86 Evaluation of the effect of prenatal transportation stress on endocrine and immune tissues of neonatal Brahman calves

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether prenatal transportation stress (PNS) affects the weight of endocrine and immune tissues of calves. Mature Brahman cows inseminated to a single Brahman sire in 2018 were assigned to be either Control (n = 35; not transported) or PNS (n = 37; 2 h of transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ± 5 d of gestation). Of the calves born in 2019, 16 Control (8 bulls and 8 heifers) and 16 PNS (8 bulls and 8 heifers) calves were studied. Pen score, body weight, and blood samples were obtained from calves at 25 ± 2 d of age. At that time, calves were euthanized by barbiturate overdose in order to collect tissues (brain, pituitary and adrenal glands, spleen and thymus). Tissues were trimmed and weighed. Serum cortisol was determined by RIA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, GLM, and CORR procedures of SAS with body weight at sample collection as a covariate. Whole pituitary weight tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in females compared to males, whereas anterior pituitary weight tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in PNS. Whole brain weight was greater (P < 0.01) in males. The interaction of treatment and sex on whole brain weight of PNS tended (P = 0.09) to fall between that of the Control females and Control males. Whole pituitary weight was positively correlated with total adrenal weight (r = 0.32; P = 0.08). Total thymus weight positively correlated with whole brain and total adrenal weight (r = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively; P < 0.05). Serum cortisol was negatively correlated with spleen weight and total immune tissue weight (r = -0.37 and -0.38, respectively; P < 0.05). Results suggest next steps should include a closer look at function of immune tissues by studying PNS effect on thymus response to immunization.

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Effects of pyridoxine deficiency and dl-p-chlorophenylalanine administration to rats on 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline concentrations in brain and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in blood

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1340763 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 134 (3) ◽

pp. 763-767 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hemmige N. Bhagavan ◽

David B. Coursin

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽

Marked Decrease ◽

Brain Weight ◽

Pyridoxine Deficiency ◽

Weanling Rats ◽

And Control ◽

Rate Limiting ◽

The Brain

Pyridoxine deficiency in post-weanling rats caused a marked decrease in body weight and a small but significant decrease in brain weight. Although the concentration of circulating 5-hydroxytryptamine was markedly decreased, the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in the brain were not affected. p-Chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis, decreased the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of brain to very low values in both the deficient and control animals, whereas the noradrenaline contents were not appreciably affected. The concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in blood, the origin of which is primarily gastrointestinal, was decreased only in the controls but not in the deficient animals after p-chlorophenylalanine treatment. These results suggest that whereas l-tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3.2) is rate-limiting in the brain as has been reported by others, the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) may be more important in the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis.

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Effects of direct-fed microbial supplementation on growth performance and metabolic profile of newborn lambs weaned at different ages

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1052 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ibrahim A. Alhidary ◽

Riyadh S. Aljumaah ◽

Ramzi A. Amran ◽

Mutassim M. Abdelrahman ◽

Abdullah N. Alowaimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Serum Triglyceride ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

And Control

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of direct fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on growth performance, metabolic profile and mortality rate of newborn lambs at different weaning ages. Five days old sixty Najdi male lambs (5.40 ± 0.10 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (15 lambs each): lambs received either no DFM and weaned at 60 days of age (control) or oral dose of DFM (5 ml) at 5, 10 and 15 days old, and weaned at 30 (DFM30), 45 (DFM45) or 60 (DFM60) days old, respectively. Final body weight was higher (P=0.05) and tended to be higher (P=0.09) in DFM30 and DFM45 lambs, respectively whereas body weight gain was higher (P=0.01) in DFM45 and DFM60 lambs. The mortality rate was declined from 33.3s% to 6.67% in DFM30 and DFM45 lambs compared to control ones. Serum cortisol and creatinine levels tended to be reduced (P=0.07 and 0.11, respectively) in DFM30 and DFM45 lambs. The serum total cholesterol was highest (P=0.02) in DFM60 lambs and lowest in both DFM45 and control lambs. Similarly, the DFM30 and DFM45 lambs showed a declined serum triglyceride compared with control and DFM60 lambs (P=0.02). Serum phosphorus declined (P=0.04) in DFM30 treated lambs while serum zinc and copper levels decreased (P=0.02 and 0.05, respectively) in all treatments compared to control lambs. These results indicated that DFM supplementation may enhance the growth and health of early weaned lambs.

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Total body glucose metabolism in the conscious, unrestrained piglet and its relation to body- and organ weight

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19800027 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 193-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. A. Flecknell ◽

R. Wootton ◽

Muriel John

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Pool Size ◽

Brain Weight ◽

Whole Body ◽

Glucose Turnover ◽

Spleen Weight

1. Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a relatively common clinical problem in children but ethical constraints limit the investigations that may be made in the newborn.2. As a preliminary step to assess the suitability of the piglet as a model for glucose metabolism in man, whole-body glucose turnover and glucose pool size were measured using [2-3H]glucose in forty piglets from ten litters.3. Glucose pool size was linearly related to brain weight. However, multiple regression showed that the most useful predictors of pool size were body-weight and resting plasma glucose concentration.4. Glucose turnover was related to both brain weight and body-weight alone, but multiple regression showed that better predictors of turnover were liver weight, spleen weight and pancreas weight.5. Similarities between our own results in piglets and those obtained in human neonates by Bier et al. (1977) extend not only to glucose turnover, but also to its relationship with body-and brain weight. These findings suggest that the piglet may be a useful model for the study of glucose metabolism in babies.

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Therapeutic Effect of Ficus lacor Aerial Roots of Various Fractions on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats

ISRN Pharmacology ◽

10.1155/2013/634106 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rakesh K. Sindhu ◽

Sandeep Arora

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Control Group ◽

Spleen Weight ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Adjuvant Induced Arthritis ◽

Aerial Roots ◽

Dose Dependent Decrease ◽

Wbc Count ◽

And Control

The present study was carried out to evaluate antiarthritic potential and phytochemical screening of various extracts of Ficus lacor aerial roots. The antiarthritic activity was evaluated by adjuvant-induced arthritis at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight and the standard drug used was indomethacin. The extracts administered in higher doses reduced the lesions to a greater extent showing a dose-dependent decrease in lesions comparable with standard drug indomethacin. The extracts of FLPE and FLET showed significant increase in body weight as compared to arthritic control group as well as an increase in liver weight, a decrease in liver weight, and an increase in spleen weight in arthritis control. The extracts of FLPE and FLET showed significant decrease in WBC count, increase in hemoglobin contents, and RBC count as compared to control group. FLEA and FLCF were not able to produce a significant effect. There was significant reduction in production of IL-1 and TNF-α level between model group and control group in serum. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, at 100 mg/kg body weight, doses of FLPE and PLET extracts were highly effective in preventing and suppressing the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis.

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Iodine Deficiency and Brain Development in the Rat

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9810427 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 427 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

GH McIntosh ◽

DA Howard ◽

MT Mano ◽

AML Wellby ◽

BS Hetzel

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Brain Development ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Protein Level ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Cholesterol Content ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Brain Weight ◽

Follicular Cell ◽

Whole Brain

An assessment was made of the influence of low-iodine diet on somatic and brain development at birth (day 0) and 21 days postnatally in the rat. The rat mothers were proven to be iodine-deficient by assay of plasma thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone prior to mating, and at 21 days postnatally, when maternal thyroids were removed, weighed and stored for subsequent iodine analysis, along with those of the offspring. There were no significant differences in body weight or brain weight of the offspring at birth, or in the content of DNA or protein. However, at 21 days there was a significant reduction in body weight (21 �7%) and whole brain weight (7�9 %, P < 0�02) which was associated with a significant fall in cholesterol content (12�4 %, P < 0�05) and protein level (9�6%, P < 0�01), while DNA was not significantly affected (6%). The greatest reduction in weight was seen in the cerebellum. The thyroids in these rats were double normal size, showed follicular cell hypertrophy and absence of colloid histologically, and contained 8 % of the iodine content of controls.

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Effect of a single or two doses of an anti-GnRH vaccine on testicle morpho-functional characteristics in Nelore bulls

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-021-02600-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emanuel M. Doroteu ◽

Joao H. M. Viana ◽

Jair A. Ferreira Junior ◽

Juliana T. A. Macedo ◽

Rodrigo A. Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bos Taurus ◽

Active Immunization ◽

Control Group ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Functional Characteristics ◽

Scrotal Circumference ◽

Bos Taurus Indicus ◽

Boost Dose ◽

And Control

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls undergoing a single or two immunizations against GnRH. Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) bulls were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: G1 (n=12), a single 400 μg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0; G2 (n=11), a first 400 μg dose of anti-GnRH vaccine on day 0 followed by a second (boost) dose 30 days later; and control group (CG, n=12), 1 mL saline 0.9% at day 0. Every 30 days, from day 0 until slaughter at day 90, the bulls were weighed and underwent testicular biometry, semen collection and analysis, and blood sample collection for testosterone measurement. Immediately after slaughter, the testicles were removed and transport at 15°C to the laboratory for histopathological analysis. There was a decrease in testicular height (P=0.0476), width (P=0.0021), and in scrotal circumference (P=0.0001), after either a single (G1) or two (G2) immunizations against GnRH. Both G1 and G2 had lower testosterone concentrations than CG from day 60 on (P<0.01), but in G2, it was also lower than in G1 at day 90 (P=0.0006). All sperm parameters were affected by active immunization against GnRH (P<0.05), and in G2, averages were lesser (P<0.05) than in G1 from day 60 on. No signs of seminiferous tubule degeneration were found in any sample from the CG, contrasting with 75.0% and 100.0% of the samples from G1 and G2, respectively. In summary, immunocastration affected testicle morpho-functional characteristics in bulls in a time- and dose-dependent way.

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Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000515705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Maroula Lambidou ◽

Birgit Alteheld ◽

Rolf Fimmers ◽

Frank Jochum ◽

Antonia Nomayo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Control Group ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Fa Composition ◽

And Control ◽

Breast Fed

Introduction: Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. Methods: Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: n = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: n = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. Results: Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.

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Clinical and in Vivo Response Following Surgery or Surgery Plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy for Colorectal Carcinoma in a Rat Model

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ◽

10.1177/014107688307601007 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 76 (10) ◽

pp. 833-840 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A K House ◽

M A L Maley

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽

Surgical Excision ◽

The Body ◽

Recurrent Tumour ◽

Mesenteric Node ◽

And Control ◽

Tumour Weight

Two cohorts of rats, 240 with colon cancer and 150 controls, were assessed clinically and immunologically for their response to tumour and its management which was either by surgical excision alone or by surgical excision combined with either adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The histology and invasion characteristics were observed for similarity with those of human lesions. Metastases were found in liver, lymph nodes, the peritoneum or lungs in 27% of animals during follow up. Significantly fewer adjuvant-treated rats had metastases than those receiving surgery alone ( P < 0.05), and less total tumour weight was found in the adjuvant-treated rats at four ( P < 0.03) and six ( P < 0.001) weeks postoperatively. Animals in the adjuvant immunotherapy group survived longer than in either other group ( P < 0.001). The crude parameters of host response to tumour, body, spleen and mesenteric lymph node weight were recorded and the latter two indexed to body weight. The body weight of tumour and control rats increased significantly with time ( P < 0.04). The spleen and mesenteric node indices were significantly ( P < 0.04) greater in tumour than control rats and were varied by recurrent tumour growth and by the adjuvant treatment administered postoperatively.

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Protein appetite is increased after central leptin-induced fat depletion

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00322.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (4) ◽

pp. R1468-R1473 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael F. Wiater ◽

Bryan D. Hudson ◽

Yvette Virgin ◽

Sue Ritter

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Body Protein ◽

Macronutrient Selection ◽

Daily Diet ◽

Nadir Point ◽

And Control

Leptin reduces body fat selectively, sparing body protein. Accordingly, during chronic leptin administration, food intake is suppressed, and body weight is reduced until body fat is depleted. Body weight then stabilizes at this fat-depleted nadir, while food intake returns to normal caloric levels, presumably in defense of energy and nutritional homeostasis. This model of leptin treatment offers the opportunity to examine controls of food intake that are independent of leptin's actions, and provides a window for examining the nature of feeding controls in a “fatless” animal. Here we evaluate macronutrient selection during this fat-depleted phase of leptin treatment. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on standard pelleted rodent chow and given daily lateral ventricular injections of leptin or vehicle solution until body weight reached the nadir point and food intake returned to normal levels. Injections were then continued for 8 days, during which rats self-selected their daily diet from separate sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Macronutrient choice differed profoundly in leptin and control rats. Leptin rats exhibited a dramatic increase in protein intake, whereas controls exhibited a strong carbohydrate preference. Fat intake did not differ between groups at any time during the 8-day test. Despite these dramatic differences in macronutrient selection, total daily caloric intake did not differ between groups except on day 2. Thus controls of food intake related to ongoing metabolic and nutritional requirements may supersede the negative feedback signals related to body fat stores.

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Significance of graded doses of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera (L) on live body weight, gonadal, extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams

Journal of Sustainable Veterinary and Allied Sciences ◽

10.54328/covm/josvas.2021.011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-40

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Seed Extract ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Live Body Weight ◽

And Control ◽

Standard Techniques ◽

Different Doses ◽

Apparently Healthy

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract on live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves of Yankasa rams. Twenty five apparently healthy Yankasa rams aged 1-2 years and weighing 19.0 ± 2.1 Kg were used for the study. The rams were randomly selected into five groups: A, B, C, D and E with five rams in each group as treatment and control groups respectively. Groups A - D were given oral dose of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract at a dose rate of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 (mg/kg), respectively while group E was given 10 ml/kg water orally, daily for five months. Live body weight, gonadal and extragonadal reserves were determined according to standard techniques. The results showed a significant increase in live body weight in the months of April to June among rams treated with different doses of Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract compared with the control group. The control group showed no significant differences in the body weight, gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves. In conclusion, the treatment of Yankasa rams with Moringa oleifera aqueous seed extract increased live body weight, but had no significant effects on gonadal and extragonadal dimensions and sperm reserves in Yankasa rams. Therefore, it is recommended that M. oleifera aqueous seed extract can be used at doses of 2000mg/kg to 3000mg/kg in Yankasa rams for optimum gain in live body weight.

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