Getting in to University
Our system of university admissions is medieval—and was created in 1961 when UCAS, originally called UCCA (the Universities Central Council on Admissions, now the Universities and Colleges Admissions Services), was set up. We have a single national system of competitive application to university, based on the assumption that most students will move away from home. It is very different from the classic Continental and American model in which you go to your local college or university for a tertiary education, which is neither highly selective nor highly specialized. Nearly half of American undergraduates study at a two-year college and then obtain what we would have called an ordinary degree. If they have higher ACT or SAT scores they are more likely to start at a university providing a full four-year course from the beginning but this is still likely to be in their home state and open to students who can arrive after two years at a college. Then if they really have an aptitude for academic study and wish to specialize or need to get a professional qualification they do a postgraduate Masters course: perhaps at this point they may move out of the state. Ask an American professional where they went to university and you will be told which business or law or medical school they went to as a postgraduate. But they may well have started their undergraduate studies somewhere very different and much closer to home. And their whole time in higher education is likely to have been longer than in England. The English system by contrast is the medieval model of a young gentleman leaving home (or boarding school—meaning it would be very peculiar to return home for university) to go to Oxford or Cambridge. It has been shaped by a long history as a unitary state with very few universities and nationwide migration of students to get to them. It is so deeply embedded that the decision to set up the nationwide admissions system provoked very little discussion or challenge. So that medieval model now applies to a million English undergraduates and over a hundred universities.