Action always involves attention

Analysis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Wu
Keyword(s):  
Central Notion ◽  
The Many ◽  
Simplified Form

Abstract Jennings and Nanay (this journal, 2016) argue against my claim that action entails attention by providing putative counterexamples to the claim that action entails a Many–Many Problem. This reply demonstrates that they have misunderstood the central notion of a pure reflex on which my argument depends. A simplified form of the argument from pure reflex to the Many–Many Problem as a necessary feature of agency is given, and putative counterexamples of action without attention are addressed. Attention is present in every action. In passing, the reply discusses how we should assess intuitive claims about attention and mental processing, with emphasis on learning and the automatization of attention in its development as a skill.

scholarly journals A sin in dramatic art by Lesya Ukrainka: from primary literature to the art version

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Attention ◽  
Image System ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Central Notion ◽  
The Many ◽  
Creative Role

The article represents an attempt to provide an interpretation of notion “sin” based on dramatic poems and dramatic sketches on early Christianity by Lesya Ukrainka. Choosing such an aspect is determined by lack of attention from literary critics who up to now either avoided it in spite of the evident need for interpretation or interpreted it from atheistic positions or treated this problem as one of the many factors not emphasizing it on purpose. The main attention in the present research is paid to the interpretation of a central notion “sin” based on the Bible, the Law of God, special reference books such as encyclopedias and dictionaries on the Bible. Since the analyzed works represent a monotheistic and polytheistic ideology we considered it necessary to compare the understating of a sin in Christianity and paganism, using for this material collected by F. Zelinsky, G. Lozko, S. Sviridova and others. The analysis of fiction books is done on content-creative and shape-creative levels taking into account problematic and thematic complexes, peculiarities of building an image system (opposition of religion, age, social status), plot and composition structures (type of conflict, peculiarities of its development, solution, role of remarks, structure-creative role of a sin etc.) poetics of character creation (gradation, contrast). The importance of sin in understanding the works by Lesya Ukrainka has been concluded: we are convinced that it is about the synthesis of philosophical and esthetic and philosophical and psychological levels of understanding human nature ambivalent by its essence, whose display depends of understanding the priorities in the dyad material / spiritual which means either seduction and a sin or conservation of internal beauty. The perspective of further research has been determined: general analysis of works by Ukrainian writer (lyrics, lyrico-epos, drama, prose in particular fragmentary); deeper, more persuasive understanding of a literary contribution to the literary context at the beginning of the XX century and in further periods; an ability to appeal to archetype origins, cultural codes.

scholarly journals ЭТНОГРАФИЯ АБХАЗСКОГО РОДОВОГО КУЛЬТА: МОЛЕНИЕ АДЛЕЙБОВЫХ

2021 ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
В.Л. Бигуаа
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Many ◽  
Simplified Form

На основе полевых этнографических материалов автора в работе исследуется один из многочисленных родовых культов абхазского народа– Анцәахаҵарa (Аncºaxaҫara)– важный институт традиционной религии. Культ присутствует в современной духовной жизни данников, правда, уже в упрощенной форме. Сложилась ситуация, когда господствующее в стране христианство, принятое народом в качестве официальной религии еще в самом начале раннего Средневековья, не является помехой для бытования автохтонной обрядовой культуры. В статье выявляются исторические корни Анцәахаҵараa, подробно описывается его ритуальная практика, интерпретируется основной круг действий, выполняемых в рамках отправления культа. Based on an ethnographic field study carried out by the author in various regions of Abkhazia, the article examines one of the many clan cults of the Abkhazians– Antsvakhatsara (Ancºaxaҫara)– which is an important institution of traditional religion. It still exists in the modern spiritual life of the worshipers, although in a somewhat simplified form. Christianity, the dominant confession in the country adopted as an official religion at the beginning of the early Middle Ages, does not preclude the autochthonous ritual culture. The article aims to identify the historical roots of the cult, describe its ritual practice in detail and interpret the main ritual actions.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

Electron-diffraction studies in synthetic polymer materials

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
D.T. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
First Case ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The Many

Diffraction studies in polymeric and other beam sensitive materials may bring to mind the many experiments where diffracted intensity has been used as a measure of the electron dose required to destroy fine structure in the TEM. But this paper is concerned with a range of cases where the diffraction pattern itself contains the important information.In the first case, electron diffraction from paraffins, degraded polyethylene and polyethylene single crystals, all the samples are highly ordered, and their crystallographic structure is well known. The diffraction patterns fade on irradiation and may also change considerably in a-spacing, increasing the unit cell volume on irradiation. The effect is large and continuous far C94H190 paraffin and for PE, while for shorter chains to C 28H58 the change is less, levelling off at high dose, Fig.l. It is also found that the change in a-spacing increases at higher dose rates and at higher irradiation temperatures.

Computers for data, control and simulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 920-921
Author(s):  
David C. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Personal Computers ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Data Control ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control

Personal computers (PCs) are a powerful resource in the EM Laboratory, both as a means of automating the monitoring and control of microscopes, and as a tool for quantifying the interpretation of data. Not only is a PC more versatile than a piece of dedicated data logging equipment, but it is also substantially cheaper. In this tutorial the practical principles of using a PC for these types of activities will be discussed.The PC can form the basis of a system to measure, display, record and store the many parameters which characterize the operational conditions of the EM. In this mode it is operating as a data logger. The necessary first step is to find a suitable source from which to measure each of the items of interest. It is usually possible to do this without having to make permanent corrections or modifications to the EM.

Observation of faint contrast at planar faults in alloys

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
K. Kuroda ◽  
Y. Tomokiyo ◽  
T. Kumano ◽  
T. Eguchi
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Beam Theory ◽  
Al Alloys ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Lattice Vector ◽  
Fringe Contrast ◽  
Planar Fault ◽  
Lattice Displacement ◽  
The Many

The contrast in electron microscopic images of planar faults in a crystal is characterized by a phase factor , where is the reciprocal lattice vector of the operating reflection, and the lattice displacement due to the fault under consideration. Within the two-beam theory a planar fault with an integer value of is invisible, but a detectable contrast is expected when the many-beam dynamical effect is not negligibly small. A weak fringe contrast is also expected when differs slightly from an integer owing to an additional small displacement of the lattice across the fault. These faint contrasts are termed as many-beam contrasts in the former case, and as ε fringe contrasts in the latter. In the present work stacking faults in Cu-Al alloys and antiphase boundaries (APB) in CuZn, FeCo and Fe-Al alloys were observed under such conditions as mentioned above, and the results were compared with the image profiles of the faults calculated in the systematic ten-beam approximation.

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