PSI-13 Effects of maternal nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on fetal mammary gland vascularity

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 277-278
Author(s):  
Emily K DeShazo ◽  
Zully E Contreras-Correa ◽  
Robin Sessums ◽  
Thomas H Duncan ◽  
Caleb Lemley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Fall Calving

Abstract The objective was to determine fetal mammary gland vascularity following dietary melatonin supplementation in late pregnant nutrient restricted Brangus heifers carrying female fetuses from two different seasons (spring calving, n = 12; fall calving, n = 13). Heifers were assigned one of four nutritional treatments at day 160 of gestation; adequate fed (ADQ-CON; 100% NRC; n = 6), nutrient restricted (RES-CON; 60% NRC; n = 6), adequate fed with 20 mg of melatonin (ADQ-MEL; n = 6), and nutrient restricted with 20 mg of melatonin (RES-MEL; n = 7). Fetal mammary glands were collected at day 240 of gestation following Cesarean delivery. Mammary gland vascularity was determined via immunofluorescence staining and analyzed via ANOVA. In spring calving heifers, maternal body weight was decreased (P = 0.002) in RES (528±11 kg) vs ADQ (601±11 kg) fed. Fetal body weight, fetal mammary gland weight, and mammary gland vascularity were not different (P > 0.15) among treatments. In fall calving heifers, a nutrition by treatment interaction (P = 0.048) was observed for maternal body weight, which was increased in ADQ-MEL versus all groups. Fetal body weight and fetal mammary gland weight were not different (P > 0.45) among groups. In fall calving, fetal mammary gland capillary number and average size were not different (P > 0.40) among groups. However, a nutrition by treatment interaction was observed for capillary area (P = 0.05), which was increased in RES-MEL versus ADQ-MEL. In addition, a nutrition by treatment interaction was observed for capillary perimeter (P = 0.001), which was increased in RES-MEL versus all groups. Overall, maternal nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation did not impact fetal mammary gland vascularity in spring calving heifers; however, melatonin supplementation during nutrient restriction in fall calving heifers may increase fetal mammary gland vascularity. In conclusion, seasonal differences and natural melatonin production may influence melatonin-induced changes in fetal development.

246 Examining Melatonin-induced Changes in Uterine Blood Flow and Vaginal Temperatures in Nutrient Restricted Pregnant Heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Zully E Contreras-Correa ◽  
Riley D Messman ◽  
Hector Sanchez-Rodriguez ◽  
Caleb O Lemley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract The objectives were to examine melatonin mediated changes in temporal uterine blood flow (UBF) and vaginal temperatures (VT) in 54 Brangus heifers (Fall, n = 29; Summer, n = 25) during compromised pregnancy. At d160 of gestation, heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 groups consisting of adequately fed (ADQ-CON; 100% NRC; n=13), global nutrient restricted (RES-CON; 60% NRC; n = 13), and ADQ or RES supplemented with 20 mg of melatonin (ADQ-MEL, n = 13; RES-MEL, n = 15). In the morning (0500h) and afternoon (1300h) of d220 of gestation, temperature dataloggers (Onset Computer Corporation) attached to progesterone-free CIDRs were used to record VT, while UBF was determined via Doppler ultrasonography. Data were analyzed using repeated measures of ANOVA (SAS). Significant differences were found in UBF and VT between Fall and Summer groups (P< 0.05), therefore seasons were individually analyzed. In Fall, a nutrition by treatment interaction was significant, where the RES-CON heifers exhibited reduced total UBF compared to ADQ-CON (5.67±0.68 vs. 7.97±0.54 L/min; P = 0.012). In Summer, there was not a main effect of nutrition (P = 0.390); nevertheless, the MEL heifers exhibited increased total UBF compared to the CON counterparts (8.16±0.73 vs. 6.00±0.70 L/min; P = 0.048). Moreover, there was a nutrition by treatment by time interaction in VT for Fall and Summer heifers (P < 0.0001). In Fall, all groups had decreased VT in the morning compared to the afternoon (P < 0.0001). Whereas, in Summer, VT increased for ADQ-CON, RES-CON, and ADQ-MEL from morning to afternoon (P < 0.0001), while the RES-MEL remained constant throughout the day (P = 0.649). Furthermore, during the afternoon RES-MEL heifers exhibited decreased VT compared to ADQ-CON (38.91±0.09 vs. 39.26±0.09°C, respectively; P=0.039). In summary, nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation altered UBF in a season dependent manner. Additionally, with the VT differences observed in Summer, future studies should evaluate the potential of melatonin supplementation for mitigating heat stress in farm animals.

Effects of fasting during mid pregnancy or early lactation on mammary development and milk yield in mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Knight ◽  
Malcolm Peaker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Gland Weight ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Reduced Body

SUMMARYMice were fasted during pregnancy or early lactation and the effects on mammary development and milk yield studied on d 13 and d 18 of pregnancy and on d 7 of lactation. Fasting during pregnancy reduced body weight and mammary weight on d 13 of pregnancy but not on d 18. Mammary concentrations and total contents of DNA and RNA ([DNA], [RNA], DNAt, RNAt) were increased or unchanged on d 13 but significantly decreased on d 18. Fasting had no effect on fetal number or weight at either stage of pregnancy. Fasting on d 1 of lactation reduced mammary weight, DNAt and RNAt (but not [DNA] or [RNA]) and the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA on d 2 of lactation. Mammary gland weight and composition on d 7 of lactation were not significantly affected by fasting for 24 h on d 1 of lactation or for 40 h on d 11–13 of pregnancy, except that DNAt was decreased slightly by the latter treatment.Milk yield (litter weight gain) was depressed markedly during fasting on d 1 of lactation, but thereafter recovered so that it was the same as controls between d 3 and 13 of lactation; after d 13 it fell once more. A 40 h fast on d 11–13 of pregnancy had no effect on milk yield. Thus, although normal mammary development was inhibited by starvation, the gland was subsequently able to compensate so that milk yield was not reduced.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Retinal Phenotype in the High-Fat Diet and Western Diet Mouse Models of Prediabetes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bright Asare-Bediako ◽  
Sunil Noothi ◽  
Sergio Li Calzi ◽  
Baskaran Athmanathan ◽  
Cristiano Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Vascular Density ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Acellular Capillaries

We sought to delineate the retinal features associated with the high-fat diet (HFD) mouse, a widely used model of obesity. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat (60% fat; HFD) or low-fat (10% fat; LFD) diet for up to 12 months. The effect of HFD on body weight and insulin resistance were measured. The retina was assessed by electroretinogram (ERG), fundus photography, permeability studies, and trypsin digests for enumeration of acellular capillaries. The HFD cohort experienced hypercholesterolemia when compared to the LFD cohort, but not hyperglycemia. HFD mice developed a higher body weight (60.33 g vs. 30.17g, p < 0.0001) as well as a reduced insulin sensitivity index (9.418 vs. 62.01, p = 0.0002) compared to LFD controls. At 6 months, retinal functional testing demonstrated a reduction in a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. At 12 months, mice on HFD showed evidence of increased retinal nerve infarcts and vascular leakage, reduced vascular density, but no increase in number of acellular capillaries compared to LFD mice. In conclusion, the HFD mouse is a useful model for examining the effect of prediabetes and hypercholesterolemia on the retina. The HFD-induced changes appear to occur slower than those observed in type 2 diabetes (T2D) models but are consistent with other retinopathy models, showing neural damage prior to vascular changes.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH INHIBITION BY HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE ON VARIANCE IN CHICKENS

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-634
Author(s):  
J. S. Gavora ◽  
G. C. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Treatment Interaction

Traditionally genotype by environment interaction studies have dealt with changes in external environment. In this experiment an attempt was made to alter internal environment and keep external environment constant. Cockerels from each of six different commercial stocks were injected with 0,1,2 and 4 mgs hydrocortisone acetate per 100 gms body weight at 14 days of age. This type of hormonal treatment was shown to release additional variability in growth without producing any stock-treatment interaction at the level of means. The results indicate a possible new avenue for future research.

scholarly journals Oestrogen replacement fails to fully revert ovariectomy-induced changes in adipose tissue monoglycerides, diglycerides and cholesteryl esters of rats fed a lard-enriched diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter Tadeu Boldarine ◽  
Ellen Joyce ◽  
Amanda Paula Pedroso ◽  
Mônica Marques Telles ◽  
Lila Missae Oyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Cholesteryl Esters ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Retroperitoneal White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractMenopause may be accompanied by abdominal obesity and inflammation, conditions accentuated by high-fat intake, especially of saturated fat (SFA)-rich diets. We investigated the consequences of high-SFA intake on the fatty acid (FA) profile of monoglycerides, diglycerides and cholesteryl esters from retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RET) of rats with ovariectomy-induced menopause, and the effect of oestradiol replacement. Wistar rats were either ovariectomized (Ovx) or sham operated (Sham) and fed either standard chow (C) or lard-enriched diet (L) for 12 weeks. Half of the Ovx rats received 17β-oestradiol replacement (Ovx + E2). Body weight and food intake were measured weekly. RET neutral lipids were chromatographically separated and FAs analysed by gas chromatography. Ovariectomy alone increased body weight, feed efficiency, RET mass, leptin and insulin levels, leptin/adiponectin ratio, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indexes. OvxC + E2 showed attenuation in nearly all blood markers. HOMA-β index was restored in OvxL + E2. OvxC showed significantly disturbed SFA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) profile in RET cholesteryl esters (CE). OvxC also showed increased monounsaturated FA (MUFA) in the monoglyceride diglyceride (Mono–Di) fraction. Similar changes were not observed in OvxL, although increased SFA and decreased PUFA was observed in Mono–Di. Overall, HRT was only partially able to revert changes induced by ovariectomy. There appears to be increased mobilization of essential FA in Ovx via CE, which is a dynamic lipid species. The same results were not found in Mono–Di, which are more inert. HRT may be helpful to preserve FA profile in visceral fat, but possibly not wholly sufficient in reverting the metabolic effects induced by menopause.

525 Late-Breaking: Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction of Primiparous Beef Heifers Decreases Milk Yield and Pre-weaning Calf Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Allison M Meyer ◽  
Colby A Redifer ◽  
Lindsey G Wichman ◽  
Erin M Shangraw ◽  
Thomas B McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
D 63 ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Fall Calving

Abstract Fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers (single-sired; BW: 451 ± 28 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7) bred to a single sire were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of NASEM net energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all females were limit-fed chopped tall-fescue hay supplemented to meet lactational nutrient requirements in Calan gates to constrain calves’ diets to milk only until d 147. Four-hour milk yields were measured 5 times; calf size was determined every 21 d. Data were analyzed with treatment, calving date, and calf sex (when P &lt; 0.25) as fixed effects; day and day x treatment were included for milk yield. From calving to d 147, CON cows had greater (P ≤ 0.003) BW, BCS, and backfat, but NR cows gained more (P ≤ 0.004) BW, BCS, and backfat. Milk weight and volume was 15% less (main effect; P &lt; 0.04) for NR cows. Calf size did not differ at birth (P ≥ 0.27). From d 42 to 147, calves born to NR dams had lower (P ≤ 0.02) BW. Heart, abdominal, and flank girths were less (P ≤ 0.07) for NR calves through d 147. Calf ribeye area tended to be less (P ≤ 0.11) in NR calves at d 42, 84, and 126. Nutrient restricted calves had less shoulder to rump length (d 63 to 147; P ≤ 0.08), shoulder height (d 63 to 126; P ≤ 0.02), cannon length (d 42 to 105 and 147; P ≤ 0.09), and cannon circumference (d 63 and 105 to 147; P ≤ 0.06). These data indicate that even when dams are fed to meet lactational requirements, milk yield and calf growth are reduced by late gestational nutrient restriction.

WING MOVEMENTS AND LIFT REGULATION IN THE FLIGHT OF DESERT LOCUSTS

1993 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wortmann ◽  
W. Zarnack
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Wing Movement ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lift Body

1. We simultaneously recorded lift/body weight, flight speed, body angle and 12 variables of wing movement for locusts performing tethered long-term flight with low movement scatter. The movements of the forewings and hindwings were recorded in three dimensions by means of miniature induction coils. 2. By adjusting the body angle, we could reproducibly manipulate lift generation as a consequence of induced changes in the wings' movement patterns. We were therefore able to analyse various relationships between the movement patterns and lift. 3. The most prominent variations of kinematic variables were observed for the forewing movements. The relative lift and the steady angle of pitch were positively correlated but there was a negative correlation between relative lift and pitching amplitude. We found no correlation between relative lift and flapping amplitude. Our results seem to correspond to a new theory about unsteady aerodynamics of oscillating aerofoils. 4. We sometimes observed variations in lagging. 5. The forewing downstroke was delayed by 0–8 ms following the hindwing downstroke. Relative lift was positively correlated to this delay.

Puberty in the buffalo-cow

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Homosexuality ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
Gland Development ◽  
Buffalo Cow

Thirty-five buffalo heifers were tested daily with fertile males to ascertain the age and live weight at first possible oestrus and conception. Patterns of sexual behaviour were recorded while rectal palpation was carried out to define the conditions of the ovaries and to diagnose pregnancies. The mammary gland development, as well as the intensity of lactation, were noted post partum.1. Pubertal matings were allowed with less certainty than adult matings. The signs of oestrus were intensified by the recurrence of heat and association with the male. Homosexuality was only observed in the first and second oestrus.2. The average age of first oestrus, first conception and first calving were 406, 647 and 963 days respectively. The body weight at first oestrus and first conception were 198 and 319 kg. respectively.3. The number of services/conception ranged from 1 to 7 with an average of 4·25. The number of silent heats/female ranged from 1 to 4 with an average of 1·65. The period elapsing from first oestrus to first conception ranged from 52 to 438 days. Before conception, there was a period of anoestrus which ranged from 115 to 314 days, this was probably due to weak oestrus symptoms.4. The live weights at 28, 84, 140, 196, 252 and 308 days were correlated with the age and live weight at first oestrus as well as the live weight at first conception.5. All the buffalo-cows except two which showed oestrus conceived. Fourteen animals calved normally while fourteen aborted after 131–318 days. The gestation period ranged from 312 to 321 days with an average of 316 days. The birth weight of young ranged from 33 to 40 kg. Seven animals were not lactating while seven gave 1–2 kg. of milk.6. Puberty phenomenon is a gradual phenomenon and is attained in steps: sexual desire, ovulation, oestrus, conception, pregnancy then lactation.

Fluoxetine-induced changes in body weight and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hormone secretion in rats on a tryptophan-deficient diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (2) ◽  
pp. R390-R397 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. D'Souza ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
F. Garcia ◽  
G. Battaglia ◽  
L. D. Van de Kar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Plasma Hormones ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

Tryptophan depleting protocols are commonly used to study the role of serotonin in mood disorders. The present study examined the impact of a tryptophan-deficient diet and fluoxetine on the serotonergic regulation of neuroendocrine function and body weight. We hypothesized that the regulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors is dependent on the levels of 5-HT in the synapse. Rats on a control or a tryptophan-deficient diet received daily injections of saline or fluoxetine (5 or 10 mg·kg-1·day-1 ip) from day 7 to day 21. The tryptophan-deficient diet produced a 41% reduction in the level of 5-HT but no change in the density of [3H]paroxetine-labeled 5-HT transporters. Treatment with fluoxetine inhibited the gain in weight in rats maintained on the control diet. The tryptophan-deficient diet produced a significant loss in body weight that was not significantly altered by treatment with fluoxetine. Treatment with fluoxetine produced a dose-dependent desensitization of hormone responses to injection of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (±)8-hydroxy-2-(di- n-propylamino)tetralin ((±)8-OH-DPAT). The tryptophan-deficient diet produced an increase in the basal levels of corticosterone but did not alter the basal levels of ACTH or oxytocin. Also, this diet inhibited the magnitude of 8-OH-DPAT-induced increase in plasma levels of ACTH and oxytocin but did not impair the ability of fluoxetine to desensitize the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated increase in plasma hormones. These data suggest that a reserve of 5-HT enables fluoxetine to desensitize postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the profound physiological changes induced by tryptophan depletion may complicate the interpretation of studies using this experimental approach.

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