Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Robin Harding
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
Theoretical Claim ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact

The concluding chapter brings together the implications and insights from the four empirical chapters, reconsidering the theoretical claim in the light of this evidence. It also discusses the generalizability of the findings, both for Africa as a whole and for new democracies throughout the world. Finally, it attempts to situate the argument and findings in the context of an ever-changing Africa. In doing so, it considers the impact of urban–rural linkages, and the implications of rapid demographic changes taking place across the continent. In a continent that has been experiencing historically unprecedented rates of urbanization, how should we expect political incentives, and subsequent policies, to evolve? How might pro-rural development affect the nature of urban–rural relations across Africa? How in turn might this influence the nature of electoral competition? And finally, how much reason do we have to be optimistic about democracy in Africa?

IMPACT OF SUBSIDY ON LOW-RENT HOUSING LESSEES' WELFARE IN CHINA

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 643-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
DI WU ◽  
PENG GAO ◽  
JICHANG DONG
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Indifference Curve ◽  
Housing Subsidy ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Welfare Model

Chinese Low-rent housing subsidy has been increasing year by year. However, it will be a very one-sided view if we only take the increasing number of subsidy into consideration when evaluating the effects of subsidy policy on low-rent housing lessees. Thus we studied on the impact of subsidy increase on low-rent housing lessees' welfare in China, and explored a valid way to evaluate the utility of the subsidy policy. At first, basing on the theory of welfare, we analyze the indifference curve model within consumption budget condition. After that, we applied the Cobb–Douglas utility function to establish a low-rent housing lessees' welfare model. Finally, some suggestions, especially in regard to the use of Information Technology to support subsidy making and protect low-rent housing lessees' welfare, are given to the Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of the People's Republic of China (MOHURD) and local Municipal Commissions of Housing and Urban–Rural Development (MCOHURD).

Impact of Agricultural Policy in Development of Agriculture Sector Within the Period of 1999-2015 in Kosovo

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Emine Daci Zejnullahi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
National Development ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
The Impact

Agriculture sector represents one of the oldest economic branches, although the economics of agriculture represents a relatively new branch. In this regard the aim of this paper is to reflect on the issue based on sustainable and comparative arguments; furthermore, the paper aims to identify current disadvantage as well as opportunities for more sustainable agricultural development on the impact of subsidized fiscal policies in the future. Moreover, the effect of agricultural policy instruments on development of agriculture and agricultural income is likewise one of the purposes of this research. Given that agricultural policies play key role for the development of the poor countries, this has lead Kosovo towered listing agriculture development policies among the highest priorities of the political agendas. After the war, in Kosovo, agricultural sector has been neglected in terms of priorities in national development strategies, as well as in financial terms, since there had not been sufficient financial support provided. However, after a few years, recognizing the need of development of the sector as of priorities on poverty reduction, as well as on stimulation of the economic development, the sector has begun to be engaged in the national agendas. Meantime, this represents fundamental message of the World Bank, presented in the World Development Report (World Bank, 2008). In the case of Africa, the members of African Union agreed to allocate at least 10% of their budget to agriculture and rural development sector, and recently the G8 has scheduled to provide 1 billion Euros, as a support to African agriculture investments. In 2007, in Kosovo, grant scheme and subsidize (direct payments), has been accessed to the Agriculture and Rural Development Plan of 2007 -2013. Direct and indirect effects of these instruments on agricultural income / farms are poorly documented. This support was increased by the inclusion of other sectors and cultures until 2014, which includes the following measures: 1.Measure 101:“Investment on physical assets of agricultural economies ", 2. Measure 103:Investments in physical assets on processing and marketing the agricultural products, 3. Measures 302: Diversification of farms and business development. There is a lack of proper research, when the direct effects of the supportive measures on the agriculture and economic development are concerned.

Elections and Rural Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-34
Author(s):  
Robin Harding
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Democratic Elections

Chapter 2 presents the theoretical argument underlying the hypothesis that the introduction of competitive elections across Africa results in pro-rural development. This argument is motivated by a puzzle: despite widespread acceptance that party competition in Africa is dominated by issues of ethnicity and clientelism, not by an urban–rural cleavage, urban residents across Africa are significantly less likely to support incumbents than their rural counterparts. How can this stark urban–rural electoral cleavage be accounted for? After reviewing relevant existing literature, Chapter 2 argues that democratic elections make African governments more responsive to rural interests. This follows from acknowledgement of the particular demographic contexts in which electoral institutions are embedded across Africa. Because a majority of Africans live in rural areas, competitive elections create incentives for governments to implement pro-rural policies to win the support of the rural majority, thereby generating dissatisfaction among urban voters. The argument rests on the assumption that voters in Africa condition their votes on the provision of public goods and services, at least in part. This assumption is crucial, because if it does not hold then there would be no reason to think that politicians should implement pro-rural policies in order to win rural votes. This argument implies an important conditional effect, that incentives to implement pro-rural policies should dissipate as the size of the rural majority decreases. Consequently, the extent of urban–rural differences in development outcomes resulting from electoral competition should be conditional on levels of urbanization. Taken together, the theoretical argument implies three key empirical implications: (1) across Africa, urban hostility towards incumbents and dissatisfaction with democracy should be conditional on levels of urbanization; (2) the distribution of benefits resulting from democratic electoral competition should be targeted primarily towards rural areas; (3) the extent of pro-rural targeting of the democratic dividend should be conditional on levels of urbanization.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

Mechanisms of liver damage in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
T. V. Pinchuk ◽  
N. V. Orlova ◽  
T. G. Suranova ◽  
T. I. Bonkalo
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in China, causing the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to health systems around the world. There is still little information on how infection affects liver function and the significance of pre-existing liver disease as a risk factor for infection and severe COVID-19. In addition, some drugs used to treat the new coronavirus infection are hepatotoxic. In this article, we analyze data on the impact of COVID-19 on liver function, as well as on the course and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma, or those on immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Catholic Mission ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Figure

This chapter introduces the book’s main figure and situates him within the historical moment from which he emerges. It shows the degree to which global geographies shaped the European Catholic mission project. It describes the impact of the Padroado system that divided the world for evangelism between the Spanish and Portuguese crowns in the 15th century. It also argues that European clerics were drawing lines on Asian lands even before colonial regimes were established in the nineteenth century, suggesting that these earlier mapping projects were also extremely significant in shaping the lives of people in Asia. I argue for the value of telling this story from the vantage point of a Vietnamese Catholic, and thus restoring agency to a population often obscured by the lives of European missionaries.

ANALISIS DETERMINAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN PERIODE 1999-2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Ersalina Tang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
World Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Energy Consumption, Electric Consumption, and Meat Consumption on CO2 emissions of 41 countries in the world using panel data from 1999 to 2013. After analyzing 41 countries in the world data, furthermore 17 countries in Asia was analyzed with the same period. This study utilized quantitative approach with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method. The results of 41 countries in the world data indicates that Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Energy Consumption, and Meat Consumption significantlyaffect Environmental Qualities which measured by CO2 emissions. Whilst the results of 17 countries in Asia data implies that Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption, and Electric Consumption significantlyaffect Environmental Qualities. However, Gross Domestic Product and Meat Consumption does not affect Environmental Qualities.

The Process of Globalization and Its Impact on Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Veton Zejnullahi
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
World Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Human Eyes ◽  
The Impact

The process of globalization, which many times is considered as new world order is affecting all spheres of modern society but also the media. In this paper specifically we will see the impact of globalization because we see changing the media access to global problems in general being listed on these processes. We will see that the greatest difficulties will have small media as such because the process is moving in the direction of creating mega media which thanks to new technology are reaching to deliver news and information at the time of their occurrence through choked the small media. So it is fair to conclude that the rapid economic development and especially the technology have made the world seem "too small" to the human eyes, because for real-time we will communicate with the world with the only one Internet connection, and also all the information are take for the development of events in the four corners of the world and direct from the places when the events happen. Even Albanian space has not left out of this process because the media in the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo are adapted to the new conditions under the influence of the globalization process. This fact is proven powerful through creating new television packages, written the websites and newspapers in their possession.

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