scholarly journals 221 Effect of varying growth rates on early and aged pork loin and chop quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
Emily D Schunke ◽  
Jessica E Lowell ◽  
Chad A Stahl ◽  
Bailey N Harsh ◽  
Anna C Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Visual Color ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The pork industry has observed an upward trend in ending live weights, resulting in heavier hot carcass weights (HCW). Heavier HCW positively affects loin tenderness; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. One possibility is increased growth rate, associated with greater HCW, resulting in more tender loins. The objective was to determine the effect of growth rate on early and aged pork quality. Pigs (N=634) were divided into three groups based on average daily gain (kg/d) from 12-26wk of age; slow (< 0.96kg/d, n=96), intermediate (0.96-1.16kg/d, n=452), and fast (≥ 1.17kg/d, n=86). The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to evaluate the main effects of growth rate, breed, sex, and their interactions on loin quality. Birth and weaning weight did not differ between growth rate (P≥0.15) but, overall ADG was increased (P<0.001) in fast growing pigs by 0.15 kg/d. Fast and intermediate growing pigs had darker loins (P=0.03) by 0.23 units. Intermediate growing pigs had firmer loins (P=0.04) by 0.07 units. Ventral a* increased as growth rate increased (P=0.04) indicating fast growing pigs had the reddest loins (9.77 vs. 9.26 vs. 8.99). Aged ventral marbling, ultimate pH, purge loss, cook loss, instrumental tenderness, and chop moisture and extractable lipid did not differ (P≥0.32) between growth rate groups. Duroc-sired pigs had increased tenth rib back fat amongst all growth rate groups, but the magnitude of difference was much greater in the slow and intermediate groups. Between all growth rate groups, slow growing Pietrain-sired Pigs had the smallest loineye areas (LEA). Carcass yield, bone-in carcass cutting yield, and boneless carcass cutting yield did not differ (P≥0.37) between growth rate groups. While fast growth rates improved aged ventral visual color, instrumental tenderness did not differ between growth rate groups.

Effect of protozoan predation on relative abundance of fast- and slow-growing bacteria

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Sinclair ◽  
Martin Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Fast Growing Species

The survival of six bacterial species that had different growth rates was tested in raw sewage and sewage that was rendered free of protozoa. When test bacteria were added to protozoa-free sewage at densities of approximately 105 to 106 cells/mL, five of the six species did not decline below 105 cells/mL. If protozoa were present, the population sizes of all test species were markedly reduced, but bacterial species able to grow faster in artificial media had the larger number of survivors. When the same bacteria were inoculated into protozoa-free sewage at densities of less than 103 cells/mL, only the three species able to grow quickly in artificial media increased in abundance. When the six species were inoculated at the same densities into sewage containing protozoa, the three slow-growing species were rapidly eliminated, and two of the three fast-growing species survived in detectable numbers. We suggest that in environments with intense protozoan predation, protozoa may alter the composition of the bacterial community by eliminating slow-growing bacteria.Key words: growth rate, predation, protozoa, sewage.

scholarly journals Breast meat quality of chickens with divergent growth rates and its relation to growth curve parameters

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp C. Muth ◽  
Anne Valle Zárate
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Slow Growing

Abstract. The effects of the increase of body weight of contemporary broilers during growth on functional meat quality and color characteristics of the chicken breast muscle are controversially debated. Therefore, male chickens (n = 264) of a fast-growing commercial broiler (Ross 308) and two slow-growing experimental meat-type chicken lines were compared at equal age and at similar body weight in order to investigate the effect of growth rate on selected functional breast meat traits and meat color. Additionally, the breast meat characteristics of birds with different growth profiles were compared within lines. When the body weight of commercial broilers reached about 40 to 60 % of their growth potential, they exhibited particularly high ultimate pH values compared with slow-growing lines. The ability of the meat of fast-growing broilers to retain water during cooking was impaired (5 to 16 percentage points increased cooking loss compared to slow-growing lines), which, in contrast to pH, was only marginally affected by body weight and/or age at slaughter. No unfavorable correlations of breast meat quality traits with the growth profile, represented by growth curve parameters derived from the Gompertz–Laird equation, were detected within any of the investigated chicken lines. It is noteworthy that the associations of ultimate pH and cooking loss with maximum growth speed indicate a non-linear relationship. Thus, some of the functional characteristics of breast meat of the fast-growing broiler resembled the white-striping defect described for poultry meat, but the hypothesis that selection on increased growth rates is detrimental for meat quality per se could not be confirmed. In fact, an elevated growth potential in particular, i.e., body weight at maturity, could have some beneficial effects for the water-holding capacity of breast meat, regardless of the genotypic growth rate.

scholarly journals Predicting Productive Performance in Grow-Finisher Pigs Using Birth and Weaning Body Weight

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Jordi Camp Montoro ◽  
Edgar Garcia Manzanilla ◽  
David Solà-Oriol ◽  
Ramon Muns ◽  
Josep Gasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to (1) investigate the effect of birth and weaning body weight (BW) on performance indicators of grow-finisher pigs and (2) estimate birth and weaning BW cut-off values in order to identify slow growing pigs (SGP). Pigs (n = 144) were classified as SMALL (0.9 ± 0.13 kg) or BIG (1.4 ± 0.20 kg) at birth and re-classified as SMALL (5.4 ± 1.6 kg) or BIG (6.3 ± 1.91 kg) at weaning. Individual BW was recorded bi-weekly, and feed intake was recorded on a daily basis. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and days to target slaughter weight (TSW) were calculated. SMALL–SMALL pigs had lower ADG (p < 0.05) requiring 167.1 days (i.e., 14.2 extra days) to TSW (p < 0.05) compared with BIG pigs at birth and/or weaning. However, FCR was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Pigs weaned at <3.7 kg BW would likely be SGP. Pigs born at ≥1.1 kg BW or weaned at ≥6.4 kg BW are more likely to reach TSW at 22 weeks of age. The results suggest that birth BW might not be the best predictor for subsequent performance, as some small-born pigs were able to catch up with their bigger counterparts. The cut-off values identified could be used to design specific management and nutritional strategies for SGP.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH RATES OF KYIV FACTORY TYPE UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED HEIFERS AND COWS LIFELONG PRODUCTIVITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
А. А. Klimkovetskyi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Data Period ◽  
Dairy Breed

The studied of Kyiv factory type Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows productivity depending on heifers average daily gain. The studied of 1071 animals lifelong use data. Cattle was divide into 5 groups according to the values of average daily gains at the age of 0-3; 3-6; 6-12 and 12-15 months. Animals distributed on the standard deviation from average daily gain of the herd. In animals included in the groups studied the productivity of the first lactation and the period of productive use. It found that increase the heifer’s growth rate leads to decrease in the age of the first calving. The age of the first calving is most affect by the growth rate up to 3 months of age. Preservation of the first calving cows increases when the growth rate of heifers is slightly higher than the average herd. The highest survival of the first calving cows (93.8 %) obtained providing growing heifers aged 3-6 months with increments of 658-853 g. The highest milk yields during the first and highest lactation were obtain by growing heifers aged 6-12 months with an average daily gain over 710 g. Animals with the highest growth rate at other ages had a lactation graph with several peaks, which indicates their increased sensitivity to changes in conditions of use. The bath-shaped udder founded are more common in slow-growing animals from birth to 12 months. The increase in average daily gain led to an increase in the proportion of cows with rounded and cup-shaped udders. The not installed relationship between the average daily gain of heifers and the duration of the open data period and the period between calving. These traits are more relate to the milk production of cows than to the growth of heifers. The greatest duration of lifetime use, milk yield and number of calves during life were at the growth rate of heifers from birth to 12 months at the level of + 0.5σ… + 1.5σ to the average for the herd. A further increase in the growth rate during these periods led to a decrease in the duration of productive use by 0.4… 1.1 years and a lack of 0.4… 0.9 calving. Animals that at the age of 12-15 months had a growth rate at the level of the average herd with deviations within ± 0.5σ were marked by a long productive period. Studies prove the possibility of increasing the lifelong productivity of livestock by heifer’s selection at a growth rate from birth to 15 months.

172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P &lt; 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

66 Strategies to Improve Phosphorus Utilization in Growing Pigs: Depletion-repletion Protocols

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Marion Lautrou ◽  
Candido Pomar ◽  
Philippe Schmidely ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Phosphorus Intake

Abstract To optimize the use of dietary P by pigs, 5 feeding strategies were studied in a 3-phase feeding trial on 240 pigs (initial bodyweight (BW) of 31 kg): 1) C-C-C providing 100% of digestible phosphorus (Pdig, 4.3 g/kg STTD) and calcium (Ca, 9.7 g/kg) requirement to maximize bone mineralization, 2) L-L-L 60% of the Pdig and Ca requirements of C-C-C, 3) Phyt-Phyt-Phyt (phosphate-free, with phytase, 750, 686, 390 FTU/kg), providing 60% of Pdig and Ca requirements in phase 1, then 100%, 4) and 5) C in phases 1 and 3, and 60% of the need for Pdig in phase 2, associated with 65% of the requirements for Ca (N) or 80% (H), namely C-N-C and C-H-C. The BW and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured at the beginning and end of each phase. The BMC gain (gBMC), average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were calculated by phase. In phase 1, ADG was lower in the Phyt group than the C group (1.05 vs 1.10 kg/d, P &lt; 0.01) and the BMC of group C and gBMC were higher than those of the Phyt and B groups (P &lt; 0.05). In phase 2, C-C and Phyt-Phyt groups had similar BMC due to higher gBMC in the Phyt-Phyt (27.1 vs 18.4 g/d, P &lt; 0.01). At the end of phases 2 and 3, C-C-C, C-N-C and C-H-C groups had similar BMC. The Phyt and B groups showed an increased phosphorus-use efficiency during phases 1 and 2 (+20% vs C). Phosphorus retention was also higher in the C-N-C and C-H-C groups, during the depletion in phase 2 (+24% vs C, P&lt; 0.05). These results showed the potential of a depletion-repletion strategy including free phosphate diet to reduce phosphorus intake and excretion without affecting final growth performance and bone mineralization because of increased minerals utilization efficacies.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF GROWTH IN THE GOUSES UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE COMBINED PHARMACOPROPHYLACTIC HOMOBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS BASED ON THE RECOMBINANT BASILL AND ENROFLOXACIN STRAIN

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
G. A. Nozdrin ◽  
N. A. Gotovchikov ◽  
M. S. Yakovleva ◽  
N. S. Yakovleva ◽  
M. B. Lazareva
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Probiotic Preparation ◽  
Daily Gain

The combined effect of homobiotics, probiotics based on recombinant strains of g. Bacillus, & enrofloxacin on the dynamics of body weight gain in geese was studied. According to the principle of steam-analogs, one control and five experimental groups of 10 goslings in each group were formed. Gosyatam experimental groups used homobiotics vetom 15.1; vetom 13.1 incombination with enrofloxacin followed by replacement with a probiotic preparation Vetom 1.2. The absolute body weight and average daily gain in geese under the influence of the studied drugs increases. The severity of the effect depended on the pharmacological composition of the drugs used. The maximum absolute weight gain was observed when using the drugs according to the scheme: vetom 13.1 at doses of 25–50 mg/kg for 16 days, with further use of a 10% enrofloxacin solution at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg for 5 days and in The experiment period was 1.2 at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 16 days. After the cessation of the use of drugs, the growth rate increased for 30 days when prescribing the drugs according to the scheme: veto 13.1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 16 days and with further introduction of homobiotic veto 1.2 into the bird in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 16 days. The maximum average daily gain in live weight of geese was observed in the period from the 16th to the 32nd day with the administration scheme: homobiotic vetom 13.1 at a dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight 1 time per day for 5 consecutive days, then every other day for 16 days, then daily 10 % solution of enrofloxacin at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg of body weight for 5 days, then vetom 1.2 at a dose of 25 mg/kg once a day for 16 days in a row. And the maximum average daily gain in the post using period of the drug was observed on the 32nd day of the study according to the scheme: homobiotic veto 15.1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight 1 time per day for 16 days, then daily with vetom 1.2 at the same dose 1 once a day for 16 days. The studied drugs in the applied doses did not have a toxic effect on the physiological state of geese.

AGE DYNAMICS OF THE LIVE WEIGHT OF YOUNG YAKS OF THE ALTAI POPULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
А.И. БАХТУШКИНА ◽  
В.Р. САИТОВ ◽  
М.М. САЛЬНИКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Daily Gain

Проведено изучение интенсивности роста молодняка яков алтайской популяции, характеризующегося энергичным ростом. Динамика роста молодняка яков изучена путем определения их живой массы в разные возрастные периоды: при рождении, в возрасте 7, 12, 18 мес. По результатам взвешиваний определен абсолютный прирост, абсолютный среднесуточный прирост живой массы, относительная скорость роста. В период от рождения до 7-месячного возраста, который совпал с летним периодом пастбищного сезона, живая масса бычков увеличилась на 131,4 кг, а телок — на 120,2 кг. Интенсивность роста составила соответственно 625,7 и 572,4 г, что свидетельствует о достаточно хорошей молочности маток. В зимний период (возраст молодняка — от 7 до 12 мес) интенсивность роста резко снизилась: живая масса бычков и телочек составила всего 161,3 и 143,7 кг, со среднесуточными приростами — 94 и 58 г соответственно. С началом вегетации пастбищных растений приросты молодняка по сравнению с зимним периодом резко увеличились. В возрасте от 12 до 18 мес они были равны: 476 г — у бычков и 439 г — у телочек. Общий прирост живой массы бычков за этот период составил 86 кг, у телочек — 79 кг. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о достаточно хорошем развитии молодняка яков алтайской популяции. The growth rate of young yaks of the Altai population, characterized by vigorous growth, was investigated. The growth dynamics of young yaks was studied by determining their live weight at different age periods – at birth and at the age of 7, 12, 18 months. According to the weighing results, the absolute gain, the absolute average daily gain in live weight, and the relative growth rate were determined. In the period from birth to 7 months of age, which coincided with the summer months of the pasture season, the live weight of bull calves increased by 131.4, and heifers — by 120.2 kg, i.e., the growth rate was 625.7 and 572.4 g, respectively, which characterizes a fairly good milk yield of cows. In the winter period (age from 7 to 12 months), the growth rate decreased sharply: the live weight of calves and calves was only 161.3 kg and 143.7 kg, with average daily gains of 94 and 58g, respectively. Subsequently, with the beginning of the growing season of pasture plants, the weight gain of young animals in comparison with the winter period increased sharply. At the age of 12 to 18 months they were equal: 476 g-for steers and 439 g-for heifers. The total increase in live weight of calves during this period was 86 kg, of heifers — 79 kg. The data obtained indicate a fairly good development of young yaks of the Altai population.

scholarly journals Effects of Initial Soil Properties on Three-Year Performance of Six Tree Species in Tropical Dry Forest Restoration Plantings

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Carrasco-Carballido ◽  
Cristina Martínez-Garza ◽  
Héctor Jiménez-Hernández ◽  
Flavio Márquez-Torres ◽  
Julio Campo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tropical Dry Forest ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Fast Growing Species

Deforestation of tropical dry forest reduces soil fertility, with negative effects on future restoration intervention. To evaluate the effect of initial soil properties on three-year performance of six tree species in restoration settings, we measured C, N, and P contents in topsoils of 48 plots under minimal (exclusions of livestock grazing) and maximal (plantings of six native species) restoration intervention during two years in tropical dry forest in central Mexico. Survival and height and diameter relative growth rates were evaluated by species and by growth rank (three fast- and three slow-growing species). After two years, organic C and the C:N ratio increased early during natural succession; these increases might be related to high density of N2-fixing recruits at both intervention levels. Changes in N availability for plants (i.e., NO3− and NH4+ contents) occurred after cattle exclusion. After 40 months, the fast-growing legume Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Benth. had the highest survival (65.55%) and relative growth rate in both height (3.16%) and diameter (5.67%). Fast-growing species had higher survival and diameter growth rates than slow-growing species. Higher diameter growth rates for fast-growing species may be associated with a higher ability to forage for soil resources, whereas similar height growth rates for slow and fast-growing species suggested low competition for light due to slow natural succession at the site. Planted seedlings had higher survival possibly due to initial high NO3− content in the soil. Also, fast-growing species seem to benefit from initially higher pH in the soil. Both soil properties (i.e., pH and NO3−) may be augmented to favor the performance of fast-growing species in restoration plantings and to further accelerate soil recovery in tropical dry forests.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Protein Levels on the Nitrogen Balance, Performance and Slaughtering Traits of Cinta Senese Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Chiara Aquilani ◽  
Francesco Sirtori ◽  
Oreste Franci ◽  
Anna Acciaioli ◽  
Riccardo Bozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Daily Gain

Cinta Senese is characterized by slow growth rates, which implies different nutritional requirements compared to major pig breeds. Four different crude protein levels (120, 140, 160 and 180 g/kg on as-fed basis, denoted as CP12, CP14, CP16 and CP18) were tested to assess the optimal protein requirements of Cinta Senese pigs during the growing phase. The in vivo performance, slaughtering traits and nitrogen balance were evaluated using individual pens and metabolic crates. Increasing the protein level in feed lowered the average daily gain (from 0.76 to 0.71 kg/d), final weight (63.0 kg for CP12 versus 60.7 kg for CP16) and reduced the protein conversion efficiency (from 0.37 to 0.58). Also, protein conversion in lean protein linearly increased from CP12 (4.82) to CP18 (7.43), which implies a worsening in the protein utilization efficiency. The nitrogen balance showed higher loss of N through urine (from 0.68 g/d/kg metabolic weight for CP12 to 1.14 g/d/kg metabolic weight for CP18) as the dietary CP levels increased, and a decrease in the biological value (51.78 for CP12 versus 36.54 for CP16). The results indicated that the CP12 diet was adequate for fulfilling the Cinta Senese protein requirements during the growing phase.

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