Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Michelle Burnham
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific

The Introduction develops a transoceanic framework for the study of American literature and the emergence of the novel. It establishes that American literature and culture have always been integrated within complex and wide-ranging commercial, political, and textual networks that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. By locating the presence of the Pacific in the Atlantic, and of the Atlantic in the Pacific, this volume establishes a global materiality to narrative in the transoceanic age of revolutions. Long-distance maritime travel depended on capitalist strategies of calculation that also concealed practices of violence against women and indigenous peoples. The resultant narrative of expectation or suspense drives the discourses of commerce, revolution, and the novel.

scholarly journals Description of Subjugated Woman in ZoraNaele Hurston’s “Their Eyes were Watching God”: A Feminist Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Qasim Javed Ghauri ◽  
Muhammad Ehsan ◽  
Quratul Ain Shafique ◽  
Muhammad Zohaib Khalil ◽  
Atta-ul Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
African American Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Feminist Analysis ◽  
Love Story ◽  
Women's Identity ◽  
Dominant Society

This study aims to explore the subjugated woman in male dominant society in ZoraNaele Hurston’s novel “Their Eyes Were Watching God”. “Their Eyes Were Watching God” has become the most widely read and highly acclaimed novel in the canon of African-American Literature. One of the most important and enduring books of the twentieth century, “Their Eyes Were Watching God” brings to life a Southern love story with the wit and pathos found only in the writing of ZoraNeale Hurston. The novel follows the fortunes of Janie Crawford, a woman living in the black town of Eaton, Florida. This study spotlights how women live under social restrained destiny; where they suffer letdown, thwarting, dismay and mocking. Subjugation against women which transcends all natural, ethnic and class boundaries. Women are mistreated by patriarchy financially, politically, socially and mentally. Where there is patriarchy, the woman is the other. She's objectified and marginalized, characterized just by her distinction from “ale standard”. All women’s activist movement specifically advances social change and women’ equality. A woman is not considered an equal, but rather the other, and thus inferior to a man. All these problems and incidents are dangerous for women’s identity. The research deals with major aspects of hegemonic masculinity, and violence against women. This research will study the threats to female identity in the light of Lois Tyson’s feministic views.  

Transoceanic America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Burnham
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Managing Risk

Transoceanic America offers a new approach to American literature by emphasizing the material and conceptual interconnectedness of the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. These oceans were tied together economically, textually, and politically, through such genres as maritime travel writing, mathematical and navigational schoolbooks, and the relatively new genre of the novel. Especially during the age of revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, long-distance transoceanic travel required calculating and managing risk in the interest of profit. The result was the emergence of a newly suspenseful form of narrative that came to characterize capitalist investment, political revolution, and novelistic plot. The calculus of risk that drove this expectationist narrative also concealed violence against vulnerable bodies on ships and shorelines around the world. A transoceanic American literary and cultural history requires new non-linear narratives to tell the story of this global context and to recognize its often forgotten textual archive.

Systematics, Biogeography, and Morphological Character Evolution of the Hemiepiphytic Subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Zuluaga ◽  
Martin Llano ◽  
Ken Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
R Package ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Tropics

The subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) is the third richest clade in the family, with ca. 369 described species and ca. 700 estimated. It comprises mostly hemiepiphytic or epiphytic plants restricted to the tropics, with three intercontinental disjunctions. Using a dataset representing all 12 genera in Monsteroideae (126 taxa), and five plastid and two nuclear markers, we studied the systematics and historical biogeography of the group. We found high support for the monophyly of the three major clades (Spathiphylleae sister to Heteropsis Kunth and Rhaphidophora Hassk. clades), and for six of the genera within Monsteroideae. However, we found low rates of variation in the DNA sequences used and a lack of molecular markers suitable for species-level phylogenies in the group. We also performed ancestral state reconstruction of some morphological characters traditionally used for genera delimitation. Only seed shape and size, number of seeds, number of locules, and presence of endosperm showed utility in the classification of genera in Monsteroideae. We estimated ancestral ranges using a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model as implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS and found evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the clade. One tropical disjunction (Monstera Adans. sister to Amydrium Schott–Epipremnum Schott) was found to be the product of a previous Boreotropical distribution. Two other disjunctions are more recent and likely due to long-distance dispersal: Spathiphyllum Schott (with Holochlamys Engl. nested within) represents a dispersal from South America to the Pacific Islands in Southeast Asia, and Rhaphidophora represents a dispersal from Asia to Africa. Future studies based on stronger phylogenetic reconstructions and complete morphological datasets are needed to explore the details of speciation and migration within and among areas in Asia.

scholarly journals Global phylogeography of a pantropical mangrove genus Rhizophora

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Takayama ◽  
Yoichi Tateishi ◽  
Tadashi Kajita
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Historical Scenario

AbstractRhizophora is a key genus for revealing the formation process of the pantropical distribution of mangroves. In this study, in order to fully understand the historical scenario of Rhizophora that achieved pantropical distribution, we conducted phylogeographic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA as well as microsatellites for samples collected worldwide. Phylogenetic trees suggested the monophyly of each AEP and IWP lineages respectively except for R. samoensis and R. × selala. The divergence time between the two lineages was 10.6 million years ago on a dated phylogeny, and biogeographic stochastic mapping analyses supported these lineages separated following a vicariant event. These data suggested that the closure of the Tethys Seaway and the reduction in mangrove distribution followed by Mid-Miocene cooling were key factors that caused the linage diversification. Phylogeographic analyses also suggested the formation of the distinctive genetic structure at the AEP region across the American continents around Pliocene. Furthermore, long-distance trans-pacific dispersal occurred from the Pacific coast of American continents to the South Pacific and formed F1 hybrid, resulting in gene exchange between the IWP and AEP lineages after 11 million years of isolation. Considering the phylogeny and phylogeography with divergence time, a comprehensive picture of the historical scenario behind the pantropical distribution of Rhizophora is updated.

Asleep at the Wheel: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Fatigue-Related Crashes in Honolulu

2001 ◽  
Vol 1779 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Kim ◽  
Eric Y. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Island State ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Injury Outcomes

As an island state located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, where there is limited opportunity for long-distance driving, Hawaii provides an interesting context in which to study fatigue-related crashes. Data from the Hawaii Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System are used to analyze and map fatigue-related collisions. Injury outcomes of fatigue-related crashes are analyzed by using police crash data, emergency medical service records, and insurance claims records. There are distinct temporal and spatial patterns as well as relationships between fatigue-related crashes and driver characteristics. Recommendations for preventing fatigue-related crashes are developed. Roadway segments where fatigue-related crashes occur are identified as possible sites for various engineering treatments. Temporal and demographic information also can be used to design and implement more effective programs and systems for fatigue-related crashes.

scholarly journals Chance long-distance or human-mediated dispersal? How Acacia s.l. farnesiana attained its pan-tropical distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Bell ◽  
Haripriya Rangan ◽  
Manuel M. Fernandes ◽  
Christian A. Kull ◽  
Daniel J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Old World ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Spanish Explorers ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Old World Tropics

Acacia s.l. farnesiana , which originates from Mesoamerica, is the most widely distributed Acacia s.l. species across the tropics. It is assumed that the plant was transferred across the Atlantic to southern Europe by Spanish explorers, and then spread across the Old World tropics through a combination of chance long-distance and human-mediated dispersal. Our study uses genetic analysis and information from historical sources to test the relative roles of chance and human-mediated dispersal in its distribution. The results confirm the Mesoamerican origins of the plant and show three patterns of human-mediated dispersal. Samples from Spain showed greater genetic diversity than those from other Old World tropics, suggesting more instances of transatlantic introductions from the Americas to that country than to other parts of Africa and Asia. Individuals from the Philippines matched a population from South Central Mexico and were likely to have been direct, trans-Pacific introductions. Australian samples were genetically unique, indicating that the arrival of the species in the continent was independent of these European colonial activities. This suggests the possibility of pre-European human-mediated dispersal across the Pacific Ocean. These significant findings raise new questions for biogeographic studies that assume chance or transoceanic dispersal for disjunct plant distributions.

scholarly journals The movement ecology of seagrasses

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1795) ◽  
pp. 20140878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn McMahon ◽  
Kor-jent van Dijk ◽  
Leonardo Ruiz-Montoya ◽  
Gary A. Kendrick ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Time Movement

A movement ecology framework is applied to enhance our understanding of the causes, mechanisms and consequences of movement in seagrasses: marine, clonal, flowering plants. Four life-history stages of seagrasses can move: pollen, sexual propagules, vegetative fragments and the spread of individuals through clonal growth. Movement occurs on the water surface, in the water column, on or in the sediment, via animal vectors and through spreading clones. A capacity for long-distance dispersal and demographic connectivity over multiple timeframes is the novel feature of the movement ecology of seagrasses with significant evolutionary and ecological consequences. The space–time movement footprint of different life-history stages varies. For example, the distance moved by reproductive propagules and vegetative expansion via clonal growth is similar, but the timescales range exponentially, from hours to months or centuries to millennia, respectively. Consequently, environmental factors and key traits that interact to influence movement also operate on vastly different spatial and temporal scales. Six key future research areas have been identified.

scholarly journals Menjadi Korban yang Disalahkan dalam Novel Permata dalam Lumpur Karya Satria Nova dan Nur Huda

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Eva Fauziyanti Sutomo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Populated Area ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Sex Worker ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure

Surabaya is the second largest city after Jakarta, as the second largest city, Surabaya is a densely populated area, can be found various kinds of informal economic activities that have existed since colonial times, ranging from street vendors to prostitution. Dolly is an exclusive area located in Surabaya. This region is tehe largest prostitution in Indonesia, even beating in Southeast Asia. Research on the Permata In the Mud novel by Satria Nova and Nur Huda focuses on the representation of the meaning of violence on prostitutes, to lead us to a thought that criticizes every form of violence against women. This research method is a qualitative analysis, using Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic analysis, which looks at markers and markers. The data used in the form of texts that describe violence against prostitutes in the novel Permata Dalam Lumpur, which is read repeatedly. The results found several meanings of violence on prostitutes obtained from several chapters. The results showed that the Permata novel in the mud contained the meaning of violence on prostitutes. In this study also found that one commercial sex worker is a victim of a pimp. Keywords: Ferdinand de Saussure; novel; semiotics; violence against prostitutes

Thermochronology quantifying exhumation history of the Wudang Complex in the South Qinling Orogenic Belt, central China

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUANBO SHEN ◽  
DI HU ◽  
CHUN SHAO ◽  
LIANFU MEI
Keyword(s):  
Distance Effect ◽  
Central China ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Yangtze Craton ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
South Qinling ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exhumation History

AbstractThe Wudang Complex located in the central part of South Qinling, has been inferred to be a segment of the Yangtze Craton involved in the orogen. In this study, the cooling/exhumation history of the Wudang Complex is revealed through combined published geochronology data and new apatite fission-track results. Three rapid exhumation episodes related to relevant geodynamic events have been identified. Previous40Ar–39Ar and (U–Th)/He data indicate that the most significant exhumation, induced by the collision between the North and South China Blocks, occurred fromc.237 to 220 Ma after long-term subsidence and sedimentation of the passive continental margin. The second exhumation event, related to the long-distance effect of the Pacific subduction, occurred during the period fromc.126 to 90 Ma. Following the late Cretaceous – Eocene peneplanation stage, the final late Cenozoic exhumation sincec.15 Ma may be attributed to the combined effect of the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and the Asian monsoon.

Metaregionalism: The Global Pacific Northwest

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Giles
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
William Gibson ◽  
Gary Snyder ◽  
Domestic Security ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Richard Brautigan ◽  
Douglas Coupland

This chapter examines the metaregional dimensions of the Pacific Northwest and the ways in which its very inscription as a region elucidates the fraught and contested relation between text and place in American literature. Elettra Bedon coined the term “metaregionalism” to describe a self-conscious manipulation of certain forms of dialect. On analogy with metafiction, metaregionalism might be said to foreground the assumptions involved in traditional ascriptions of place. The chapter first considers the epistemology of space before discussing how the Pacific Northwest was tackled in the writings of Gary Snyder, Ursula Le Guin, and Richard Brautigan. It also analyzes the fiction of William Gibson and Douglas Coupland; Gibson deploys Vancouver to achieve critical distance from the behemoths of U.S. capitalism, and Coupland brings his native Pacific Northwest into the wider oceanic orbit of Asia and Australasia in order to chart a generational passage away from domestic security and entitlement.

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