9 What Would Be the Next Feed Amino Acid Based on a Microbial Point of View?

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
So-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Global Amino acids market is estimated as $15billion in 2020 and 60% of those volume is used for feed additives. Amino acids are converted to protein efficiently and have a benefit of lowering feeding cost and reducing the nitrogen content of the waste output compared to intact protein diet. Most amino acids are produced using microbial fermentation. Traditionally, amino acids used for feed additives are Lysine, threonine, tryptophan and methionine. Among them methionine was produced only by chemical process, but now methionine can also be produced by microbial fermentation, which can enlarge the choice of methionine from DL-form to L-form. Use of L-form methionine as feed additives reveals new nutritional value of L-methionine compared to DL-methionine. Recently, valine, arginine, isoleucine, and histidine are also included in feeds as functional nutrients thanks to their commercial availability and lower price. Technical progress in microbiology and bioengineering has been made more diverse amino acid to be used as feed additives. Then what would be the next amino acid as feed additivities based on microbial point of view? Leucine, glutamine, tyrosine and phenylalanine could be next possible amino acids based on metabolic pathways of microorganism. These amino acids share the pathways with former feed amino acids such as valine or tryptophan, which means that these can be produced with way that is more economical. In addition, these amino acids could be produced as mixed forms like glutamic acid/glutamine mixture, Tryptophan/tyrosine/phenylalanine mixture, or BCAA forms with cheaper price. Dried fermentation product such as lysine sulfate made by drying of microbial culture broth, could be one of the option for the combination of several new amino acids. Crude protein reduction in feed is one of the big nutritional trend to reach the ideal protein diet and environmental clean situation. Considering the use of new synthetic amino acids in feeds would be a potential way to realize the ideal protein diet.

An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Wang ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Ideal

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

The effect of altering dietary cystine and methionine levels at similar ratios to lysine on the requirements for sulphur amino acids in weaner pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
J.C. Bodin ◽  
A. Kies ◽  
P.E.V. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

The efficient production of the weaner pig requires accurate knowledge of its amino acid requirements. This is particularly relevant today as it is increasingly important to reduce nitrogenous waste from pigs. During the past decade formulations for feeds were based on the ideal protein profile of the lean tissue of pigs in which the sulphur amino acid requirements were assessed as the combination of total sulphur amino acids rather than through their individual amino acids, methionine and cystine (Agricultural Research Council, 1981). Today, this concept is challenged. The effect of the changing cystine demand in the weaner pig on the total ileal digestible sulphur amino acid (IDSAA) requirements and hence methionine levels requires study. The objective of this experiment was to understand the requirements and relationship between true ileal digestible cystine and methionine to lysine ratio in the ideal protein content of food to achieve efficient production in the young pig.

scholarly journals Optimistion of the amino acid composition of combined products for school nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
A.T. Vasyukova ◽  
◽  
D.A. Tikhonov ◽  
A.V. Moshkin ◽  
I.A. Bogonosova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Score ◽  
The Ideal

The article presents a comparative characteristic of the amino acid composition of the «ideal» protein and the developed formulation of combined products. The results of calculation of the amino acid score (AAS) of the essential amino acids in the novel protein product are given. AAS is within the range from 105 to 143%. The developed formulation of a combined product has an insignificantly limited amount of valine (98%). Based on AAS, the difference coefficients of the examined amino acids were calculated (from –0.2 to 4.36%) and the biological value of each of the components of the formulation was determined. The nonessential amino acid composition of the «ideal» protein, raw materials of vegetable and animal origin and products produced according to the developed formulation are considered. The formulation of the novel combined product has been characterised as a full and balanced amino acid composition, suitable for nutrition, containing all the amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. The maximum AAS has been noted in steamed meatballs with beef, mutton and cabbage, which by 7.61% exceeds the AAS of steamed meatballs with beef and mutton and by 9.38% – the AAS of steamed meatballs with beef. The examined product has a high biological value – from 95 to 99%. The developed mathematical model is applicable to specification of the formulation under more specific conditions, for instance, for a particular age category. The novelty of the model consists in its priority with respect to the organoleptic properties and consumer preferences of the developed formulation. Key words: combined products, simplex method, amino acid score, formulation composition, protein

scholarly journals Aplicação do conceito de proteína ideal na nutrição de aves e suínos – uma breve revisão

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
Hébert Fernandes de Brito ◽  
◽  
Wagner Azis Garcia de Araújo ◽  
Luciano Xavier dos Santos ◽  
Herbeth Leite Colares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Swine Nutrition ◽  
The Ideal

Nutrition is responsible for most of the production costs and the formulation of balanced diets is of paramount importance to provide better productive performance and greater economic efficiency. Thus, the emergence of industrial amino acids allowed the elaboration of diets based on the ideal protein, providing an amino acid profile closer to the animals' needs, improving the use of nutrients and decreasing the excretion of dietary nitrogen in the environment. In view of the benefits presented using the ideal protein concept in the formulation of diets, this review aimed to show its application in poultry and swine nutrition

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN AND/OR METABOLIZABLE ENERGY LEVELS IN DIETS FORMULATED BASED ON IDEAL PROTEIN CONCEPT ON PERFORMANCE, EGG PRODUCTION, AND EGG QUALITY TRAITS OF LAYERS DURING PHASE 1 OF EGG PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Shaimaa R. Anwar ◽  
Ahmed A. Al-Sagan ◽  
El- Bannaa R. A ◽  
Melegy T. M
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

A comparative study was conducted to determine the impacts of crude protein (CP) reductions in laying hen diets. During phase one of egg production, 270 laying hens were randomly assigned into six dietary treatments, which were replicated three times using a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. Reduced CP and metabolizable energy (ME) diets were formulated based on the ideal amino acid profile concept and supplemented with crystalline amino acids. The control treatment received standard commercial diets containing 18.8% CP and 2,725 kcal/kg ME. Average weight gain, hen day egg production percentage, egg weight, egg mass, and other selected egg quality parameters were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed. Feed consumption and the feed conversion ratio were improved in birds fed reduced CP diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. The dietary CP level significantly influenced shell thickness (ST), while the dietary ME level had no effect. A highly significant interaction was observed between CP percent and the Haugh unit (HU).  Results indicate that the “ideal protein concept” may be followed as an economically feasible option for laying hens since it optimizes the dietary amino acid profiles and ME levels, and have a positive effect on hen growth, egg quality and environmental pollution.

scholarly journals АМИНОКИСЛОТНЫЙ СОСТАВ МЯСА ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ ПРИ ПРИМЕНЕНИИКОРМОВЫХ ДОБАВОК «АБИОТОНИК» И «ЧИКТОНИК»

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
F.I. Vasilevich ◽  
V.M. Bachinskaya ◽  
Yu.V. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Normal Range

Экспериментальные исследования кормовых добавок Абиотоник и Чиктоник проводили на базе вивария кафедры эпизоотологии и организации ветеринарного дела, а ветеринарносанитарную экспертизу продуктов убоя цыплятбройлеров проводили на кафедре паразитологии и ветеринарносанитарной экспертизы ФГБОУ ВО МГАВМиБ МВА имени К.И. Скрябина и ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВИЭВ РАН, аминокислотный состав мяса перепелов в Государственном бюджетном учреждении Краснодарского края Кропоткинская краевая ветеринарная лаборатория . Из цыплят в суточном возрасте кросса Кобб500 было сформировано три группы по 10 голов в каждой две опытные и контрольная опытным группам выпаивали кормовые добавки из расчета 1 мл/кг живой массы птицы до 50 суток выращивания, убой птицы проводили на 56 сутки. Тушки птицы после 24х часов созревания в холодильной камере при температуре 4 С подвергали исследованиям по общепринятым методикам: ГОСТ Р 519442002. Мясо птицы. Методы органолептических показателей, температуры и массы ГОСТ 314702012. Мясо птицы, субпродукты и полуфабрикаты из мяса птицы. Методы органолептических и физикохимических исследований аминокислотный состав мяса исследовали согласно М 0438 2009. Корма, комбикорма и сырье для их производства. Методика измерений массовой доли аминокислот методом капиллярного электрофореза с использованием системы капиллярного электрофореза Капель. Применение кормовых добавок в дозе 1 мл/кг живой массы способствовало увеличению живой массы птицы при применении Абиотоника на 54,23, а при применении Чиктоника на 37,70 по отношению к контролю. Во всех исследуемых пробах количество ЛЖК находится в пределах нормы и составило: в 1й опытной 1,390,03 мг КОН, во 2й опытной 1,420,04 мг КОН и в контрольной группе 1,810,06 мг КОН, что говорит о свежести и доброкачественности мяса. Значение рН мяса цыплятбройлеров находилось в трех группах в пределах нормы и не превышало 6,0. По результатам проведенных исследований аминокислотного состава красной и белой мышечной ткани цыплятбройлеров было установлено, что применение кормовой добавки Абиотоник способствовало увеличению незаменимых аминокислот на 12,14 и на 22,84 соответственно, а заменимых на 8,11 и на 22,51 по отношению к контрольной группеExperimental studies of feed additives Abiotonik and Chiktonik were conducted on the basis of the vivarium of the Department of Epizootology and Organization of Veterinary, and the veterinarysanitary examination of the products of slaughter broiler chickens was carried out at the Department of Parasitology and VeterinarySanitary Expertise of FSBEI HE MGAVMiB MBA named after KI Scriabin and the FSBI of the Federal Research Center of the VIEW RAS, the amino acid composition of quail meat in the State budget institution of the Krasnodar Territory Kropotkinskaya regional veterinary laboratory. Three groups of 10 animals each were formed from chickens at the daily age of the Cobb500 crosscountry, the experimental groups were fed feed additives at the rate of 1 ml / kg of live weight of poultry for up to 50 days of cultivation, and poultry were slaughtered for 56 days. Poultry carcasses after 24 hours of maturation in a refrigerating chamber at a temperature of 4 C were subjected to research according to generally accepted methods: GOST R 519442002. Poultry meat Methods of organoleptic characteristics, temperature and mass GOST 314702012 Poultry meat, offal and semifinished products from poultry meat. Methods of organoleptic and physicochemical studies) Amino acid composition of meat was carried out according to M 04382009. Feed, feed and raw materials for their production. Methods of measuring the mass fraction of amino acids by capillary electrophoresis using the Cappel capillary electrophoresis system. The use of feed additives in a dose of 1 ml / kg of live weight contributed to an increase in live weight of the bird when using Abiotonics by 54.23, and when using Chictonics by 37.70 relative to the control. In all studied samples, the number of VFAs is within the normal range and amounted to 1.39 0.03 mg KOH in 1 experimental group, 1.42 0.04 mg KOH in 2 experimental groups and 1.81 0.06 in the control group. mg KOH, which speaks of the freshness and goodness of meat. The pH of broiler chicken meat was in three groups within the normal range and did not exceed 6.0. According to the results of studies of the amino acid composition of red and white muscle tissue of broiler chickens, it was found that the use of the feed additive Abiotonik contributed to an increase in essential amino acids by 12.14 and by 22.84, and by replaceable ones by 8.11 and by 22.51 relative to the control group.Экспериментальные исследования кормовых добавок Абиотоник и Чиктоник проводили на базе вивария кафедры эпизоотологии и организации ветеринарного дела, а ветеринарносанитарную экспертизу продуктов убоя цыплятбройлеров проводили на кафедре паразитологии и ветеринарносанитарной экспертизы ФГБОУ ВО МГАВМиБ МВА имени К.И. Скрябина и ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВИЭВ РАН, аминокислотный состав мяса перепелов в Государственном бюджетном учреждении Краснодарского края Кропоткинская краевая ветеринарная лаборатория . Из цыплят в суточном возрасте кросса Кобб500 было сформировано три группы по 10 голов в каждой две опытные и контрольная опытным группам выпаивали кормовые добавки из расчета 1 мл/кг живой массы птицы до 50 суток выращивания, убой птицы проводили на 56 сутки. Тушки птицы после 24х часов созревания в холодильной камере при температуре 4 С подвергали исследованиям по общепринятым методикам: ГОСТ Р 519442002. Мясо птицы. Методы органолептических показателей, температуры и массы ГОСТ 314702012. Мясо птицы, субпродукты и полуфабрикаты из мяса птицы. Методы органолептических и физикохимических исследований аминокислотный состав мяса исследовали согласно М 0438 2009. Корма, комбикорма и сырье для их производства. Методика измерений массовой доли аминокислот методом капиллярного электрофореза с использованием системы капиллярного электрофореза Капель. Применение кормовых добавок в дозе 1 мл/кг живой массы способствовало увеличению живой массы птицы при применении Абиотоника на 54,23, а при применении Чиктоника на 37,70 по отношению к контролю. Во всех исследуемых пробах количество ЛЖК находится в пределах нормы и составило: в 1й опытной 1,390,03 мг КОН, во 2й опытной 1,420,04 мг КОН и в контрольной группе 1,810,06 мг КОН, что говорит о свежести и доброкачественности мяса. Значение рН мяса цыплятбройлеров находилось в трех группах в пределах нормы и не превышало 6,0. По результатам проведенных исследований аминокислотного состава красной и белой мышечной ткани цыплятбройлеров было установлено, что применение кормовой добавки Абиотоник способствовало увеличению незаменимых

scholarly journals Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nancy Montilla ◽  
◽  
Lolito Bestil ◽  
Sulpecio Bantugan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

scholarly journals Optimization of food compositions according to the ideal protein profile

Food systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
S. V. Zverev ◽  
V. I. Karpov ◽  
M. A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Sum Of Squares ◽  
Reference Protein ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Score

The paper emphasizes the importance of not only the quantitative but also qualitative composition of protein in nutrition. The authors propose protein classification into three main groups according to the concept of reference (ideal) protein. A mathematical model is examined to solve the task of rational mixture production upon the given profile of reference protein. Two variants of the criterion for formation of optimal composition are described. One of them presents the classical sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1. The second also presents the sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1 but with regard to only those amino acids, which scores are less than 1. The minima of these criteria at the set of variants for the content of ingredients are taken as targeted functions. The algorithm and the program of calculation were realized in the program environment Builder C++ 6.0. The macro flowchart of the algorithm is presented and detailed description of each block is given. The program interface before and after the start of the calculation module is shown. The main windows and interpretation of the presented data are described. An example of realization of the proposed mathematical apparatus when calculating a food model composition is given. Plant components (white kidney beans, flax, peanut, grit “Poltavskaya», dry red carrot) were used as an object of the research. Most plant proteins were incomplete. It is possible to regulate the chemical composition including correction of a protein profile by combination of plant raw materials. Analysis of alternative variants demonstrated that minimum essential amino acid score in the first composition was 0.79 (by the first criterion), in the second 1.0 (by the second criterion); the reference protein proportion in the mixture was 10.8 and 13.5, respectively, according to the first and second criterion. The comparative results by other quality indicators for protein in the mixture are also presented: the coefficient of amino acid score difference (CAASD), biological value (BV), coefficient of utility, essential amino acids index (IEAA).

scholarly journals The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230
Author(s):  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
B. A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Low Protein

1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured.2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained.3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and non-essential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared.4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 24· mmol/l in control animals to only 1·29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8·6 to 5·56 μmol/g and from 8·67 to 5·05 μmol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1·53 to 2·00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12·5 to 14·3 μmol/g), and liver (from 16·8 to 20·5 μmol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase.5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentrations is discussed.

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