scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency and Brain Development in the Rat

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McIntosh ◽  
DA Howard ◽  
MT Mano ◽  
AML Wellby ◽  
BS Hetzel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Follicular Cell ◽  
Whole Brain

An assessment was made of the influence of low-iodine diet on somatic and brain development at birth (day 0) and 21 days postnatally in the rat. The rat mothers were proven to be iodine-deficient by assay of plasma thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone prior to mating, and at 21 days postnatally, when maternal thyroids were removed, weighed and stored for subsequent iodine analysis, along with those of the offspring. There were no significant differences in body weight or brain weight of the offspring at birth, or in the content of DNA or protein. However, at 21 days there was a significant reduction in body weight (21 �7%) and whole brain weight (7�9 %, P < 0�02) which was associated with a significant fall in cholesterol content (12�4 %, P < 0�05) and protein level (9�6%, P < 0�01), while DNA was not significantly affected (6%). The greatest reduction in weight was seen in the cerebellum. The thyroids in these rats were double normal size, showed follicular cell hypertrophy and absence of colloid histologically, and contained 8 % of the iodine content of controls.

scholarly journals Low-Iodine Diet for Producing Iodine Deficiency in Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH McIntosh ◽  
GB Jones ◽  
DA Howard ◽  
GB Belling ◽  
BJ Potter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Iodine Excretion

A low-iodine diet has been prepared for rats, using locally available low-iodine ingredients. On analysis it has been shown to consistently contain 15-20 ng iodine/g. When fed to growing female rats, this diet produced severe iodine deficiency while not significantly affecting growth or reproduction. The deficiency was manifested by a fall in daily urinary iodine excretion (to less than 1 JIg/day) and a seven-fold increase in thyroid uptake (1311) observable within 3 months. Levels of plasma thyroxine (T 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) continued to change for 4-5 months, T 4 falling from 69�9 to 7�5 nmol/l and TSH increasing seven-fold from a control value of 364 to 2406 ng/ml. Goitre was present in all iodine-deficient rats and iodine content in the thyroid was 10 % of the control value.

scholarly journals INDUKSI 2-METHOXYETHANOL PADA MASA PRENATAL SEBAGAI PENYEBAB KELAINAN OTAK PADA MENCIT

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Win Darmanto ◽  
Eko Prihiyantoro ◽  
Ria Harmonis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Cerebral Malformation ◽  
Pregnant Mice

2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) and glycol esters are widely used as a solvents in the industry and plasticizers, and have becomes ubiquitous environmental pollutants. This study were designed to evaluate the malformation of brain development as an impact of 2-ME. Four groups of pregnant mice were injected to 2-ME dose 10 mmol/kg body weight at 7, 13, 15, and 17 days gestation respectively. Control group were injected with sterile water. At 18 days of gestation samples in groups 7 and 13 days gestation were sacrificed. Brain were remove and weight, morfologically and histologically were examined. Samples were divided into five groups, i.e. control group, 7th, 13rd, 15th and 17th days of gestation groups. Samples in 7th and 15th days of gestation groups killed in 18th days of gestation to observed fetal brain defect and decreased of fetal brain weight but some samples to allow delivery of fetuses. Furthermore, the fetuses killed on 0, 5, 10, and 20 days after birth, to take their brain. The result of these study showed that there are decreasing total weight of fetal brains and there are cerebral malformation as impact of 2-ME exposure.

scholarly journals 86 Evaluation of the effect of prenatal transportation stress on endocrine and immune tissues of neonatal Brahman calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Audrey L Earnhardt ◽  
Catherine L Wellman ◽  
Thomas Hairgrove ◽  
Rodolfo C Cardoso ◽  
Charles R Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Immune Tissues ◽  
Transportation Stress ◽  
And Control

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether prenatal transportation stress (PNS) affects the weight of endocrine and immune tissues of calves. Mature Brahman cows inseminated to a single Brahman sire in 2018 were assigned to be either Control (n = 35; not transported) or PNS (n = 37; 2 h of transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ± 5 d of gestation). Of the calves born in 2019, 16 Control (8 bulls and 8 heifers) and 16 PNS (8 bulls and 8 heifers) calves were studied. Pen score, body weight, and blood samples were obtained from calves at 25 ± 2 d of age. At that time, calves were euthanized by barbiturate overdose in order to collect tissues (brain, pituitary and adrenal glands, spleen and thymus). Tissues were trimmed and weighed. Serum cortisol was determined by RIA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, GLM, and CORR procedures of SAS with body weight at sample collection as a covariate. Whole pituitary weight tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in females compared to males, whereas anterior pituitary weight tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in PNS. Whole brain weight was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in males. The interaction of treatment and sex on whole brain weight of PNS tended (P = 0.09) to fall between that of the Control females and Control males. Whole pituitary weight was positively correlated with total adrenal weight (r = 0.32; P = 0.08). Total thymus weight positively correlated with whole brain and total adrenal weight (r = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Serum cortisol was negatively correlated with spleen weight and total immune tissue weight (r = -0.37 and -0.38, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Results suggest next steps should include a closer look at function of immune tissues by studying PNS effect on thymus response to immunization.

EFFECTS OF BRIEF POSTNATAL FASTING UPON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT OF RABBITS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-250
Author(s):  
Richard J. Schain ◽  
Kathy Watanabe ◽  
Shaul Harel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Group I ◽  
Time Required

Newborn animals were subjected to a two-day postnatal fast immediately after birth. These animals and control littermates matched for birth weight were killed at 60 days of age. The brain was weighed, divided into regional brain areas, and analyzed for DNA, RNA, protein, and cholesterol content. Those fasted animals whose body weight was more than 25% below the control littermate at 12 days of age exhibited a significant reduction of brain weight and constituents at 60 days of age (group II). Cholesterol accumulation was slowed to a greater extent than other constituents (84% of control values) but DNA, RNA, and protein levels were also diminished in a statistically significant manner. Those fasted animals whose body weight nearly caught up to the controls after the fast did not manifest differences of brain size and composition at 60 days of age (group I). When adjusted for life span, the timetable of resumption of weight gain in fasted rabbits is comparable to the time required for regaining birth weight of very low birth weight human infants. These data indicate that the degree of body weight catch-up after a brief postnatal fast will affect subsequent brain development in the rabbit, a species which, like the human, is a perinatal brain developer.

INTRA-UTERINE UNDERNUTRITION AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-500
Author(s):  
H. Peter Chase ◽  
Carol S. Dabiere ◽  
N. Noreen Welch ◽  
Donough O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Brain

The guinea pig, like the human, initiates the period of rapid brain growth in utero and thus provides a model for measuring the effects of maternal malnutrition on intra-uterine brain growth. In these studies the newborn of undernourished guinea pig mothers showed significant reductions in body weight and brain weight, cellularity, protein, cholesterol, cerebroside, and sulfatide contents. The reductions in wet brain weight and protein content were significant for cerebellum but not for cerebrum. Animals undernourished in utero and fed normally after birth showed normal whole brain weight, cerebroside and sulfatide contents, and normal cerebrum cellularity by adulthood. However, the type of cells increasing in the cerebrum during postnatal rehabilitation is unknown. Wet weight and cellularity were still diminished by 22% and 17%, respectively, in the adult cerebella. The results suggest that adequate postnatal nutrition will offset some, though not all of the brain biochemical changes resulting from fetal undernutrition.

scholarly journals Thyroid ultrasound is the best prevalence indicator for assessment of iodine deficiency disorders: a study in rural/tribal schoolchildren from Gujarat (Western India)

2000 ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Brahmbhatt ◽  
RM Brahmbhatt ◽  
SC Boyages
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Western India ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders

OBJECTIVES: (i) To assess the severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), (ii) to determine the aetiology of IDD in Gujarat, (iii) to identify the best prevalence indicator of IDD, and (iv) to compare thyroid volume (TV) results with the WHO International reference. METHODS: Five hundred and thirty schoolchildren (6-15 years) were studied from two districts (Baroda and Dang) and data were collected on dietary habits and parameters such as height, weight, thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography, urinary iodine (UI), and blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Drinking water was analyzed for iodine content and food articles for goitrogens. RESULTS: In Gujarat children median UI (interquartile range)=56 (30-96)microg/l, mean TSH=1.71 +/- 2.10mU/l, goiter by palpatio n = 30%, and median TV = 27.8 (23-35)ml. Females had lower median UI (48 (27-82) microg/l) and higher mean TSH levels (2.0 +/- 2.5mU/l) than males. Applying the WHO ultrasonography reference to Gujarat children resulted in an enlarged TV-for-body surface area in almost 100% of subjects. Ninety-nine percent of females and 95% of males had enlarged TV-for-age. Three to eight times larger TV were seen in all subjects as compared with European children. Dang children were severely malnourished. Flavonoids like vitexin, glucosyl vitexin and apigenin were detected in pearl millet. Apigenin was never identified in pearl millet. Dang district water was lacking in iodine content. CONCLUSIONS: IDD is a severe public health problem in Gujarat. Baroda district is a new pocket of IDD. High amounts of dietary flavonoids in Baroda and Dang districts, and lack of iodine in Dang water, account for IDD. TV measurement by ultrasound is the best prevalence indicator of IDD.

scholarly journals Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus on the Basis of Formulated Feed Supply

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Jay Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Prabha Niraula
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Formulated Feed ◽  
Crude Protein Level

 Best diet of the fish is the sole of production of aquaculture. Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus on the basis of formulated feed supply was carried out from 7th March to 6th May, 2019 in the laboratory of P.G.Campus, Biratnagar in which 130 juveniles (each of 10±0.11 g.) of catfish were cultured in 13 aquaria feeding with treatment diets having crude protein level 35%, 40%, 45% and 50% for treatment and commercial diet for control. There are no significant differences between the water quality parameters and body weight gain (p>0.05) in all treatments. The highest body weight gain (7.31±0.11 g; 65.20%) and SGR (13.051±1.15 g) was observed in fish fed with T C (45% protein level). This value was lowered than value of control(C) i.e. 7.59±0 g; 69.88% and 13.55±0 g respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best (13.28±1.89 g) in T D (50% protein level feed). Its value was larger (7.52±1.11 g) in T C than C (7.15±0 g). Mortality rate was highest in T C and C i.e. 30% and lowest in T A and T B i.e. 23.33%. Weight gain of the fish increased with increasing protein level in diet till crude protein level 45% then it was dropped at the diet with protein level 50%. The best weight gain was observed in 7th week having crude protein level 45%. The diet with protein level 45% is suggested for farmers concerning the fish (Clarias gariepinus) in the aquaculture.

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