Is Pornography Consumption a Risk Factor for Condomless Sex?

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 273-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S Tokunaga ◽  
Paul J Wright ◽  
Laurens Vangeel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Condomless Sex ◽  
Pornography Consumption ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pornography Use

Abstract This paper presents meta-analytic findings on the association between pornography consumption and condomless sex. Results were based on 45 reports spanning two decades. Data from 18 countries, with a participant total of over 35,000, were located. Higher levels of pornography consumption were associated with an elevated likelihood of engaging in condomless sex. A model-based meta-analysis did not support the viewpoint that the pornography use–condomless sex association is spurious and confounded by sensation seeking. Instead, a path analysis suggested that pornography use energizes consumers' sensation seeking desires, in turn making them more likely to engage in condomless sex. Although the results indicated homogeneity of effect sizes across most contexts tested, the type of pornography content consumed moderated the pornography use–condomless sex relationship. Viewing pornography that does not show condoms was associated with an increased risk for having sex without condoms, whereas consuming pornography showing condoms was unrelated to sexual risk.

Casual Condomless Sex, Range of Pornography Exposure, and Perceived Pornography Realism

2021 ◽  
pp. 009365022110037
Author(s):  
Paul J. Wright ◽  
Debby Herbenick ◽  
Bryant Paul
Keyword(s):  
Media Literacy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Literacy Education ◽  
Condomless Sex ◽  
Perceived Realism ◽  
Pornography Consumption ◽  
Sexual Media ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oriented Research

Pornography consumption is becoming more prevalent and may be a source of sexual learning for some users. Because popular male-female pornography rarely includes condoms, communication researchers have hypothesized that pornography use increases the likelihood of condomless sex in mixed sex encounters. A recent meta-analysis supported this prediction, but was unable to report on psychological moderators of the association due to a dearth of contingency-oriented research. The present study reports findings on U.S. adults’ exposure to pornography, perceptions of pornography’s realism, and casual condomless sex. Despite theory positing that realism perceptions moderate the relationship between sexual media use and sexual behavior, very few studies have tested pornography exposure x perceived realism interactions in general, and no previous inquiry appears to have tested this interaction in the context of pornography exposure and condom use. Results indicated that a higher range of exposure was associated with a higher likelihood of condomless sex when perceptions of pornography’s realism were high. Conversely, when perceptions of pornography’s realism were low, range of exposure was unrelated to the likelihood of condomless sex. These results were not moderated by age or gender. These findings are part of a growing literature suggesting the importance of media literacy education directed specifically at pornography.

A meta-analytic review of the relation between impulsivity-related traits and family history of alcoholism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Angela Maria Haeny
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
History Of

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Extensive research provides evidence that people with a family history of alcoholism are at risk for developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Similarly, people with impulsivity-related traits are at increased risk for developing alcohol problems. Importantly, research suggests that impulsivity mediates the relation between family history of alcoholism and the development of alcohol problems. However, impulsivity is a heterogenous construct and has been assessed with a myriad of measures. The present work is a quantitative synthesis of the literature on the relation between family history of alcoholism and impulsivity-related traits and that also examines various potential moderators of this association. Sixty-nine independent effect sizes from 65 studies (N = 11,127) qualified for the meta-analysis. The overall effect size was small-to-moderate (d = .32 [95% CI: 0.25, 0.39], k = 69), and was moderated by offspring age (Z = 3.73, p less than .001), with the effect size increasing with age. When examining specific facets of impulsivity, a small effect was found for harm avoidance (d = -.26 [95% CI: -.41, -.11], k = 10) and was moderated by family history density (Q (1) = 4.12, p = .04) such that the effect was much larger among those with more than one alcoholic family member (d = -.66 [95% CI: -1.10, -.22], k = 3). A small-to-moderate effect size was found for sensation seeking (d = .30 [95% CI: .21, .40], k = 29) and was moderated by age (Z = 3.09, p = .002), with the effect increasing with age. The effect sizes for all other facets of impulsivity were not significant. Notably, there were much fewer studies investigating other facets of impulsivity (e.g., reward dependence, lack of perseverance, lack of planning) compared to sensation seeking, limiting power to detect larger effect sizes. Findings from this review suggest the need for additional studies investigating the relation between specific facets of impulsivity (e.g., positive and negative urgency) and family history of alcoholism. In addition, this review suggests that, to some degree, we can identify phenotypic risk beyond mere family history status and, thus, inform the development of interventions for individuals with a family history of alcoholism, targeting the specific types of impulsivity manifested.

scholarly journals Greater cardiorespiratory fitness reduces incidence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Verdicchio ◽  
A Elliott ◽  
R Mahajan ◽  
D Linz ◽  
D Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Statistical Heterogeneity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction  Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia affecting 1-2% of the global population, with the prevalence of AF increasing dramatically over the past two decades. Although low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity are predictive of cardiovascular disease onset and mortality, only recently has this emerged as a potential risk factor for AF. Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was therefore to quantify the relationship between CRF, measured by a symptom limited exercise stress test, and incident AF. We hypothesised that there would be an inverse relationship between CRF and the incidence of AF. Methods The systematic literature review was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, with seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis was then used to compare the multivariate risk estimates of the lowest CRF group from each cohort with the group of the highest CRF. Results Data from 206,925 individuals (55.8% males) was used for analysis with a mean age of 55 ± 2.5 years and a mean follow-up period of 10.3 ± 5 years. The total number of AF events across the studies was 19,913. The overall pooled risk of AF in the high-CRF group versus the low-CRF group showed a significant lower risk of incident AF in those with high-CRF (OR: 0.52, 95% CI, 0.44-0.605, p < 0.001). There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 81%, p < 0.001). AF incidence rates demonstrated an overall decline in rates across the CRF quartiles from low to high. The mean incidence rate for low-CRF was 21 ± 13.4 compared to 6.9 ± 0.7 per 1000 person-years for the high CRF group (p = 0.03). Conclusion There is an inverse association between a lower CRF and an increased risk of AF, with a higher level of CRF protective against AF. This study highlights that low-CRF may be an additional risk factor for AF along with already other established lifestyle-based risk factors such as obesity and hypertension. Exercise interventions should be promoted as a primary prevention strategy in those at risk of developing AF with known risk factors. Future studies are warranted to identify the mechanism(s) through which improved CRF confers a reduction in AF incidence. Abstract Figure. AF risk between high and low-CRF

Association of VEGF and p53 Polymorphisms and Spiral Artery Remodelling in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamilmani Subi ◽  
Vinodhini Krishnakumar ◽  
Chandreswara Raju Kataru ◽  
Inusha Panigrahi ◽  
Meganathan Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Spiral Artery ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Increased Risk

Many studies have reported the association of VEGF-1154G/A, VEGF 936C/T and p53 Arg72Pro polymorphisms with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL), but the outcomes are inconsistent. We have used meta-analysis to associate these polymorphisms with RPL, having the spiral artery remodelling as a major risk factor. The studies were identified from three different reputed databases, namely Science direct, PubMed/Medline and Scopus. The eligible studies of VEGF-1154G/A, VEGF 936C/T and p53Arg72Pro polymorphisms associated with the RPL were selected for the analysis. They were segregated into three different ethnic groups as Asians, Caucasians and mixed population. For the analysis, the overall prevalence, Odds ratio, Risk ratio, Relative risk ratio and P values were calculated. A total of 3241 RPL cases and 3205 healthy controls from 21 different case-control studies were analysed. RPL was highly prevalent in mixed population with VEGF-1154G/A and p53 Arg72Pro polymorphisms (70.04% and 66.46% respectively) and in Asian population with VEGF 936C/T polymorphism (53.58%). The homozygous recessive genotypes of VEGF and p53 exhibited significant association between the respective polymorphisms and RPL along with the increased risk of outcome. The current analysis conclusively reports the geographic distribution of the different genetic polymorphisms which shows high association with the progression of RPL. Understanding the spectrum of polymorphisms on different population with the spiral artery remodelling as a risk factor encloses the importance of the vasculature during the pregnancy.

Opioid Use and the Risk of Falls, Fall Injuries and Fractures among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1989-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Yoshikawa ◽  
Gilbert Ramirez ◽  
Matthew Lee Smith ◽  
Margaret Foster ◽  
Anas K Nabil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Fall Injuries ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls

Abstract Background There is increasing concern about opioid use as a pain treatment option among older adults. Existing literature implies an association between opioid use and fracture, increasing the risk of death and disabilities; yet, this relationship with other fall-related outcomes has not been fully explored. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between opioid use and adverse health outcomes of falls, fall injuries, and fractures among older adults. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using nine databases: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Global Health, Northern Light Sciences Conference Abstracts, Cochrane CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We log-transformed effect sizes (relative risk [RR], odds ratio [OR], and hazard ratio [HR]) to compute pooled risk estimates comparable across the studies. The random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled risk estimates due to heterogeneity. Meta-regressions explored differences in risk estimates by analysis method, study design, setting, and study quality. Results Thirty studies, providing 34 relevant effect sizes, met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Overall, opioid use was significantly associated with falls, fall injuries, and fractures, with effect sizes ranging from 0.15 to 0.71. In meta-regressions, no selected factors explained heterogeneity. Conclusion While heterogeneity is present, results suggest an increased risk of falls, fall injuries, and fractures among older adults who used opioids. Findings highlight the need for opioid education and nonopioid-related pain management interventions among older adults to decrease fall-related risk.

Psychotic experiences and risk of self-injurious behaviour in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Honings ◽  
M. Drukker ◽  
R. Groen ◽  
J. van Os
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
General Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Residual Confounding

BackgroundRecent studies suggest that psychotic experiences (PE) in the general population are associated with an increased risk of self-injurious behaviour. Both the magnitude of this association and the level of adjustment for confounders vary among studies. A meta-analysis was performed to integrate the available evidence. The influence of possible confounders, including variably defined depression, was assessed.MethodA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted including general population studies reporting on the risk of self-injurious behaviour in individuals with PE. Studies were identified by a systematic search strategy in Pubmed, PsycINFO and Embase. Reported effect sizes were extracted and meta-analytically pooled.ResultsThe risk of self-injurious behaviour was 3.20 times higher in individuals with PE compared with those without. Subanalyses showed that PE were associated with self-harm, suicidal ideation as well as suicidal attempts. All studies had scope for considerable residual confounding; effect sizes adjusted for depression were significantly smaller than effect sizes unadjusted for depression. In the longitudinal studies, adjustment for psychopathology resulted in a 74% reduction in excess risk.ConclusionsPE are associated with self-injurious behaviour, suggesting they have potential as passive markers of suicidality. However, the association is confounded and several methodological issues remain, particularly how to separate PE from the full range of connected psychopathology in determining any specific association with self-injurious behaviour. Given evidence that PE represent an indicator of severity of non-psychotic psychopathology, the association between PE and self-injurious behaviour probably reflects a greater likelihood of self-injurious behaviour in more severe states of mental distress.

scholarly journals Urine Cadmium as a Risk Factor for Osteoporosis and Osteopenia: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
HaoJie Lin ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Jing Meng ◽  
LiYou Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Heterogeneity Test ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urine Cadmium ◽  
The Relationship

Background: As society ages, the incidence of osteoporosis increases. In several studies, cadmium (Cd) is thought to be related to osteoporosis. However, there are conflicting reports about the relationship between Cd and the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to explore the relationship between Cd and osteoporosis and osteopenia.Methods: Through a review of the literature, articles published in PubMed as of December 2020 were identified and the references of related publications and reviews were reviewed. Ultimately, 17 eligible articles were selected to determine the relationship between blood and urine Cd concentrations for the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia. In this study, we performed a classification analysis, heterogeneity test, subgroup analysis, and evaluated publication bias.Results: A total of 17 studies were included, including seven on blood Cd and 10 on urine Cd. By combining the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the lowest and highest categories, the odds ratio of blood Cd concentration that increased the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia was OR 1.21 (95% CI: 0.84–1.58) and that of urine Cd concentration that increased the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia was OR 1.80 (95% CI: 1.42–2.18), and the results of the subgroup analysis were also consistent.Conclusions: Our research indicates that while urine cadmium (Cd) concentration may be related to increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia, blood Cd concentration may not. Therefore, compared to blood Cd concentration, urine Cd concentration may be more reliable as a risk factor for osteoporosis and osteopenia. This result should be interpreted with caution. Currently. research on the relationship between Cd concentration and osteoporosis and osteopenia is limited, thus, further large, high-quality prospective studies are required to elucidate the relationship between Cd concentration and osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Pet husbandry as a risk factor for colonization or infection with MDR organisms: a systematic meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Hackmann ◽  
Petra Gastmeier ◽  
Stefan Schwarz ◽  
Antina Lübke-Becker ◽  
Peter Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background MDR organisms (MDROs) pose a relevant risk for patients in modern healthcare. Although ownership of pet animals is common and owners and pets commonly live in close contact, it is still unclear whether pet ownership may be considered as a risk factor for MDRO acquisition prior to hospitalization. Methods We performed three separate meta-analyses in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, assessing contact to pets as a risk factor for acquisition of MRSA, VRE and MDR Gram-negatives [namely third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCRE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)]. Results We calculated an increased risk of MRSA carriage for dog owners [risk ratio (RR) 2.28, 95% CI 1.47–3.56]. Meta-analysis did not show a significantly higher risk for 3GCRE colonization among owners of different pet species compared with non-pet owners (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.83–1.68 for pet owners in general, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.56–1.40 for dog owners, RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.58–2.34 for cat owners, RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.43–4.18 for rodent owners, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.38–2.18 for bird owners, and RR 2.34, 95% CI 0.33–16.63 for lizard/frog owners). For VRE, there were insufficient data to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusions Our analyses suggest contact to pet animals is a risk factor for MRSA, but not for 3GCRE/CRE acquisition. Evaluation of the underlying literature suggested a possible role of pet animals as: (i) vectors for the transmission of MDROs between livestock and humans; as well as (ii) a reservoir for MDROs. Pets, therefore, may promote transmission and reinfection of humans.

Pre-Eclamptic Pregnancies: An Opportunity to Identify Women at Risk for Future Cardiovascular Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iasmina M Craici ◽  
Steven J Wagner ◽  
Suzanne R Hayman ◽  
Vesna D Garovic
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
History Of

Evaluation of: Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ: Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. Med. J. 335(7627), 974 (2007). Evidence has emerged over the years suggesting that women who develop hypertensive pregnancy disorders, most notably pre-eclampsia, are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed, assessing the future risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality in women with a history of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Women with a history of pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, compared with women without such a history, had an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, including a fourfold increased risk for hypertension, a twofold increased risk for ischemic heart disease, stroke and deep venous thrombosis, and a 1.5-times higher all-cause mortality. The study suggests that affected women may be eligible for preventive therapies at an earlier age, especially if future studies establish the role of pre-eclampsia as an independent cardiovascular risk factor.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus is not a risk factor for osteoarthritis

RMD Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e001030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Khor ◽  
Cheryl-Ann Ma ◽  
Cassandra Hong ◽  
Laura Li-Yao Hui ◽  
Ying Ying Leung
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Analysis Models ◽  
Important Confounding Factor

BackgroundAssociation between diabetes mellitus (DM) and risk of osteoarthritis (OA) can be confounded by body mass index (BMI), a strong risk factor for both conditions. We evaluate the association between DM or hyperglycaemia with OA using systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Web of Science databases in English for studies that gave information on the association between DM and OA. Two meta-analysis models were conducted to address: (1) risk of DM comparing subjects with and without OA and (2) risk of OA comparing subjects with and without DM. As far as available, risk estimates that adjusted for BMI were used.Results31 studies with a pooled population size of 295 100 subjects were reviewed. 16 and 15 studies reported positive associations and null/ negative associations between DM and OA. 68.8% of positive studies had adjusted for BMI, compared with 93.3% of null/negative studies. In meta-analysis model 1, there was an increase prevalence of DM in subjects with OA compared with those without (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.89). In meta-analysis model 2, there was no increased risk of OA (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.33) in subjects with DM compared with those without, regardless of gender and OA sites. Comparing subjects with DM to those without, an increased risk of OA was noted in cross-sectional studies, but not in case-control and prospective cohort studies.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis does not support DM as an independent risk factor for OA. BMI was probably the most important confounding factor.

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