Immunology of Bipolar Disorder

2018 ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
Izabela G. Barbosa ◽  
Moises E. Bauer ◽  
Jair C. Soares ◽  
Antônio L. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, and recurrent psychiatric illness. It has been associated with a high prevalence of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, cognitive impairment, and a progressive course of illness. Its neurobiology is not completely understood, but recent evidence has shown a wide range of immune changes. Here we review several data supporting the presence of immunological dysfunction in BD: (1) increased frequency of autoimmune diseases; (2) distinct immune cell profile; (3) altered release of cytokines by stimulated mononuclear cells; (4) elevated levels of circulating immune markers; (5) inflammatory changes in the central nervous system; (6) relationship with clinical comorbidities; and (7) the effect of current treatments on the immune system and the role of immunomodulatory agents.

scholarly journals Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Guimarães Barbosa ◽  
Moisés Evandro Bauer ◽  
Rodrigo Machado-Vieira ◽  
Antonio Lucio Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Postmortem Studies ◽  
Immune Imbalance ◽  
Immune Changes ◽  
Circulating Levels

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, and recurrent psychiatric illness. It has been associated with high prevalence of medical comorbidities and cognitive impairment. Its neurobiology is not completely understood, but recent evidence has shown a wide range of immune changes. Cytokines are proteins involved in the regulation and the orchestration of the immune response. We performed a review on the involvement of cytokines in BD. We also discuss the cytokines involvement in the neuroprogression of BD. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of cytokines in the central nervous system in postmortem studies is in line with the elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BD patients. The proinflammatory profile and the immune imbalance in BD might be regarded as potential targets to the development of new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Acetate correlates with disability and immune response in multiple sclerosis

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pérez-Pérez ◽  
María Inmaculada Domínguez-Mozo ◽  
Aitana Alonso-Gómez ◽  
Silvia Medina ◽  
Noelia Villarrubia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Disability Status

Background Gut microbiota has been related to multiple sclerosis (MS) etiopathogenesis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are compounds derived from microbial metabolism that have a role in gut-brain axis. Objectives To analyse SCFA levels in plasma of MS patients and healthy donors (HD), and the possible link between these levels and both clinical data and immune cell populations. Methods Ninety-five MS patients and 54 HD were recruited. Patients were selected according to their score in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (49 EDSS ≤ 1.5, 46 EDSS ≥ 5.0). SCFA were studied in plasma samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry. Gender, age, treatments, EDSS and Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) were evaluated at the recruitment. Results Plasma acetate levels were higher in patients than in HD (p = 0.003). Patients with EDSS ≥ 5.0 had higher acetate levels than those with EDSS≤ 1.5 (p = 0.029), and HD (p = 2.97e–4). Acetate levels correlated with EDSS (r = 0.387; p = 1.08e–4) and MSSS (r = 0.265; p = 0.011). In untreated MS patients, acetate levels correlated inversely with CD4+ naïve T cells (r =  − 0.550, p = 0.001) and directly with CD8+ IL-17+ cells (r = 0.557; p = 0.001). Conclusions Plasma acetate levels are higher in MS patients than in HD. In MS there exists a correlation between plasma acetate levels, EDSS and increased IL-17+ T cells. Future studies will elucidate the role of SCFA in the disease.

scholarly journals Immune cell-specific Cre reporter mouse labels a subset of CNS neurons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Bouteau ◽  
Botond Z. Igyártó
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Reporter Mouse ◽  
Cns Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antigen Presenting

AbstractHuLangerin-Cre-YFPf/f mice were generated to specifically mark a subset of antigen presenting immune cells, called Langerhans cells (LCs). During histological characterization of these mice, we found that, in addition to LCs an uncharacterized cell population in the central nervous system (CNS) also expressed YFP. In this study, we found that the CNS YFP+ cells were negative for microglia and astrocyte markers, but they expressed mature neuronal marker NeuN and showed neuronal localization/morphology. Thus, these mice might be used to study the ontogeny, migration and the role of a subset of CNS neurons.

scholarly journals A functional spleen contributes to afucosylated IgG in humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Wojcik ◽  
David E. Schmidt ◽  
Lisa A. de Neef ◽  
Minke A. E. Rab ◽  
Bob Meek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
First Time

AbstractAs a lymphoid organ, the spleen hosts a wide range of immune cell populations, which not only remove blood-borne antigens, but also generate and regulate antigen-specific immune responses. In particular, the splenic microenvironment has been demonstrated to play a prominent role in adaptive immune responses to enveloped viral infections and alloantigens. During both types of immunizations, antigen-specific immunoglobulins G (IgGs) have been characterized by the reduced amount of fucose present on N-linked glycans of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. These glycans are essential for mediating the induction of immune effector functions. Therefore, we hypothesized that a spleen may modulate humoral responses and serve as a preferential site for afucosylated IgG responses, which potentially play a role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) pathogenesis. To determine the role of the spleen in IgG-Fc glycosylation, we performed IgG subclass-specific liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of Fc glycosylation in a large cohort of individuals splenectomized due to trauma, due to ITP, or spherocytosis. IgG-Fc fucosylation was consistently increased after splenectomy, while no effects for IgG-Fc galactosylation and sialylation were observed. An increase in IgG1- and IgG2/3-Fc fucosylation level upon splenectomy has been reported here for the first time, suggesting that immune responses occurring in the spleen may be particularly prone to generate afucosylated IgG responses. Surprisingly, the level of total IgG-Fc fucosylation was decreased in ITP patients compared to healthy controls. Overall, our results suggest a yet unrecognized role of the spleen in either the induction or maintenance of afucosylated IgG responses by B cells.

scholarly journals Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 3038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remsha Afzal ◽  
Jennifer K Dowling ◽  
Claire E McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Autoimmune Condition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Degradation

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers. Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.

scholarly journals Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Cianciulli ◽  
Chiara Porro ◽  
Rosa Calvello ◽  
Teresa Trotta ◽  
Dario Domenico Lofrumento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. Recent studies have focused attention on the intracellular role of PI3K and its contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review illustrates and discusses recent findings about the role of this signaling pathway in the modulation of microglia neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the modulation of PI3K as a potential therapeutic approach helpful for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Serotonin Pathway in Neuroimmune Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Mondanelli ◽  
Claudia Volpi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Functional Interactions ◽  
Neuroimmune System ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Serotonin Pathway

Once considered merely as a neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-HT) now enjoys a renewed reputation as an interlocutor in the dense and continuous dialogue between neuroendocrine and immune systems. In the last decades, a role has been depicted for serotonin and its derivatives as modulators of several immunological events, due to the expression of specific receptors or enzymes controlling 5-HT metabolism in diverse immune cell types. A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of molecules belonging to the 5-HT pathways on the neuroimmune communication may be relevant in the clinical outcome of autoimmune/inflammatory pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis, but also in Alzheimer’s disease, or in mood disorders and major depression. Moreover, since the predominance of 5-HT is produced by enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where 5-HT and its derivatives are important mucosal signalling molecules giving rise to the so-called “brain-gut axis”, alterations in brain-gut communication are also involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Here we illustrate how functional interactions between immune and neuronal cells are crucial to orchestrate tissue homeostasis and integrity, and the role of serotonin pathway components as pillars of the neuroimmune system.

scholarly journals Epidemiología enfermera del duelo en Canarias

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Martín Rodríguez-Álvaro ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Diagnostic Labels ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Functional Patterns ◽  
Limited Process

Grief is a natural and self-limited process of adaptation to a new reality that arises after a significant loss, real or perceived, with a wide range of manifestations that produce an impact on the health of the mourner. Objective: To know and identify, broken down by diagnostic gradient, the prevalence of mourning in the Canary Islands, as well as the needs of care before the diagnosis of mourning of the mourners. Results: Significantly, more women than men are identified in the three diagnostic labels under study. Patients with bereavement complications previously presented depression, anxiety, and risk of loneliness. The result of the pattern assessment is paradoxical. Conclusion: Grief is a multidimensional phenomenon that can hardly be assessed from a reductionist tool such as functional patterns. The high prevalence of complications in women’s grief should be studied in-depth, associating it with their previous burdens of care and vulnerability. The association between loneliness and complicated grief is evident, and the role of community nurses in these patients may be essential. Further research is needed on the care needs of bereaved persons, both complicated and uncomplicated, as well as on their predictive and protective factors.

scholarly journals Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eladio J. Márquez ◽  
Cheng-han Chung ◽  
Radu Marches ◽  
Robert J. Rossi ◽  
Djamel Nehar-Belaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Male Specific

AbstractDifferences in immune function and responses contribute to health- and life-span disparities between sexes. However, the role of sex in immune system aging is not well understood. Here, we characterize peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 172 healthy adults 22-93 years of age using ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and flow-cytometry. These data reveal a shared epigenomic signature of aging including declining naïve T cell and increasing monocyte/cytotoxic cell functions. These changes were greater in magnitude in men and accompanied by a male-specific genomic decline in B-cell specific loci. Age-related epigenomic changes first spike around late-thirties with similar timing and magnitude between sexes, whereas the second spike is earlier and stronger in men. Unexpectedly, genomic differences between sexes increase after age 65, with men having higher innate and pro-inflammatory activity and lower adaptive activity. Impact of age and sex on immune cell genomes can be visualized at https://immune-aging.jax.org to provide insights into future studies.

scholarly journals Role of Macrophages and Microglia in Zebrafish Regeneration

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna R. Var ◽  
Christine A. Byrd-Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Human Nerve

Currently, there is no treatment for recovery of human nerve function after damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and there are limited regenerative capabilities in the peripheral nervous system. Since fish are known for their regenerative abilities, understanding how these species modulate inflammatory processes following injury has potential translational importance for recovery from damage and disease. Many diseases and injuries involve the activation of innate immune cells to clear damaged cells. The resident immune cells of the CNS are microglia, the primary cells that respond to infection and injury, and their peripheral counterparts, macrophages. These cells serve as key modulators of development and plasticity and have been shown to be important in the repair and regeneration of structure and function after injury. Zebrafish are an emerging model for studying macrophages in regeneration after injury and microglia in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. These fish possess a high degree of neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and emotional/social behavioral resemblance with humans, serving as an ideal simulator for many pathologies. This review explores literature on macrophage and microglial involvement in facilitating regeneration. Understanding innate immune cell behavior following damage may help to develop novel methods for treating toxic and chronic inflammatory processes that are seen in trauma and disease.

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