PSIII-21 Effect of active, dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning performance, diarrhea and immune parameters of nursery pigs in cleaned or dirty environmental conditions

Abstract Weaning imposes multiple stressors that reduce feed intake and impair intestinal integrity. Furthermore, poor environmental management could compound the high stress period increasing morbidity and mortality of postweaning piglets. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning growth performance, fecal scores and immune parameters in a clean or dirty nursery environment. The experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial design with 2 dietary treatments fed in a sanitized (following barn SOP) and un-sanitized (pits flushed, feeders and pens scraped) nursery environment. Weaned piglets (n = 260 and 5pigs/pen; 14.7±1.5lbs wt., 20.8d of age) were allotted to the following dietary treatments: 1) control or 2) ActiSaf HR+® (0.1% in phase 1 and 2 and 0.05% phase 3 diets) for 5-wks postweaning. On days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 fecal scores/pen and blood samples were collected for monitoring diarrhea and measurement of cytokines. Overall, pigs fed ActiSaf tended towards greater ADG compared to control fed pigs regardless of environment (P = 0.09; 379 vs. 357 g/d, ActiSaf vs control, respectively). Final pen weights at d35 were greater in ActiSaf vs. control fed pigs (101 vs. 97 kg/pen; P < 0.05). Pigs reared in the dirty vs clean environment had reduced overall ADG (352 vs 384 g/d, respectively; P = 0.01), and pigs in the dirty environment tended towards higher overall feed:gain compared to pigs in clean environments; 1.87 vs. 1.76 g/g (P = 0.09). Diarrhea scores were increased in the dirty environment compared to the clean environment on days 3 and 7 (P < 0.01). Serum TNF-a concentrations were not significantly affected by diet or environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs raised in clean environments had higher ADG and improved feed conversion than pigs reared in a dirty environment. Pigs fed diets containing ActiSaf HR+® tended towards increased ADG regardless of environment.

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PSVI-1 Dietary protease supplementation on growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 191-192

Author(s):

Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽

David A Clizer ◽

Christian Ramirez-Camba ◽

Ryan S Samuel ◽

Crystal L Levesque

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Feeding Program ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Fecal Score

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary protease supplementation on pig’s growth performance and post-weaning diarrhea in a 43-d trial. A total of 936 weaned pigs [21 d of age, initial BW 5.87 ± 0.31 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 nutritional levels × 2 protease levels). The nutritional levels corresponded to a standard feeding program and a reduced feeding program (15% lower SID Lys) and without or with protease supplementation (0.0125% inclusion). Piglets were distributed in 36 pens with 26 pigs per pen and 9 replicates per dietary treatment. Pigs received a common Phase 1 diet and experimental diets in Phase 2, 3, and 4, (0.91, 3.4, 4.5, and 24.0 kg/pig, respectively). Phytase was included at 2,500 U in Phase 2 – 4, all diets met energy and AA:Lys requirements for nursery pigs. Feed intake and body weight were determined every 2 weeks. A pen fecal score assessment was performed at d7, 10, and 14. Performance data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure and fecal score data using the PROC FREQ procedure (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). No significant interactions (P > 0.05) were observed between dietary treatments. From d15 to 43 and during overall experimental period, pigs fed standard diets had greater BW, ADG, and G:F (P < 0.05) than pigs fed deficient diets (Table 1). On d7, pigs fed deficient diet had more (X2 < 0.05) soft and watery feces, and consequently less normal feces compared to pigs fed standard diets (Figure 1). On d7, 10, and 14, pigs fed diets with protease supplementation had more (X2 < 0.05) normal feces compared to control pigs. Overall, effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance were not expressive under the conditions of this study but protease addition benefited intestinal health of nursery pigs.

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Dietary Inclusion of Blood Plasma with Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation Enhanced the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Lactobacillus Count, and Reduced Gas Emissions in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 759

Author(s):

Vetriselvi Sampath ◽

Dong Heon Baek ◽

Sureshkumar Shanmugam ◽

In Ho Kim

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Yeast Phase ◽

Weaning Pigs ◽

Daily Gain

This experiment was performed to examine the hypothesis that blood plasma (BP) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplement in the diet of weaning pigs could provoke the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and reduce harmful gas excretion. A total of one hundred and eighty healthy piglets were taken and assigned (complete random blocks) to three dietary treatments as: Phase 1: Treatment (TRT) 1-6% BP; TRT 2-3% BP + 3% yeast; TRT 3-6% yeast. Phase 2: TRT 1-3%; BP., TRT 2-1.5% BP + 1.5% yeast; TRT 3- 3% yeast. Phase 3: TRT 1- Control (CON) (Basal diet); TRT 2- CON; TRT 3- CON for six- weeks. Each treatment had twelve replicates and five (three gilts and two barrows) pigs per pen. Dietary inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation significantly increased the body weight of piglets during phase 2 (p = 0.003) and phase 3 (p = 0.032). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had a significant improvement in average daily gain at the end of each phase and overall (p = 0.047, 0.025, 0.018 and 0.012, respectively). At phase 3, TRT2 group piglets showed a significant improvement on nutrient digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.012) and nitrogen (p = 0.040). The fecal microbiota of TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to increase the number of Lactobacillus counts at phase 1 (p = 0.07) and phase 2 (p = 0.06) as well as, a significant improvement at phase 3 (p = 0.021). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had trend to decrease NH3 (p = 0.074) and H2S (p = 0.069) during phase 2, and significantly reduced NH3 (p = 0.038) and H2S (p = 0.046) at phase 3. However, the fecal score of piglets remains unaffected during the entire trial. At the end of phase 1 piglets’ IgG (p = 0.008) was significantly increased with the inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation. Based on the positive effects on body weight, average daily gain, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count, and reduced gas emission, we suggest that dietary supplement with BP and yeast in the diet of weaned piglet could serve as an excellent alternative to antibiotics growth promoters.

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268 In-feed Antibiotics Elicit Intestinal Integrity Modifications Early in Post-weaning Life

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.158 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 99-99

Author(s):

Jessica M Johnson ◽

Emma T Helm ◽

Nicholas K Gabler ◽

Eric R Burrough ◽

Carson M De Mille

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Physiological Mechanisms ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Ussing Chambers ◽

Intestinal Integrity ◽

And Function ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract The physiological mechanisms by which in-feed antibiotics improve pig growth performance are largely unknown. One proposed mode of action is improvements in intestinal integrity and function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in-feed therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antibiotics would improve intestinal integrity and function in nursery pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (6.1±1.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to individual pens and assigned one of three dietary treatments as follows (n = 8 pigs/trt): 1) control, no antibiotics (CON), 2) CON + sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline [40 ppm in feed (sCTC)], and 3) CON + chlortetracycline-tiamulin [400 ppm + 35 ppm, respectively (CTCDen)]. The study consisted of two consecutive 14 d phases. Chlortetracycline-tiamulin was only fed in phase 1, sCTC was fed in both phases. Phase 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined. After 28 d, ileal and colonic ex vivo intestinal integrity was assessed via transepithelial resistance (TER) and macromolecule flux (FD4) in modified Ussing chambers. All data were analyzed for the fixed effects of treatment and start BW as a covariate. In phase 1, compared with CON and sCTC, CTCDen tended to have greater ADG (0.28, 0.31, and 0.33 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.10) and ADFI (0.28, 0.30, and 0.35 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.09). No differences in phase 1 G:F were observed (P = 0.11). Phase 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ (P > 0.10). Further, ileal TER and FD4 did not differ (P > 0.10). Colonic TER tended to be increased in sCTC compared with CON and CTCDen (78, 56, and 59 Ω/cm2, respectively, P = 0.07). Compared with CON, colonic FD4 flux was decreased in sCTC and CTCDen by 35–40% (P = 0.03). Altogether, these data indicate that in-feed antibiotics improve colon integrity early in production which may contribute to improved growth performance.

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Insights into Responses to Extreme Environmental Conditions in Humans from Studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Defence Science Journal ◽

10.14429/dsj.65.8651 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Ramesh C. Meena ◽

Amitabha Chakrabarti

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Stress Response ◽

Gene Expression Data ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Multiple Stressors ◽

Expression Data ◽

Environmental Stress Response ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Pathways Analysis

<p>The versatility of the yeast experimental model has aided in innumerable ways in the understanding of fundamental cellular functions and has also contributed towards the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying several pathological conditions in humans. Genome-wide expression, functional, localization and interaction studies on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to various stressors have made profound contributions towards the understanding of stress response pathways. Analysis of gene expression data from S. cerevisiae cells indicate that the expression of a common set of genes is altered upon exposure to all the stress conditions examined. This common response to multiple stressors is known as the Environmental stress response. Knowledge gained from studies on the yeast model has now become helpful in understanding stress response pathways and associated disease conditions in humans. Cross-species microarray experiments and analysis of data with ever improving computational methods has led to a better comparison of gene expression data between diverse organisms that include yeast and humans.</p>

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PSIV-19 Flavors and Sweeteners in Nursery Pig Diets Increased Intake and Reduced Soft Feces in the First Weeks After Weaning

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 179-180

Author(s):

Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽

Xixi Chen ◽

Jirong Lv ◽

Maíra Resende ◽

Rhuan F Chaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Block Design ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Stressful Events ◽

Gut Health ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Feeding Program ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract The stressful events associated with weaning predispose piglets to reduced feed intake, which in concert with immature digestive and immune systems, results in increased incidences of diarrhea and poor performance. Flavors and sweeteners can be used in diets for young pigs as a means of attracting them to dry feed and increase their feed intake and performance after weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of flavors and sweeteners and their combination on growth performance and post-weaning gut health of nursery pigs. A total of 1,144 weaned pigs (initial BW 6.61 ± 0.2 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and assigned to one of four dietary treatments, with 11 replicates (pens) of 26 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were 1) Control: standard 4-phase nursery feeding program; 2) Sweetener: control plus sweetener (0.015%); 3) Flavor: control plus flavoring (0.05%); 4) Combination: control plus sweetener and flavoring. Experimental diets were provided at a budget of 0.9, 3.4, 4.5, and 24 kg/pig in Phase 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A common phase 5 diet was provided ad libitum until d56 after weaning. Feed disappearance and body weight were measured every other week. A pen fecal score assessment was performed at d4, 7, 10, and 14 after weaning. Overall, there were no differences among dietary treatments for growth performance. However, during the first two weeks post-weaning pigs fed diets containing flavors and sweeteners had a greater (P = 0.097) ADFI than control pigs. On d14, pigs fed diets containing flavors and sweeteners had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 < 0.05) compared to control pigs. This study provides evidence that dietary inclusion of flavors and sweeteners has important benefits to the overall health of nursery pigs likely related to feed intake in the period immediately after weaning.

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PSIV-8 Effect of Feeding Levucell SB® 10 Titan Advantage and YANG on Performance, Blood Parameters, and Fecal VFA of Nursery Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.300 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 177-178

Author(s):

Huyen Tran ◽

Michael Shields ◽

Roger Arentson ◽

Terry Weeden ◽

Brenda de Rodas

Keyword(s):

Complete Blood Count ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Feeding Program ◽

Yeast Product ◽

And Gender ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Effect Of Feeding

Abstract A total of 496 weaned pigs (19 ± 1 d of age) were used in a 3-phase feeding program to evaluate effects of Levucell SB 10 Titan Advantage, a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (LEV; Elanco) and a non-viable yeast product (YANG; Elanco) on performance, complete blood count (CBC), and fecal VFA of nursery pigs. Pigs were blocked by weaning BW and gender and allotted to 44 pens (11–12 pigs/pen) which was assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments (11 pens/treatment). The study was designed as 2 x 2 factorial with LEV and YANG. Pigs were fed to meet or exceed nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012). Blood (d 10 and 22) and fecal samples (d 22) were collected from one pig per pen for CBC and VFA analyses. During d 0–7, feeding LEV or YANG alone improved (P < 0.05) G:F by 20% and 12%, respectively. There was a tendency of LEV*YANG interaction (P < 0.10) where feeding LEV increased (P < 0.05) BW and ADG compared to the control (CON). During d 0–14, feeding YANG with LEV reduced (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F compared to feeding YANG or LEV alone. Pigs fed LEV had an improved G:F compared to pigs fed CON or YANG with LEV (P < 0.05). During d 21–42, there was a tendency (P < 0.10) for a LEV*YANG effect where pigs fed CON had a lower G:F compared to other treatments. Overall, feeding LEV alone increased (P < 0.01) G:F (2.4%) and numerically increased final BW (0.60 kg) compared to CON. LEV tended to increase blood lymphocytes (P = 0.11) and increased platelets and platelet hematocrit (P < 0.05) compared to CON. There were no differences in fecal VFA measures. The results of this study indicate that feeding LEV increased G:F of nursery pigs.

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Use of brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in broiler feeds to replace corn gluten meal with or without probiotic additives

Archiva Zootechnica ◽

10.2478/azibna-2021-0006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 66-83

Author(s):

Georgeta Ciurescu ◽

Mihaela Dumitru ◽

Anca Gheorghe

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Brewer’S Yeast ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Corn Gluten Meal ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Brewer's Yeast ◽

Corn Gluten

Abstract This study was intended to assess the effect of graded replacements of corn gluten meal with Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with and without Bacillus megaterium supplementation, on performance, carcass characteristics, and the gut broilers microflora composition. A total of 720 mixed sex one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups (6 replicates each) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, including 3 levels of Brewer’s yeast (BY; 0, 25, and 50%, to replace corn gluten meal; CGM) in the presence (+) or absence (−) of B. megaterium used as probiotic (Pro). The results showed that broilers fed diets containing BY up to 25% had comparable body weight (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) to the birds fed only CGM, over the entire feeding period (days 1–35). Conversely, higher levels of BY (50% replacing CGM) registered the lowest BWG values (P < 0.001) and impaired FCR (P < 0.010), but without effects on FI. The BY diets did not significantly affect the main broiler’s carcass traits. The diets with Pro did not involve modifications on carcass and organs size, but a tendency to increase the gizzard weight (P = 0.094) and to decrease SIL (P = 0.076) was observed. Pro addition also, reduced the cecal pH (P = 0.040) and diminish the total coliforms (P < 0.010), Clostridium spp. (P < 0.0001), and E. coli (P < 0.0001) count, whereas LAB, Bacillus spp., and Enterococcus spp. bacteria were increased (P = 0.022; P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively).

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PSII-18 Effect of L-trp Source and Standard Ileal Digestible (SID) Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 168-168

Author(s):

Tsung Cheng Cheng Tsai ◽

kristopher Bottom ◽

Kyle Coble ◽

Amanda J Gerhart ◽

Jeffrey Chewning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Animal Health ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Impact Performance ◽

Ratio Data ◽

Quadratic Response ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Different Sources

Abstract To evaluate the different sources of L-Trp on growth performance, a total of 288 weaned pigs (PIC1050 x DNA600) were stratified by gender and BW, and assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments. Treatments were control (devoid of feed grade Trp to create SID Trp/Lys = 17), and L-Trp from (Ajinomoto CO., INC., TrpA vs Daesang CO., LTD., TrpD) was added to form SID Trp:Lys ratios of 19, 21, and 23. Chlortetracycline (Zoetis Inc. Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ) was supplemented in phase 1 (6 d) &2 (9 d), and Mecadox (Philbro Animal Health Corp., Ridgefield Park, NJ) was added in phase 3 (10 d) while antibiotic free diets were fed in phase 4 (17 d). Individual pig BW and pen feed intake was measured at each phase to determine BW, ADG, ADFI and F:G ratio. Data were analyzed as Mixed procedure of SAS as RCBD. Orthogonal contrast was conducted to determine linear and quadratic response with SID Trp/Lys from 17 (control) to 23 for each source of L-Trp. Adding both sources of L-Trp had minimum impact on growth performance in phase 1–3. As in phase 4, a tendency and significant linear increase on ADG with increasing level of TrpA (P = 0.09) and TrpD (P = 0.04) was observed with the highest ADG in pigs fed TrpA19. Pigs fed increasing level of SID Trp/Lys from TrpA had a quadratic reduction on F:G ratio (P = 0.09). The results suggested that a Trp:Lys ratio over 17 may enhance growth performance and source of L-Trp may impact performance.

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285 Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil improves growth performance of nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.244 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 118-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eric van Heugten ◽

Gabriela Martinez ◽

Alejandra McComb ◽

Elizabeth Koutsos

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Phase 1 ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

High Energy ◽

Black Soldier Fly ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Impact

Abstract Insect-derived protein and lipid sources are sustainable, alternative ingredients for the feed industry. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of increasing levels of supplemental black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil on growth performance and serological and hematological indices in nursery pigs. Newly weaned, 21-day old pigs (n = 192; BW=6.9±0.15 kg) were randomly assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen; 12 replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6% supplemental BSFL oil (mainly contained C12:0, C18:2, C16:0, C18:1, and C14:0 at 36.9, 17.3, 14.6, 13.1, and 9.8 g/100 g of lipid, respectively), replacing equal amounts of corn oil. Dietary treatments were fed in 3 dietary phases (14, 11, and 15 d for Phase 1 to 3, respectively). Supplementation of BSFL oil linearly increased BW (P ≤ 0.052) on d 14, 21, 25, 33, and 40 (final BW of 27.83, 27.62, 28.84, and 28.44 kg, respectively) and ADG during Phase 1 (P = 0.017), 2 (P = 0.055), and overall (P = 0.048; 523, 518, 548, and 539 g/d). Gain:feed was improved linearly during Phase 1 (P = 0.001) and 2 (P = 0.049), but ADFI was not affected (P > 0.36). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P > 0.18) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, or creatine phosphokinase, but linearly increased (P < 0.001) serum cholesterol. White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not affected (P > 0.17) by BSFL oil, but platelet count tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082). All serological and hematological analytical results were within normal expected ranges. In conclusion, BSFL oil is a promising, high energy feed ingredient that can be successfully fed to nursery pigs, while improving their growth performance.

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PSVI-21 Interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.373 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 212-213

Author(s):

Ping Ren ◽

Joe Cushing ◽

Karen Wedekind ◽

Mercedes Vazquez-Anon

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Initial Body Weight ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract This study investigated the interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 288 weaning barrows (BW = 5.71 ± 0.81 kg), blocked by initial body weight, were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments, with 9 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The 8 dietary treatments were arranged in 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 Zn sources [2000 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and 2 (d 15 to 28), and 100 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 3 (d 29 to 42); 100 ppm Zn from Zn methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Zn-MHAC, MINTREX® Zn, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO) during phase 1 to 3], 2 Cu sources [150 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC (MINTREX® Cu) during phase 1, and 80 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC during phase 2 and 3], and 2 phytase inclusion levels (0, 500 FTU/kg). Results showed that there were no differences (P > 0.10) between ZnO and Zn-MHAC groups in terms of growth performance during the entire nursery period. Compared with CuSO4, Cu-MHAC tended to increase ADG (P = 0.07) and G:F (P = 0.08) during the entire nursery period. There tended to be an interaction (P = 0.09) between Cu sources and phytase on G:F during phase 2. Specifically, without phytase supplementation, there was no difference (P = 0.63) on G:F during phase 2 between Cu-MHAC and CuSO4, whereas with phytase supplementation, Cu-MHAC increased G:F during phase 2 (P = 0.05) compared with CuSO4. In conclusion, Zn-MHAC supplementation at 100 ppm could replace pharmacological level of ZnO without affecting growth performance. Cu-MHAC could improve growth performance compared with CuSO4. Cu-MHAC exerted synergistic effect with phytase on improving feed efficiency.

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