipronil at 0.0325 lb (AI)/ cwt seed. All seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company which obtained untreated, registered seed from G&H Seed Co., Inc., Crowley, LA. Plots were “rolled” after planting to help cover seed and to create a firm seedbed. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24th, then drain) on 5 Apr. Rice emerged 15 Apr. No differences in emergence were detected among the plots. From emergence to application of the permanent flood onl6May(31d after rice emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were treated by air with Stam 4E and Basagran at 3 qt and 1 pt/acre, respectively. On 9 May, plots were fertilized by air with urea at 55 lb nitrogen/acre. Furdan 3G at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied by air to the designated plot on 30 May (14 d after application of the permanent flood). On each of 5 Jun and 24 Jun (20 and 39 d after application of the permanent flood), twenty 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores were removed (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 3 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to the plots for the growing season was 171 lb/acre. All aerial applications were made by M&M Air Service of Beaumont, TX. Plots were not harvested due to mechanical and weather problems. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and analyzed by 1 -way ANOVA and LSD.

scholarly journals Ground Frosts in Poland in the Growing Season

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Czesław Koźmiński ◽  
Jadwiga Nidzgorska-Lencewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Mąkosza ◽  
Bożena Michalska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Frost Free Period ◽  
Positive Effect

The ongoing climate warming affects, among others, and the variability of thermal conditions in spring and autumn are resulting in earlier dates of the beginning and end of the growing season. The present paper provides detailed characteristics of the phenomenon of ground frosts, addressing the question of whether the risk of frost-related damage in the extending growing season is still present. The assessment of temporal and spatial distribution of ground frosts (5 cm above ground level-AGL) in Poland in the thermal growing season (AT > 5 °C) was conducted on the basis of the results of air temperature measurements at 5 and 200 cm a.g.l. obtained from 52 station of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute for the period 1971–2020. The thermal growing season was calculated using the method by Gumiński. The following were calculated: the dates of the occurrence of ground frosts in spring and autumn, duration of the frost-free period, the number of days with frosts of various intensity, according to years, ten-day period and days in a year together with trends of change. The conducted analysis demonstrated that the number of days with frosts in the thermal growing season in the multiannual period under analysis (1971–2020) does not show any statistically significant changes. It was found that in the thermal growing season, the average number of days with ground frosts in Poland amounts to 28 and ranges in spring from 15 to 22, and in autumn from 8 to 12. Most frequently, approx. 49%, slight frosts are recorded, followed by moderate (29%), severe (15%) and very severe (7%). A positive effect of water reservoirs on decreasing the frequency and intensity of frosts, as well as sporadic occurrence of the phenomenon in the second half of June were demonstrated. Statistically significant earlier dates of disappearance of frosts in spring, later dates of occurrence in autumn and the lengthening of the frost-free period from approximately 2 days in the north-east of Poland to approximately 8.0 days over 10 years in the Pomerania region, create increasingly more favourable conditions for the cultivation of plants with high thermal requirements in Poland.

Irrigated plot trials in cotton: quantifying end effects and the influence of plot size upon intergenotypic competition

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Luckett ◽  
ER Williams ◽  
PE Reid ◽  
NJ Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
End Effects ◽  
Cotton Breeding ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Intergenotypic Competition

Individual rows of irrigated, multi-row plots in a cotton breeding trial were harvested, and seed cotton yields were measured. Intergenotypic competition had occurred between the neighbouring long sides of the oblong plots. A further trial was conducted to measure competition in three- and four-row plots and to establish which system gave the least biased genotype means for lint yield (kg/ ha). However, competition in this experiment was minimal and both systems gave comparable results. The effect of bare ground at the end of plots was investigated. When bare ground, as compared to a discarded border, was present during their growing season, then end plants, for seven out of eight genotypes, were larger and plot yields were inflated. These results provided no conclusive evidence that current practices for field trials with cotton should be changed.

scholarly journals Spatial–Temporal Distribution Variation of Ground-Level Ozone in China’s Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
An Zhang ◽  
Jinhuang Lin ◽  
Wenhui Chen ◽  
Mingshui Lin ◽  
Chengcheng Lei
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Pearl River Delta ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
The North

Long-term exposure to ozone pollution will cause severe threats to residents’ physical and mental health. Ground-level ozone is the most severe air pollutant in China’s Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRD). It is of great significance to accurately reveal the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of ozone pollution exposure patterns. We used the daily maximum 8-h ozone concentration data from PRD’s 55 air quality monitoring stations in 2015 as input data. We used six models of STK and ordinary kriging (OK) for the simulation of ozone concentration. Then we chose a better ozone pollution prediction model to reveal the ozone exposure characteristics of the PRD in 2015. The results show that the Bilonick model (BM) model had the highest simulation precision for ozone in the six models for spatial–temporal kriging (STK) interpolation, and the STK model’s simulation prediction results are significantly better than the OK model. The annual average ozone concentrations in the PRD during 2015 showed a high spatial variation in the north and east and low in the south and west. Ozone concentrations were relatively high in summer and autumn and low in winter and spring. The center of gravity of ozone concentrations tended to migrate to the north and west before moving to the south and then finally migrating to the east. The ozone’s spatial autocorrelation was significant and showed a significant positive correlation, mainly showing high-high clustering and low-low clustering. The type of clustering undergoes temporal migration and conversion over the four seasons, with spatial autocorrelation during winter the most significant.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Circulation Effects on Wind Speed Variability at Turbine Height

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Klink
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Circulation Index ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The North

Abstract Mean monthly wind speed at 70 m above ground level is investigated for 11 sites in Minnesota for the period 1995–2003. Wind speeds at these sites show significant spatial and temporal coherence, with prolonged periods of above- and below-normal values that can persist for as long as 12 months. Monthly variation in wind speed primarily is determined by the north–south pressure gradient, which captures between 22% and 47% of the variability (depending on the site). Regression on wind speed residuals (pressure gradient effects removed) shows that an additional 6%–15% of the variation can be related to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Wind speeds showed little correspondence with variation in the Pacific–North American (PNA) circulation index. The effect of the strong El Niño of 1997/98 on the wind speed time series was investigated by recomputing the regression equations with this period excluded. The north–south pressure gradient remains the primary determinant of mean monthly 70-m wind speeds, but with 1997/98 removed the influence of the AO increases at nearly all stations while the importance of the Niño-3.4 SSTs generally decreases. Relationships with the PNA remain small. These results suggest that long-term patterns of low-frequency wind speed (and thus wind power) variability can be estimated using large-scale circulation features as represented by large-scale climatic datasets and by climate-change models.

Techniques' Comparison and Report of the North Carolina Experience

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-848
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Kinney ◽  
Martha Sawtschenko ◽  
Mary Whorton ◽  
Jean Shearin ◽  
Christy Stine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Capillary Tubes ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The North ◽  
Duke University

Controversy still exists as to the best laboratory method to use to screen newborns for sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies. The proposed methods include hemoglobin electrophoresis, column chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and high performance liquid chromatography. There is also debate concerning the preferred method of sample collection. The proposed methods of sample collection include cord blood or blood obtained from the infant collected in a tube with anticoagulant or on filter paper. We compared hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns from infant blood samples collected in heparinized capillary tubes and on filter paper. This comparison was performed because hemoglobin electrophoresis of dried blood samples collected on filter paper has been advocated as a practical, reliable, and inexpensive method for mass screening programs, although the limitations of this technique have not been explored fully. We also summarize data from the North Carolina Newborn Hemoglobinopathy Screening Program, which relates to the advantages and limitations of hemoglobin electrophoresis from filter paper blood specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens Four sets of specimens were used for this study: (1) specimens collected at Duke University Medical Center to compare hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns of hemolysates from filter paper and heparinized capillary tubes, (2) specimens collected by the North Carolina program for hemoglobinopathy screening, (3) specimens routinely collected at Duke University in heparinized capillary tubes for newborn hemoglobinopathy screening, and (4) samples for retesting to examine the error rate of the state program and to confirm screening results compatible with a hemoglobinopathy. Samples for Direct Comparison Between Filter Paper and Heparinized Specimens

scholarly journals Assessment of Resource and Forecast Modeling of Wind Speed through An Evolutionary Programming Approach for the North of Tehuantepec Isthmus (Cuauhtemotzin, Mexico)

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis López-Manrique ◽  
E. Macias-Melo ◽  
O. May Tzuc ◽  
A. Bassam ◽  
K. Aguilar-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Availability Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Wind Resource

This work studies the characteristics of the wind resource for a location in the north zone of Tehuantepec isthmus. The study was conducted using climatic data from Cuauhtemotzin, Mexico, measured at different altitudes above the ground level. The measured data allowed establishing the profile of wind speeds as well as the analysis of its availability. Analysis results conclude that the behavior of the wind speed presents a bimodal distribution with dominant northeast wind direction (wind flow of sea–land). In addition, the area was identified as feasible for the use of low speed power wind turbines. On the other hand, the application of a new approach for very short-term wind speed forecast (10 min) applying multi-gene genetic programming and global sensitivity analysis is also presented. Using a computational methodology, an exogenous time series with fast computation time and good accuracy was developed for the forecast of the wind speed. The results presented in this work complement the panorama for the evaluation of the resource in an area recognized worldwide for its vast potential for wind power.

The Nature of the South

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lyman Bushman
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Plantation Agriculture ◽  
Southern Colonies

Plantation agriculture in the western hemisphere extended from Brazil northward through the Caribbean to the northern boundary of Maryland. This geography created a line in North America noted by seventeenth-century imperial economists. The southern colonies produced crops needed in the home land making the South far more valuable to the empire than the North. Plantation agriculture stopped at the Maryland-Pennsylvania border because the climate made slavery impractical north of that line. Only farmers who produced valuable exports could afford the price of slaves. Tobacco, though it could be grown in the North, was not commercially feasible there. The growing season had to be long enough to get a crop in the ground while also planting corn for subsistence, allow the tobacco to mature, and harvest it before the first frost. Tobacco was practical within the zone of the 180-day growing season whose isotherm outlines the areas where slavery flourished. Within this zone, the ground could be worked all but a month or two in winter, giving slaves plenty to do. Cattle could also forage for themselves, reducing the need for hay. Southern farmers could devote themselves to provisions and market crops, increasing their wealth substantially compared to the North where haying occupied much of the summer. Differing agro-systems developed along a temperature gradient running from North to South with contrasting crops and labor systems attached to each.

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