The Nature and Place of Logic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaping Lu-Adler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophy Of Logic ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Major Target ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Questions

This chapter sketches a history of philosophy of logic from Aristotle, along with Epicurus and the early Stoics, to the late sixteenth century. The analysis revolves around the (supposedly) scientific status of logic on the one hand and its utility on the other. Following clues found in Kant’s works, the chapter explains how key questions about the nature and place of logic evolved over time. It tracks down a range of historically significant positions, represented by Avicenna, Averroës, Thomas Aquinas, and William of Ockham among others. In so doing, the discussion pays special attention to the newly developed conceptual apparatus, such as logica naturalis versus logica artificialis, logica utens versus logica docens, and scientia realis versus scientia rationalis. These distinctions would eventually come to fruition in Christian Wolff’s theory of logic, arguably the most formative source as well as a major target of Kant’s.

Willing Evil

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-322
Author(s):  
Henrik Lagerlund ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
William Ockham ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

In this article, I present two virtually unknown sixteenth-century views of human freedom, that is, the views of Bartolomaeus de Usingen (1465–1532) and Jodocus Trutfetter (1460–1519) on the one hand and John Mair (1470–1550) on the other. Their views serve as a natural context and partial background to the more famous debate on human freedom between Martin Luther (1483–1556) and Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536) from 1524–1526. Usingen and Trutfetter were Luther’s philosophy teachers in Erfurt. In a passage from Book III of John Mair’s commentary on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics from 1530, he seems to defend a view of human freedom by which we can will evil for the sake of evil. Very few thinkers in the history of philosophy have defended such a view. The most famous medieval thinker to do so is William Ockham (1288–1347). To illustrate how radical this view is, I place him in the historical context of such thinkers as Plato, Augustine, Buridan, and Descartes.

scholarly journals أثر الحركة السنوسية في منطقة الحجاز الشيخ فالح الظاهري (1258هـ /1842م - 1328ه/1910م )

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-226
Author(s):  
Manal AL- Muraiteb Manal AL- Muraiteb
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Islamic Movements ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
The One

This study deals with the influence of the Senussi movement in the Hijaz region, which is considered one of the influential Islamic movements. It contributed in accordance with its available possibilities in building a human society with cultural and economic components according to the data of that era. The movement was not of a local tendency, Muhammad Bin Ali Alsenossi, the one who established this movement, worked on making it an Arabic movement of a wide expansion, this study sought to codify an important period of the history of the Senussi movement in the Hijaz, and tried to reveal its role in Hijazi society and its influence on it. By virtue of its religious importance, the Hijaz region has gained prominently in the history of the Senussi movement. The actual beginning of the Sinusian call originated from the Hijaz, where the first corner of Senussi was built, the corner that was built in Jabal Abi Qabis, and then the construction of the Senussi corners in the Hijaz, and in the rest of the other Islamic countries, and the corners of Senussi received a large number of Hijaz people from the rurals and the desert, Sheikh Falih Al.Dahri , considered as a prominent student of senussi corners, And later became one of its most prominent sheikhs, and became famous in the horizons, and received a prestigious scientific status, which enabled him to teach in many Islamic regions even called by Sultan Abdul Hamid to teach in Astana, and has graduated a number of students of science who carried the banner of science in the Islamic world.

scholarly journals Progress and Historical Reflection in Philosophy

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Thomas Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systematic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Over Time

What is the epistemic significance of reflecting on a discipline’s past for making progress in that discipline? The author assumes that the answer to this question negatively correlates with that discipline’s degree of progress over time. If and only if a science is progressive, then what people have thought and argued in the past in that discipline ceases to be up to date. This chapter distinguishes different dimensions of disciplinary progress and subsequently argue that veritic progress, that is, collective convergence to truth, is the most important dimension for disciplines with scientific ambitions. It then argues that, on the one hand, veritic progress in philosophy is more significant than many current philosophers believe, but that, on the other hand, it also has severe limitations. The author offers an explanation of these limitations that suggests that the history of philosophy should play some role, though only a minor one, in systematic philosophy.

What's Become of the Pandit? Rethinking the History of Sanskrit Scholars in Colonial Bengal

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN A. HATCHER
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Scholarly Discourse ◽  
Single Question ◽  
Over Time

This essay raises a single question for which it ventures two kinds of answers, one historical and the other historiographical. On the one hand, to ask ‘What's become of the pandit?’ is to express an interest in finding out about transformations over time in the activities, experiences, and social placement of pandits—for present purposes in the context of colonial Bengal. Taken in this sense, the question reflects a desire to examine the diverse experiences of Sanskrit pandits, perhaps to inquire about the degree to which they either may or may not be illustrative of other sorts of changes taking place in colonial Indian society. On the other hand, to ask ‘What's become of the pandit?’ is to suggest that it may be worth investigating what we mean by the word ‘pandit’ and how we have come to view pandits as we do. What we're asking thus is really, ‘What's become of the pandit in modern scholarly discourse?’ In this sense, the question is a historiographical or methodological one. It suggests there may be important reasons why scholars tend to conceptualize the life and work of pandits as they do, and reminds us that becoming aware of these reasons might allow us to gain a better perspective on our own field of study.

scholarly journals The Story of the Torah from the Perspective of the Qur'an and History

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Seyyed Mohammad Razavi ◽  
Marziyeh Saemi
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Version ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

The history of the Bible implies that the Torah has been formed and distorted over time. The Qur'an also confirms this issue. The Holy Qur'an, in addition to introducing the Jews as the People of the Book, uses the word "Torah" eighteen times, "which is a collection of divine teachings bestowed on Prophet Moses." On the one hand, the Holy Qur'an acknowledges and affirms it, and on the other hand, it attributes distortion to this book and introduces the Torah as one of the books that has been distorted throughout history, however, the holy Qur’an considers the part of the Torah that has been preserved to contain the teachings of God and can be acknowledged in general, and considers it a means of guiding the Jewish people and advises them to refer to it. The collection of information in this writing is library-based and their processing is descriptive-analytical. This article seeks to prove the view that the current Torah, with its various versions, has been disappeared in the ups and downs of the times, and that what exists is a very blurred and inconsistent face of the original version, and the Holy Qur'an confirms this.

The Perils and Promise of Tradition

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-170
Author(s):  
Ross Kane
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Matteo Ricci ◽  
Careful Treatment ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

This chapter contends that an adequate account of syncretism requires its pairing with the concept of tradition. Drawing from multiple contextualized encounters in the sixteenth century—from Ethiopian and Portuguese Christians to Jesuit José Acosta and Andean peoples to Matteo Ricci and Confucian scholars—it portrays tradition as a moving continuity that is constantly syncretizing as traditions are handed on in new contexts. Syncretism and tradition, held together, balance the tension between cultural construction on the one hand and cultural continuity on the other. Traditions are not substance-like materials that remain the same over time, nor are their boundaries static. Rather, receivers interpret a tradition afresh, generating new perspectives and pushing it in unforeseen directions. The account of tradition is dialogical, drawing from examples in the encounters just listed, from Alasdair MacIntyre’s account of tradition—which is unduly defensive at times—and from Africanist historians’ careful treatment of the concept.

Theodor W. Adorno

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In his somewhat controversial book Remnants of Auschwitz, Agamben makes brief reference to Theodor Adorno’s apparently contradictory remarks on perceptions of death post-Auschwitz, positions that Adorno had taken concerning Nazi genocidal actions that had seemed also to reflect something horribly errant in the history of thought itself. There was within such murderous acts, he had claimed, a particular degradation of death itself, a perpetration of our humanity bound in some way to affect our perception of reason itself. The contradictions regarding Auschwitz that Agamben senses to be latent within Adorno’s remarks involve the intuition ‘on the one hand, of having realized the unconditional triumph of death against life; on the other, of having degraded and debased death. Neither of these charges – perhaps like every charge, which is always a genuinely legal gesture – succeed in exhausting Auschwitz’s offense, in defining its case in point’ (RA 81). And this is the stance that Agamben wishes to hammer home quite emphatically vis-à-vis Adorno’s limitations, ones that, I would only add, seem to linger within Agamben’s own formulations in ways that he has still not come to reckon with entirely: ‘This oscillation’, he affirms, ‘betrays reason’s incapacity to identify the specific crime of Auschwitz with certainty’ (RA 81).

Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Estelle Variot
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

Policy analysis and complexity – a non-equilibrium approach for integrated water management

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govert D. Geldof
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Control System ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Equilibrium Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Groundwater Policy ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In integrated water management, the issues are often complex by nature, they are capable of subjective interpretation, are difficult to express in standards and exhibit many uncertainties. For such issues, an equilibrium approach is not appropriate. A non-equilibrium approach has to be applied. This implies that the processes to which the integrated issue pertains, are regarded as “alive”’. Instead of applying a control system as the model for tackling the issue, a network is used as the model. In this network, several “agents”’ are involved in the modification, revision and rearrangement of structures. It is therefore an on-going renewal process (perpetual novelty). In the planning process for the development of a groundwater policy for the municipality of Amsterdam, a non-equilibrium approach was adopted. In order to do justice to the integrated character of groundwater management, an approach was taken, containing the following features: (1) working from global to detailed, (2) taking account of the history of the system, (3) giving attention to communication, (4) building flexibility into the establishing of standards, and (5) combining reason and emotions. A middle course was sought, between static, rigid but reliable on the one hand; dynamic, flexible but vague on the other hand.

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

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