scholarly journals Long-term Diet Quality and Gut Microbiome Functionality: A Prospective, Shotgun Metagenomic Study among Urban Chinese Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danxia Yu ◽  
Yaohua Yang ◽  
Jirong Long ◽  
Wanghong Xu ◽  
Qiuyin Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

ABSTRACT Background Diet is known to affect human gut microbiome composition; yet, how diet affects gut microbiome functionality remains unclear. Objective We compared the diversity and abundance/presence of fecal microbiome metabolic pathways among individuals according to their long-term diet quality. Methods In 2 longitudinal cohorts, we assessed participants’ usual diets via repeated surveys during 1996–2011 and collected a stool sample in 2015–2018. Participants who maintained a healthy or unhealthy diet (i.e., stayed in the highest or lowest quintile of a healthy diet score throughout follow-up) were selected. Participants were excluded if they reported a history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hypertension; had diarrhea or constipation in the last 7 d; or used antibiotics in the last 6 mo before stool collection. Functional profiling of shotgun metagenomics was performed using HUMAnN2. Associations of dietary variables and 420 microbial metabolic pathways were evaluated via multivariable-adjusted linear or logistic regression models. Results We included 144 adults (mean age = 64 y; 55% female); 66 had an unhealthy diet and 78 maintained a healthy diet. The healthy diet group had higher Shannon α-diversity indexes of microbial gene families and metabolic pathways (both P < 0.02), whereas β-diversity, as evaluated by Bray-Curtis distance, did not differ between groups (both P > 0.50). At P < 0.01 [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.15], the healthy diet group showed enriched pathways for vitamin and carrier biosynthesis (e.g., tetrahydrofolate, acetyl-CoA, and l-methionine) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and increased degradation (or reduced biosynthesis) of certain sugars [e.g., cytidine monophosphate (CMP)-legionaminate, deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP)-l-rhamnose, and sucrose], nucleotides, 4-aminobutanoate, methylglyoxal, sulfate, and aromatic compounds (e.g., catechol and toluene). Meanwhile, several food groups were associated with the CMP-legionaminate biosynthesis pathway at FDR <0.05. Conclusions In a small longitudinal study of generally healthy, older Chinese adults, we found long-term healthy eating was associated with increased α-diversity of microbial gene families and metabolic pathways and altered symbiotic functions relevant to human nutrition and health.

scholarly journals Mass Azithromycin Distribution and Community Microbiome: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thuy Doan ◽  
Armin Hinterwirth ◽  
Ahmed M Arzika ◽  
Sun Y Cotter ◽  
Kathryn J Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background Mass distributions of oral azithromycin have long been used to eliminate trachoma, and they are now being proposed to reduce childhood mortality. The observed benefit appears to be augmented with each additional treatment, suggesting a possible community-level effect. Here, we assess whether 2 biannual mass treatments of preschool children affect the community’s gut microbiome at 6 months after the last distribution. Methods In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, children aged 1–60 months in the Dossa region of Niger were randomized at the village level to receive a single dose of azithromycin or placebo every 6 months. Fecal samples were collected 6 months after the second treatment for metagenomic deep sequencing. The prespecified primary outcome was the Euclidean PERMANOVA of the gut microbiome, or effectively the distance between the genus-level centroid at the community level, with the secondary outcome being the Simpson’s α diversity. Results In the azithromycin arm, the gut microbial structures were significantly different than in the placebo arm (Euclidean PERMANOVA, P < .001). Further, the diversity of the gut microbiome in the azithromycin arm was significantly lower than in the placebo arm (inverse Simpson’s index, P = .005). Conclusions Two mass azithromycin administrations, 6 months apart, in preschool children led to long-term alterations of the gut microbiome structure and community diversity. Here, long-term microbial alterations in the community did not imply disease but were associated with an improvement in childhood mortality. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02048007.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Associations between Gut Microbiome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Urban Chinese Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2118
Author(s):  
Jiajun Shi ◽  
Yaohua Yang ◽  
Wanghong Xu ◽  
Hui Cai ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Bifidobacterium Species ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been linked to altered gut microbiome; however, evidence from large population-based studies is limited. We compared gut microbiome profiles of 188 male and 233 female NAFLD cases with 571 male and 567 female controls from two longitudinal studies of urban Chinese adults. History of NAFLD was assessed during surveys administered in 2004–2017. Microbiota were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples collected in 2015–2018. Associations of NAFLD with microbiome diversity and composition were evaluated by generalized linear or logistic regression models. Compared with controls, male cases had lower microbial α-diversity, higher abundance of genera Dialister and Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species, lower abundance of genus Phascolarctobacterium, and lower prevalence of taxa including order RF39 (all p < 0.05). In contrast, female cases had higher α-diversity, higher abundance of genus Butyricimonas and a family of order Clostridiales, lower abundance of Dialister and Bifidobacterium species, and higher prevalence of RF39. Significant NAFLD–sex interactions were found for α-diversity and above taxa (all false discovery rate < 0.1). In conclusion, we observed sex-specific gut microbiome features related to history of NAFLD. Further studies are needed to validate our findings and evaluate the health effects of NAFLD-related gut microbiota.

scholarly journals The Joint Effects of Diet and Dietary Supplements in Relation to Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease over a 10-Year Follow-Up: A Longitudinal Study of 69,990 Participants in Australia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Xu ◽  
Zumin Shi ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Dennis Chang ◽  
Sally C. Inglis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Calcium Supplements ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

It is unknown whether a healthy diet or unhealthy diet combined with specific supplements may jointly contribute to incidence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We included 69,990 participants from the 45 and Up Study who completed both baseline (2006–2009) and follow-up (2012–2015) surveys. We found that compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no supplement consumption, those with a long-term healthy diet combined with multivitamins and minerals (MVM) or fish oil consumption were associated with a lower incidence of CVD (p < 0.001); whilst those with an unhealthy diet and no MVM or fish oil consumption were associated with a higher risk of obesity (p < 0.05). Compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no calcium consumption, the combination of a long-term healthy diet and calcium consumption was linked to a lower risk of CVD (IRR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78; 0.96). In conclusion, a long-term healthy diet combined with MVM or fish oil was associated with a lower incidence of CVD. Participants who maintained a healthy diet and used calcium supplements were associated with a lower incidence of obesity. However, these associations were not found among those with an unhealthy diet, despite taking similar supplements.

scholarly journals Composition and Functions of the Gut Microbiome in Pediatric Obesity: Relationships with Markers of Insulin Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1490
Author(s):  
Camila E. Orsso ◽  
Ye Peng ◽  
Edward C. Deehan ◽  
Qiming Tan ◽  
Catherine J. Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Pediatric Obesity ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Diversity Measures ◽  
Α Diversity

The gut microbiome is hypothesized to play a crucial role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance (IR); the pathways linking the microbiome to IR in pediatrics have yet to be precisely characterized. We aimed to determine the relationship between the gut microbiome composition and metabolic functions and IR in children with obesity. In a cross-sectional study, fecal samples from children with obesity (10–16 years old) were collected for taxonomical and functional analysis of the fecal microbiome using shotgun metagenomics. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined using fasting glucose and insulin. Associations between HOMA-IR and α-diversity measures as well as metabolic pathways were evaluated using Spearman correlations; relationships between HOMA-IR and β-diversity were assessed by permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Twenty-one children (nine males; median: age = 12.0 years; BMI z-score = 2.9; HOMA-IR = 3.6) completed the study. HOMA-IR was significantly associated with measures of α-diversity but not with β-diversity. Children with higher HOMA-IR exhibited lower overall species richness, Firmicutes species richness, and overall Proteobacteria species Shannon diversity. Furthermore, HOMA-IR was inversely correlated with the abundance of pathways related to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides, amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids, whereas positive correlations between HOMA-IR and the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathways were observed. In conclusion, insulin resistance was associated with decreased microbial α-diversity measures and abundance of genes related to the metabolic pathways. Our study provides a framework for understanding the microbial alterations in pediatric obesity.

scholarly journals The State of Diet Quality Globally: A Systematic Assessment of Worldwide Dietary Patterns Using the Global Dietary Database (P10-045-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan O'Hearn ◽  
Fumiaki Imamura ◽  
Frederick Cudhea ◽  
Jennifer Onopa ◽  
Julia Reedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Diet Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Abstract Objectives Healthy diet patterns are a global priority to reduce undernutrition and chronic disease. Prior work suggests that healthy and unhealthy diet patterns are distributed and changing independently across the world. Our objective was to characterize current healthy and unhealthy diet patterns by age, sex, education, residence and country using the 2015 Global Dietary Database (GDD). Methods The GDD 2015 evaluates dietary intake based on 1137 surveys-years of systematically identified national and subnational individual-level diet surveys worldwide from 185 countries (97.5% of the global population). Dietary intake estimates and their uncertainty were generated for 15 dietary factors using a Bayesian hierarchical model including the individual-level data, country-level food availability data, and other covariates. Two types of diet patterns were assessed: one reflecting greater intake of 11 healthy dietary items; and the other, lower intake of 4 unhealthy dietary items. Mean intake of each dietary factor was divided into quintiles. Quintiles were assigned an ordinal score and scores were summed to generate each pattern, scaled from 0–100. Higher scores correspond to healthier diets for each age-sex-country-year-education-residence stratum. Results In 2015, the global mean score was 48 [95% UI: 39–58] for the healthy diet pattern (Fig 1) and 51 [32–69] for the unhealthy diet pattern (Fig 2). Healthy vs unhealthy diet pattern scores across the 41,040 global strata annually were not strongly interrelated (r < -0.4). Western (54 [45–63]) and Latin American (63 [53–72]) regions had highest scores for the healthy diet pattern but lowest for the unhealthy diet pattern (37 [19, 54]; 27 [13, 42], respectively). Asia (57 [40–76]) and Sub-Saharan Africa (57 [34–76]) had the highest unhealthy diet pattern scores but lowest healthy diet pattern scores (42 [33, 52]; 41 [30, 53], respectively). Healthy diet pattern scores were generally higher in urban areas and among more educated strata, while unhealthy diet pattern scores were higher in rural areas and in less educated strata. Conclusions These novel data provide quantitative estimates of the specific heterogeneity in diet patterns across the world, providing the best estimates to date to inform policies and priorities for reducing the health and economic burdens of poor diet quality. Funding Sources Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Diet quality and physical activity in relation to childhood obesity

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruopeng An
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Physically Inactive

Abstract Objective: Healthy lifestyles such as being physically active and eating a healthy diet help reduce the childhood obesity risk. However, population-level studies on the relationship between lifestyles and childhood obesity typically focus on either physical activity or diet but seldom both. This study examined physical activity and diet quality in relation to obesity in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents. Methods: The study sample of 2818 children 6–17 years old came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006 waves. A healthy eating index (HEI)-2010 was constructed based on two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Participants at or above the 60th percentile of the HEI-2010 score were classified as consuming a healthy diet. Participants engaging in at least 60 min of moderate-vigorous physical activity daily measured by accelerometer were classified as being physically active. Adjusted average marginal effect of diet quality and physical activity on obesity was calculated based on estimates from logistic regressions. Results: Compared with those consuming a healthy diet who are physically active, the estimated probabilities for overweight and obesity were 19.03 (95% confidence interval: 11.31, 26.74) and 15.84 (10.48, 21.21) percentage points higher among children consuming an unhealthy diet and who are physically inactive, 16.53 (7.58, 25.48) and 13.48 (5.68, 21.29) percentage points higher among children consuming a healthy diet but who are physically inactive and 3.22 (−3.43, 9.88) and 3.10 (−3.08, 9.29) percentage points higher among children consuming an unhealthy diet but physically active, respectively. Conclusion: Healthy habit formation at an early age is essential in obesity prevention.

Long-term Association between Diet Quality and Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in the Multiethnic Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Erica Ma ◽  
Gertraud Maskarinec ◽  
Unhee Lim ◽  
Carol J. Boushey ◽  
Lynne R. Wilkens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract As past usual diet quality may affect gut microbiome (GM) composition, we examined the association of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 assessed 21 and 9 years before stool collection with measures of fecal microbial composition in a subset of the Multiethnic Cohort. A total of 5,936 participants completed a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) at cohort entry (Q1, 1993-96), 5,280 at follow-up (Q3, 2003-08), and 1,685 also at a second follow-up (Adiposity Phenotype Study (APS), 2013–16). All participants provided a stool sample in 2013-2016. Fecal microbial composition was obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3 region). HEI-2015 scores were computed based on each QFFQ. Using linear regression adjusted for relevant covariates, we calculated associations of HEI-2015 scores with gut microbial diversity and 152 individual genera. The mean HEI-2015 scores increased from Q1 (67±10) to Q3 (71±11) and APS (72±10). Alpha diversity assessed by the Shannon Index was significantly higher with increasing tertiles of HEI-2015. Of the 152 bacterial genera tested, seven (Anaerostipes, Coprococcus_2, Eubacterium eligens, Lachnospira, Lachnospiraceae_ND3007, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013, and Ruminococcus_1) were positively and five (Collinsella, Parabacteroides, Ruminiclostridium_5, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Tyzzerella) were inversely associated with HEI-2015 assessed in Q1, Q3, and APS. The estimates of change per unit of the HEI-2015 score associated with the abundance of these 12 genera were consistent across the three questionnaires. The quality of past diet, assessed as far as ˜20 years before stool collection, is equally predictive of GM composition as concurrently assessed diet, indicative of the long-term consistency of this relation.

scholarly journals Long-term Diet Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Urban Chinese Adults

Diabetes Care ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danxia Yu ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Hui Cai ◽  
Yong-Bing Xiang ◽  
Honglan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Chinese Adults

scholarly journals The Role of Cell Metabolism in Innate Immune Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Anaisa Valido Ferreira ◽  
Jorge Domiguéz-Andrés ◽  
Mihai Gheorghe Netea
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunological memory is classically attributed to adaptive immune responses, but recent studies have shown that challenged innate immune cells can display long-term functional changes that increase nonspecific responsiveness to subsequent infections. This phenomenon, coined <i>trained immunity</i> or <i>innate immune memory</i>, is based on the epigenetic reprogramming and the rewiring of intracellular metabolic pathways. Here, we review the different metabolic pathways that are modulated in trained immunity. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid, and lipid metabolism are interplaying pathways that are crucial for the establishment of innate immune memory. Unraveling this metabolic wiring allows for a better understanding of innate immune contribution to health and disease. These insights may open avenues for the development of future therapies that aim to harness or dampen the power of the innate immune response.

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